Batsakis, JG, El-Naggar, AK, Luna, MA. Thyroid gland ectopias. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996; 105:1000.Google Scholar

Basaria, S, Westra, WH, Cooper, DS. Ectopic lingual thyroid masquerading as thyroid cancer metastasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:392–395.Google Scholar

Toso, A, Colombani, F, Averno, G, et al. Lingual thyroid causing dysphagia and dyspnea. Case reports and review of the literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica 2009; 29:213–217.Google Scholar

Peters, P, Stark, P, Essig, G, et al. Lingual thyroid: an unusual and surgically curable cause of sleep apnea in a male. Sleep and Breathing 2010; 14:377–380.Google Scholar

Neinas, FW, Gorman, CA, Devine, KD, Woolner, LB. Lingual thyroid. Clinical characteristics of 15 cases. Ann Int Med 1973; 79:205–210.Google Scholar

Schoen, EJ, Clapp, W, To, T, Fireman, B. The key role of newborn thyroid scintography with isotopic iodide (123I) in defining and managing congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr 2004; 114:e683–e688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baughman, R. Lingual thyroid and lingual thyroglossal tract remnants. An oral clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972; 34:781–799.Google Scholar

Huang, TS, Cheng, HY. Dual thyroid ectopic with a normally located pretracheal thyroid gland: case report and literature review. Head and Neck 2007, 29:885–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ugar-Cankal, D, Denizci, S, Hocaoglu, T. Prevalence of tongue lesions among Turkish school children. Saudi Med J 2005; 26:1962–1967.Google Scholar

Prasad, KC, Bhat, V. Surgical management of lingual thyroid: a report of four cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:223–227.Google Scholar

Eugene, D, Djemli, A, Van Vilet, G. Sexual dimorphism of thyroid function in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2696–2700.Google Scholar

Capelli Gandossi, E, Cumetti, D, et al. Ectopic lingual thyroid tissue and acquired hypothyroidism: Case report. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2006; 67:245–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singhal, P, Sharma, KR, Singhal, A. Lingual thyroid in children. J Indian Soc of Pedodo and Preventive Dentistry 2012; 29:270–272.Google Scholar

Klein, R, Mitchell, ML. Hypothyroidism in infants and children. In: Braverman, LE, Utiger, RO, eds. Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid. Ed 8. Sidney: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000, 973–982.Google Scholar

Diaz-Arias, AA, Bickel, JT, Loy, TS, et al. Follicular carcinoma with clear cell change arising in lingual thyroid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74:206–211.Google Scholar

Toso, A, Colombani, F, Averono, G., et al. Lingual thyroid causing dysphasia and dyspnea. Case reports and review of the literature. Acta Otochinolaryngologia Ital 2009; 29:213–217.Google Scholar

Seonane, JM, Cameselle-Teijerio, J, Romero, MA. Poorly differentiated oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) carcinoma arising in lingual thyroid: a case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 2002; 13:353–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chaabouni, AM, Intidhar Labidi, S, Kraiem, T., et al. Papillary follicular carcinoma arising in a lingual thyroid. Ann Otolaryngol Chircevicofac 2006; 123:199–202.Google Scholar

Massinc, RE, Durning, SJ, Koroscil, TM. Lingual thyroid carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Thyroid 2001; 11:1191–1196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allard, LH. The thyroglossal cyst. Head Neck Surg 1982; 5:134–146.Google Scholar

Dedivitis, RA, Camargo, DL, Peisoto, GL, et al. Thyroglossal duct: a review of 55 cases. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194:274–277.Google Scholar

Mondin, V, Ferlito, A, Muzzi, E, Silver, CE, et al. Thyroglossal duct cyst: personal experience and literature review. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008; 35:11–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Diaz, MC, Stormorken, A, Christopher, NC. Thyroglossal duct causing apnea and cyanosis in a neonate. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005; 21(2): 35–37.Google Scholar

Soloman, JR, Rangercroft, L. Thyroglossal duct lesions in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19:555–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peretz, A, Lieberman, E, Kapelushnik, J, Hershkovitz, E. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma in children: case presentation and review of the literature. Thyroid 2004; 14:777–785.Google Scholar

Patel, NN, Hartley, BE, Howard, DJ. Management of thyroglossal tract disease after failed Sistrunk procedure. J Laryngol Otol 2003; 117:710–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noussios, G, Panaglotis, A, Goults, D, et al. Ectopic thyroid tissue: anatomical, clinical, and surgical implication of a rare entity. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:375–382.Google Scholar

LiVolsi, V. Thyroid lesions in unusual locations. In: Bennington, JL, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Thyroid. Major Problems in Pathology. Vol. 22. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990, 351–363.Google Scholar

Kumar, R, Khullar, S, Gupta, R, et al. Dual thyroid ectopy: case report and review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25:253–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goldfischer, S, Grotsky, HW, Chang, CH, et al. Idiopathic neonatal iron storage involving the liver, pancreas, heart and endocrine and exocrine glands. Hepatology 1981; 1:58–64.Google Scholar

Alexander, CB, Herrera, GA, Jaffe, K, et al. Black thyroid. Clinical manifestations, ultrastructural findings, and possible mechanisms. Hum Pathol 1985; 16:72–78.Google Scholar

Reid, JD, Choi, CH, Oldroyd, N. Calcium oxalate crystals in the thyroid. Their identification, prevalence, origin, and possible significance. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 87:443–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lorini, R, Gastaldi, R, Traggiai, C, et al. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2003; 1:205–211.Google Scholar

Tandon, N, Zhang, L, Weetman, AP. HLA associations with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1991; 34:383–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nicholson, L, Wong, F, Ewins, D, et al. Susceptibility to autoimmune thyroiditis in Down’s syndrome is associated with the major histocompatibility class II DQA 0301 allele. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1994; 41:381–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goudie, RB, Anderson, JR, Gray, KG, et al. Autoimmune associations of Hashimoto’s disease. Lancet 1965; 17:322–323.Google Scholar

Furszyfer, J, Kurland, LT, McConahey, WM, et al. Graves’ disease in Omsted county, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Mayo Clin Proc 1970; 45:636–644.Google Scholar

Erickson, LA, Yousef, OM, Lin, L, et al. p27kip1 expression distinguishes papillary hyperplasia in Graves’s disease from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathology 2000; 13:1014–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beahrs, OH, McConahey, WM, Woolner, LB. Invasive fibrous thyroiditis (Reidel’s struma). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 17:201–220.Google Scholar

Best, TB, Munro, RE, Burwell, S, et al. Reidel’s thyroiditis associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hyperparathyroidism, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14:767–772.Google Scholar

Lee, HS, Hwang, JS. The natural course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in children and adolescents. J Pediat Endocrinol Met 2014; 27:807–812.Google ScholarPubMed

Menconi, F, Marcocci, M. Diagnosis and classification of Graves’ disease. Autoimmunity Reviews 2014; 13:398–402.Google Scholar

Brent, GA. Clinical practice: Graves’ disease. New England J of Med 2008; 358:2594–2605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Genovese, BM, Noureldine, SI, Gleeson, EM, et al. What is the best definitive treatment for Graves’ disease? A systemic review of the existing literature. Annals of Surgical Oncology (review) 2013; 20:660–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Soh, SB, Pham, A, O’Hehir, RE, et al. Novel use of rituximab in a case of Riedels thyroiditis refractory to glucocortogoids and taxoxifen. J Clin Endocrinol Met 2013; 98:3543–3549.Google Scholar

Fatourechi, MM, Hay, ID, McIver, B. et al. Invasive fibrous thyroiditis. (Riedel thyroiditis) The Mayo Clinic experience, 1976–2008. Thyroid 2011; 21:765–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Divatia, K, Kim, SA, Ro, JY. IgG4 related sclerosing disease, an emerging entity: a review of multi system disease. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:15–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bahn, RS, Castro, MR. Approach to the patient with nontoxic multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1202–1212.Google Scholar

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Hegedus, L, Gerber, H. Multinodular goiter. In: DeGroot, LJ, Jameson, JL, eds. Endocrinology. Philadelphia, 2001; 2:1517–1528.Google Scholar

Shah, SS, Baum, SG. Diagnosis and management of infectious thyroiditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:147–153.Google Scholar

Paes, JE, Burman, KD, Cohen, J, et al. Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis. A clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid 2010; 20:247–255.Google Scholar

Ghaemi, N, Sayedi, J, Bagheri, S. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with thyroid abscess: a case report and review of the literature. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 26:51–55.Google Scholar

Dussault, JH. Anecdotal history of screening for congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:4332–4334.Google Scholar

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Mitchell, ML, Hsu, HW, Sahai, I, et al. The increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism; fact or fancy? Clin Endocrinol 2011; 75:806–810.Google Scholar

Delange, F. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: result and perspectives. Horm Res 1997; 48:51–61.Google Scholar

Bonger- Schokking, JJ, deMuink, SM. Influence of timing and dose of thyroid hormone replacement on mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development in children with congenital hypothytidism. J Pediatr 2005; 147:768–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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Kopp, P. Pendred’s syndrome: identification of the genetic defect century after its recognition. Thyroid 1999; 9:65–69.Google Scholar

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Toso, A, Colombani, F, Averno, G, et al. Lingual thyroid causing dysphagia and dyspnea. Case reports and review of the literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica 2009; 29:213–217.Google Scholar

Peters, P, Stark, P, Essig, G, et al. Lingual thyroid: an unusual and surgically curable cause of sleep apnea in a male. Sleep and Breathing 2010; 14:377–380.Google Scholar

Neinas, FW, Gorman, CA, Devine, KD, Woolner, LB. Lingual thyroid. Clinical characteristics of 15 cases. Ann Int Med 1973; 79:205–210.Google Scholar

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Baughman, R. Lingual thyroid and lingual thyroglossal tract remnants. An oral clinicopathologic study and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1972; 34:781–799.Google Scholar

Huang, TS, Cheng, HY. Dual thyroid ectopic with a normally located pretracheal thyroid gland: case report and literature review. Head and Neck 2007, 29:885–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ugar-Cankal, D, Denizci, S, Hocaoglu, T. Prevalence of tongue lesions among Turkish school children. Saudi Med J 2005; 26:1962–1967.Google Scholar

Prasad, KC, Bhat, V. Surgical management of lingual thyroid: a report of four cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:223–227.Google Scholar

Eugene, D, Djemli, A, Van Vilet, G. Sexual dimorphism of thyroid function in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2696–2700.Google Scholar

Capelli Gandossi, E, Cumetti, D, et al. Ectopic lingual thyroid tissue and acquired hypothyroidism: Case report. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2006; 67:245–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singhal, P, Sharma, KR, Singhal, A. Lingual thyroid in children. J Indian Soc of Pedodo and Preventive Dentistry 2012; 29:270–272.Google Scholar

Klein, R, Mitchell, ML. Hypothyroidism in infants and children. In: Braverman, LE, Utiger, RO, eds. Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid. Ed 8. Sidney: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000, 973–982.Google Scholar

Diaz-Arias, AA, Bickel, JT, Loy, TS, et al. Follicular carcinoma with clear cell change arising in lingual thyroid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992; 74:206–211.Google Scholar

Toso, A, Colombani, F, Averono, G., et al. Lingual thyroid causing dysphasia and dyspnea. Case reports and review of the literature. Acta Otochinolaryngologia Ital 2009; 29:213–217.Google Scholar

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Chaabouni, AM, Intidhar Labidi, S, Kraiem, T., et al. Papillary follicular carcinoma arising in a lingual thyroid. Ann Otolaryngol Chircevicofac 2006; 123:199–202.Google Scholar

Massinc, RE, Durning, SJ, Koroscil, TM. Lingual thyroid carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Thyroid 2001; 11:1191–1196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allard, LH. The thyroglossal cyst. Head Neck Surg 1982; 5:134–146.Google Scholar

Dedivitis, RA, Camargo, DL, Peisoto, GL, et al. Thyroglossal duct: a review of 55 cases. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 194:274–277.Google Scholar

Mondin, V, Ferlito, A, Muzzi, E, Silver, CE, et al. Thyroglossal duct cyst: personal experience and literature review. Auris Nasus Larynx 2008; 35:11–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Diaz, MC, Stormorken, A, Christopher, NC. Thyroglossal duct causing apnea and cyanosis in a neonate. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005; 21(2): 35–37.Google Scholar

Soloman, JR, Rangercroft, L. Thyroglossal duct lesions in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19:555–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peretz, A, Lieberman, E, Kapelushnik, J, Hershkovitz, E. Thyroglossal duct carcinoma in children: case presentation and review of the literature. Thyroid 2004; 14:777–785.Google Scholar

Patel, NN, Hartley, BE, Howard, DJ. Management of thyroglossal tract disease after failed Sistrunk procedure. J Laryngol Otol 2003; 117:710–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Noussios, G, Panaglotis, A, Goults, D, et al. Ectopic thyroid tissue: anatomical, clinical, and surgical implication of a rare entity. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:375–382.Google Scholar

LiVolsi, V. Thyroid lesions in unusual locations. In: Bennington, JL, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Thyroid. Major Problems in Pathology. Vol. 22. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990, 351–363.Google Scholar

Kumar, R, Khullar, S, Gupta, R, et al. Dual thyroid ectopy: case report and review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25:253–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goldfischer, S, Grotsky, HW, Chang, CH, et al. Idiopathic neonatal iron storage involving the liver, pancreas, heart and endocrine and exocrine glands. Hepatology 1981; 1:58–64.Google Scholar

Alexander, CB, Herrera, GA, Jaffe, K, et al. Black thyroid. Clinical manifestations, ultrastructural findings, and possible mechanisms. Hum Pathol 1985; 16:72–78.Google Scholar

Reid, JD, Choi, CH, Oldroyd, N. Calcium oxalate crystals in the thyroid. Their identification, prevalence, origin, and possible significance. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 87:443–454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lorini, R, Gastaldi, R, Traggiai, C, et al. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2003; 1:205–211.Google Scholar

Tandon, N, Zhang, L, Weetman, AP. HLA associations with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1991; 34:383–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nicholson, L, Wong, F, Ewins, D, et al. Susceptibility to autoimmune thyroiditis in Down’s syndrome is associated with the major histocompatibility class II DQA 0301 allele. Clin Endocrinol (oxf) 1994; 41:381–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goudie, RB, Anderson, JR, Gray, KG, et al. Autoimmune associations of Hashimoto’s disease. Lancet 1965; 17:322–323.Google Scholar

Furszyfer, J, Kurland, LT, McConahey, WM, et al. Graves’ disease in Omsted county, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Mayo Clin Proc 1970; 45:636–644.Google Scholar

Erickson, LA, Yousef, OM, Lin, L, et al. p27kip1 expression distinguishes papillary hyperplasia in Graves’s disease from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathology 2000; 13:1014–1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beahrs, OH, McConahey, WM, Woolner, LB. Invasive fibrous thyroiditis (Reidel’s struma). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975; 17:201–220.Google Scholar

Best, TB, Munro, RE, Burwell, S, et al. Reidel’s thyroiditis associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, hyperparathyroidism, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14:767–772.Google Scholar

Lee, HS, Hwang, JS. The natural course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in children and adolescents. J Pediat Endocrinol Met 2014; 27:807–812.Google ScholarPubMed

Menconi, F, Marcocci, M. Diagnosis and classification of Graves’ disease. Autoimmunity Reviews 2014; 13:398–402.Google Scholar

Brent, GA. Clinical practice: Graves’ disease. New England J of Med 2008; 358:2594–2605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Genovese, BM, Noureldine, SI, Gleeson, EM, et al. What is the best definitive treatment for Graves’ disease? A systemic review of the existing literature. Annals of Surgical Oncology (review) 2013; 20:660–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Soh, SB, Pham, A, O’Hehir, RE, et al. Novel use of rituximab in a case of Riedels thyroiditis refractory to glucocortogoids and taxoxifen. J Clin Endocrinol Met 2013; 98:3543–3549.Google Scholar

Fatourechi, MM, Hay, ID, McIver, B. et al. Invasive fibrous thyroiditis. (Riedel thyroiditis) The Mayo Clinic experience, 1976–2008. Thyroid 2011; 21:765–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Divatia, K, Kim, SA, Ro, JY. IgG4 related sclerosing disease, an emerging entity: a review of multi system disease. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:15–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bahn, RS, Castro, MR. Approach to the patient with nontoxic multinodular goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:1202–1212.Google Scholar

Braverman, LE, Utiger, RD, Hermus, AR, Juysmans, AD. Clinical manifestations and treatment of nontoxic diffuse and nodular goiter. In: Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000, 866–871.Google Scholar

Hegedus, L, Gerber, H. Multinodular goiter. In: DeGroot, LJ, Jameson, JL, eds. Endocrinology. Philadelphia, 2001; 2:1517–1528.Google Scholar

Shah, SS, Baum, SG. Diagnosis and management of infectious thyroiditis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 2:147–153.Google Scholar

Paes, JE, Burman, KD, Cohen, J, et al. Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis. A clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid 2010; 20:247–255.Google Scholar

Ghaemi, N, Sayedi, J, Bagheri, S. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with thyroid abscess: a case report and review of the literature. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 26:51–55.Google Scholar

Dussault, JH. Anecdotal history of screening for congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:4332–4334.Google Scholar

American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thyroid Association, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, et al. Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics 2006 Jun; 117:2290–2303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, AH, Meltzer, S, Kenny, FM. Improved prognosis in congenital hypothyroidism treated before age three months. J Pediatr 1972; 81:912–915.Google Scholar

Mitchell, ML, Hsu, HW, Sahai, I, et al. The increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism; fact or fancy? Clin Endocrinol 2011; 75:806–810.Google Scholar

Delange, F. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: result and perspectives. Horm Res 1997; 48:51–61.Google Scholar

Bonger- Schokking, JJ, deMuink, SM. Influence of timing and dose of thyroid hormone replacement on mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development in children with congenital hypothytidism. J Pediatr 2005; 147:768–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siebner, R, Merlob, P, Kaiserman, I, Sack, J. Congenital anomalies concomitant persistent primary congenital hypothyroidism. Am J Med Genet 1992; 44:57–60.Google Scholar

Kumar, J, Gordillo, R, Kaskel, FJ, et al. Increased prevalence of renal and urinary tract anomalies in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 2009; 154:263–266.Google Scholar

Kopp, P. Pendred’s syndrome: identification of the genetic defect century after its recognition. Thyroid 1999; 9:65–69.Google Scholar

Bongers-Schokking, J, de Muinck, KS, Influence of timing and dose of thyroid hormone replacement on mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 2005; 147:768–774.Google Scholar

Heyerdahl, S, Oerbeck, B. Congenital hypothyroidism: a review of current diagnostic and treatment practices in relation to levothyroxine treatment variables. Thyroid 2003; 13:1029–1038.Google Scholar

Zakaruija, M, McKenzie, JM. Pregnancy associated changes in the thyroid stimulating antibody of Graves’ disease and the relationship to neonatal hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57:1036–1040.Google Scholar

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Francis, G, Waguespack, SG, Bauer, AJ, et al. Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. The American Thyroid Associaton Guidelines Taskforce on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. {Epub} ahead of print, April 21, 2015.Google Scholar

Dinauer, CA, Breuer, C, Rivkees, SA. Differentiated thyroid cancer in children: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20:59–64.Google Scholar

Kirath, P, Volkan-Salanci, B, Gunay, E, et al. Thyroid cancer in pediatric age group: an institutional experience and review of the literature. J Pediatric Hemato/Oncol 2013; 35:93–97.Google Scholar

Luster, M, Lassmann, M, Freudenberg, LS, Reiners, C. Thyroid cancer in childhood: management strategy, including dosimetry and long term results. Hormones 2007; 6:269–278.Google Scholar

Ries, LAG, Melbert, D, Krapcho, M, et al., ed. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2004. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute, 2007.Google Scholar

Baverstock, K, Egloff, B, Pinchera, A, et al. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl. Nature 1992; 359:21–22.Google Scholar

Hogan, AR, Zhuge, Y, Perez, EA, et al. Pediatric thyroid carcinoma: incidence and outcome in 1753 patients. J Surg Res 2009; 156:167–172.Google Scholar

Shapiro, NL, Bhattacharyya, N. Population-based outcomes for pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:337–340.Google Scholar

Imai, Y, Yamakawa, M, Matsuda, M, et al. Endogenous sex hormone and estrogen binding activity in thyroid cancer. Histol Histopathol 1989; 4:39–42.Google Scholar

Niedziela, M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006; 13:427–453.Google Scholar

Boelaert, K, Horacek, J, Holder, RL, et al. Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodule investigated by fine needle aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:4295–4301.Google Scholar

Disen, D, Skinner, M. Pediatric thyroid cancer. SemPediatrSurg 2012; 21:44–50.Google Scholar

Fenton, CL, Lukes, Y, Nicholson, D, et al. The RET/PTC mutations are common in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma of children and young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:1170–1175.Google Scholar

Santoro, M, Thomas, GA, Vecchio, G, et al. Gene rearrangement and Chernobyl related cancers. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:315–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henderson, YC, Shellenberger, TD, Williams, MD, et al. High rate of BRAF and RET/PTC dual mutations associated with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:485–491.Google Scholar

Stein, L, Rothschild, J, Luce, J, et al. Copy number and gene expression alterations in radiation induced papillary thyroid carcinoma from Chernobyl pediatric patients. Thyroid 2012; 20:475–487.Google Scholar

Nikiforov, YE, Rowland, JM, Bove, KE, et al. Distinct pattern of RET oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Res 1997; 57:1690–1694.Google Scholar

Lupi, C, Giannini, R, Ugolini, C, et al. Association of BRAF V600E mutation with poor clinicopathological outcomes in 500 consecutive cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4085–4090.Google Scholar

Leboeuf, R, Baumgartner, JE, Benezra, M, et al. BRAFV600E mutation is associated with preferential sensitivity to mitogen activated protein kinase inhibition in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:2194–2201.Google Scholar

Edge, S, Byrd, DR, Compton, CC, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manuel. Ed 6. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.Google Scholar

Alessandri, AJ, Goddard, KJ, Blair, GK, et al. Age is the major determinant of recurrence in pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000; 35:41–46.Google Scholar

Vaisman, F, Rossana, C, Vaisman, M. Thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents – systemic review of the literature. J Thyroid Research 2011; DOI. 10.4061/2011/845362.Google Scholar

Acharya, S, Sarafuglou, M, Gutjahr, P. Thyroid neoplasms after therapeutic radiation for malignancies in childhood and adolescence. Cancer 2003; 97: 10:2397–2403.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, ID, Hay, I, Gough, R. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adults. Long term follow-up of 1,039 patients consecutively treated at one institution during three decades. Surg 1988; 104:1157–1166.Google Scholar

Ferradace, CC, Godoy, CC, Martinez, AA, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer case reports of four family cases. Rev Chil Pediatr 2014; 85:351–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sugino, K, Nagahama, M, Kitagawa, W, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents. Long term follow-up and clinical characteristics. World J Surg 2015, March 24 [E pub ahead of print]Google Scholar

Soares, J, Limbert, E, Sobrinho-Simoes, M. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyoid carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases. Path Res Pract 1989; 185:200–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossi, ED, Revelli, L, Martini, M, et al. Cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in an 8 year old girl: a case report with immunohistochemical and molecular testing. In J Surg Pathol 2012; 20:629–632.Google Scholar

Enomoto, K, Enomoto, Y, Uchino, S, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents: clinicopathologic features, long term survival and risk factors for recurrence. Endoc J 2013; 60:629–635.Google Scholar

Medeiros-Neto, G, Gil-Da-Costa, MJ, Santos, CL, et al. Metastatic thyroid carcinoma arising from congenital goiter due to mutation in thyroperoxidase gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(11): 4162–4164.Google Scholar

Feinmesser, R, Lubin, E, Segal, K, Noyek, A. Carcinoma of the thyroid in children–a review.J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1997; 10:561–568.Google Scholar

Lazar, L, Lebenthal, A, Steinmetz, M, et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer in pediatric patients: comparison of presentation and course between pre-pubertal children and adolescents. J Pediatric 2009; 154:708–714.Google Scholar

Demidenik, K, Demidchik, EP, Reiners, C. Comprehensive clinical assessment of 741 operated pediatric thyroid cancer cases in Belarus. Ann Surg 2006; 525–532.Google Scholar

Rivera, G, Lugo-Vincente, H. Thyroid cancer in children. Bol Asoc Med PR 2014; 106:48–54.Google Scholar

Viola, D, Romei, C, Elisei, R. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children. Endocr Dev 2014; 26:202–213.Google Scholar

Telander, RL, Moir, CR. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children. Semin Pediatr Surg Aug 1994; 3:188–193.Google Scholar

Skinner, MA, Wells, SA Jr. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and the MEN 2 syndromes. Semin Pediatr Surg Aug 1997; 6:134–140.Google Scholar

La Quaglia, MP, Telander, RL. Differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer in childhood and adolescence.Semin Pediatr Surg Feb 1997; 6:42–9.Google Scholar

Shankar, R, Rutter, M, Chernausek, s, et al. Medullary thyroid cancer in a 9-week-old infant with familial MEN 2B: Implications for timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology 2012 Sep 19; 2012(1):1–25.Google Scholar

Zenaty, D, Aigrain, Y, Peuchmaur, M, Philippe-Chomette, P, et al.: Medullary thyroid carcinoma identified within the first year of life in children with hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (codon 634) and 2B. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160:807–813.Google Scholar

Kebebew, E, Ituarte, PHG, Siperstein, AE, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88:1139–1148.Google Scholar

Brauckhoff, M, Machens, A, Loren, ZK. Surgical curability of medullary thyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia. 2B: a changing perspective. Ann Surg 2014; 259:800–806.Google Scholar

Rivkees, SA, Mazzaferri, EL, Verburg, FA, et al. The treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer in children: emphasis on surgical approach and radioactive iodine therapy. Endocrinol Rev 2011; 32:798–805.Google Scholar

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Hung, W, Sarlis, NJ. Current controversies in the management of pediatric patients in well differentiated non-medullary thyroid cancer. A review. Thyroid 2002; 12:683–686.Google Scholar

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Hassoun, A, Hay, I, Goellner, J, Zimmerman, D. Insular thyroid carcinoma in adolescents. Cancer 1997; 79:1044–1048.Google Scholar

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Safarti, E, Lavergne, A, Le Charpentier, Y, et al. Parathyroid microadenoma. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1987; 138:604–606.Google Scholar

Ghandur-Mnaymneh, L, Kimura, N. The parathyroid adenoma. A histopathologic definition with a study of 172 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Pathol 1984; 115:70–83.Google Scholar

Venail, F, Nicollas, R, Morin, T, et al. Solitary parathyroid adenoma: a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism in children. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:946–949.Google Scholar

Shan, AA, Shah, AV. Parathyroid adenoma in a two month old child. Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:1097–1098.Google Scholar

Allo, M, Thompson, NW, Harness, JK. Primary parathyroidism in children, adolescents and young adults. World J Surg 1982; 6:771–776.Google Scholar

Delellis, RA. Tumors of the Parathyroid Glands. Ed 3. Bethesda: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1993.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Ranvier, GG, KHanafshar, E, Jensen, K, et al. Parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid adenoma, or parathyromatosis? Cancer 2007; 110:255–264.Google Scholar

Elliot, DD, Monroe, DP, Perrier, ND. Parathyroid histopathology: is it of value today? J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:758–765.Google Scholar

Ippolito, G, Palazzo, FF, Sebag, F, et al. Intraoperative diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid cancer and atypical parathyroid adenoma. Br J Surg 2007; 94:566–570.Google Scholar

Burke, JF, Chen, H, Gosain, A. Parathyroid conditions in childhood. Semin Pediatr Surg 2014; 23:66–70.Google Scholar

Fiedler, AG, Rossi, G, Gingalewski, CA. Parathyroid carcinoma in a child: an unusual case of ectopically located malignant parathyroid gland with tumor invading the thymus. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:1649–1652.Google Scholar

Mittendorf, EA, McHenry, CR. Parathyroid carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2005; 89:136–142.Google Scholar

Wang, CA, Gaz, RD. Natural history of parathyroid carcinoma. Diagnosis, treatment, and results. Am J Surg 1985; 149:522–527.Google Scholar

Lee, PK, Jarosek, SL, Virnig, BA, et al. Trends in the incidence and treatment of parathyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer 2007; 109:1736–1741.Google Scholar

DeLellis, RA. Parathyroid carcinoma. An overview. Adv Anat Pathol 2005; 112:53–61.Google Scholar

Stoadinovic, A, Hoos, A, Nissan, A, et al. Parathyroid neoplasms: clinical, histopathological, and tissue microarray-based molecular analysis. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:54–64.Google Scholar

Entwistle, JW, Pierce, CV, Johson, et al. Parathyroid cysts: report of the sixth youngest pediatric case. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29:1528–1529.Google Scholar