Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T16:36:45.657Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 July 2009

Bonnie M. Meguid
Affiliation:
University of Rochester, New York
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Party Competition between Unequals
Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe
, pp. 283 - 304
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABC News. 2001. ABC News Poll, July 2000 (computer file). ICPSR version. Horsham, PA: Taylor Nelson Sofres Intersearch (producer), 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
Banque de Données Socio-Politiques (BDSP). Résultats électoraux, par circonscription, 1971–97 (computer file). http://cdsp.sciences-po.fr/page.php?&idRubrique=votesFrance&lang=FR.
Bean, Clive, Gow, David, and McAllister, Ian. 2002. Australian Election Study, 2001 (computer file). Canberra: Social Science Data Archives, The Australian National University (distributor).Google Scholar
Binghamton Election Results Archive. http://www.binghamton.edu/cdp/era/index.html.
British Election Results. http://www.laws.qmw.ac.uk/election.
Burns, Nancy, Donald, R.Kinder, Steven J.Rosenstone, Virginia Sapiro, and the National Election Studies. American National Election Study, 2000: Pre- and Post-Election Survey (computer file). 3rd ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies (producer), 2001. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), 2005.Google Scholar
Butler, David and Stokes, David. 1974. Political Change in Britain: 1966–1970 British Election Study Panel (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BVA poll. 1999. “L'identité des gauches.” October. http://www.bva.fr/archives/gauches. html.
Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française and Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques. 1995. French National Election Study 1988 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (producers), 1988. Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (distributor).
Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française and Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques. 1997. French National Election Study 1978 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (producers), 1978. Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (distributor).
d'Etudes, CentreFrançaise, Vie Politique, d'Informatisation, CentreSocio-Politiques, des Données, and Recherches, Centre Administratives, Politiques et Sociales. 2001. French National Election Study 1997 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques /Lille, France: Centre de Recherches Administratives, Politiques et Sociales (producers), 1997. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Chrique, Philippe. 1997. Legidoscope: Trend Surveys of French Public Opinion and Media Usage, September 1992–May 1993 (computer file). ICPSR version. Paris, France: Institute Française d'Opinion Publique (producer), 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1970. British Election Study, 1964–1966–1970 Panel (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1975a. British Election Study, February 1974, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1975b. British Election Study, October 1974, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Robertson, David. 1979. British Election Study, May 1979, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Davis, James A., Tom, W. Smith, and Peter, V. Marsden. 2006. General Social Surveys, 1972–2004: Cumulative File (computer file). ICPSR04295-v2. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center (producer), 2005. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Eijk, , Cees, Erik Oppenhuis, and Schmitt, Hermann. 1994. European Election Study, 1989 (computer file). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Steinmetz Archive/SWIDOC, European Election Study Research Group (producer), 1993. Amsterdam: Steinmetz Archive and Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Eurostat Statistics. 2003. Reinberg, Germany: DSI Data Service and Information.
Gallup Political and Economic Index. Various years. London: DOD's Publishing and Research.
Gallup Political Index, 1989–90. 1989–90. London: Social Surveys.
Heath, Anthony. 1983. British Election Study, 1983 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony. 1989. British Election Study, 1987 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony. 1993. British Election Study, 1992 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony, Jowell, R., Curtice, J. K., Brand, J. A. and Mitchell, J. C.. 1996. British General Election Cross-Section Survey, 1992 (computer file). ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1992. Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony, Jowell, R., Curtice, J. K. and Norris, P.. 2000. British General Election Cross-Section Survey, 1997 (computer file). 2nd ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1998. Colchester, UK: The Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Herald System 3 Polls. http://www.alba.org.uk/polls/pollwestminsteryearly.html.
Inglehart, Ronald, Reif, Karlheinz, and Melich, Anna. 1994. European Communities Studies, 1970–1992: Cumulative File (computer file). 3rd ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan (producer), 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 2000. World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys, 1981–1984, 1990–1993, and 1995–1997 (computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research (producer), 1999. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael, Mayer, Nonna, Boy, et al Daniel. 1996. French National Election Study, 1995 (computer file). ICPSR version. Iowa City: Michael S. Lewis-Beck, University of Iowa, Department of Political Science/Paris, France: Nonna Mayer and Daniel Boy, et al., Centre d'Etude de la Vie Politique Française (producers), 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
McCrone, David, Brown, Alice, Surridge, Paula, and Thomson, Katarina. 1999. British Election Study: Scottish Election Survey 1997 (computer file). ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1998. Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Miller, William L and Jack, A. Brand. 1981. Scottish Election Study, 1979 (computer file). Colchester, UK: The Data Archive (distributor). SN: 1604.Google Scholar
MORI Polls. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/political/trends.shtml.
Newspoll Market Research. Various years. “Political Surveys,” in The Australian. http://www.newspoll.com.au.
OECD. 1987. Historical Statistics: 1960–1985. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 1999. Economic Outlook: Historical Statistics, 1960–1997. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2000. OECD Statistical Compendium CD-ROM. Paris: OECD Electronic Editions.
OECD. 2006. Economic Outlook 2006. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2006. OECD Factbook 2006: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris: OECD.
Outlaw, Iain. 2005. British Election Data by Constituency. http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/ uk/outlaw/sheetindex.htm.
Pierce, Roy. 1996. French Presidential Election Survey, 1988 (computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: Roy Pierce, University of Michigan (producer), 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Political Database of the Americas. United States: 1996Presidential Election (Internet). Georgetown University and the Organization of the American States. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Elecdata/USA/pres96.html.
Robertson, David. 1977. British Election Study, October 1974 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Hermann, Cees, Eijk, Scholz, Evi, and Klein, Michael. 2001. European Election Study, 1994 (computer file). Koeln, Germany: Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung/Mannheim, Germany: European Election Study Research Group (producers), 1996. Koeln, Germany: Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 1982. Interpreting and Using Regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James. 2001. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James, Clark, Michael, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Glasgow, Garrett. 2006. “Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties?: The Causes and Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–98.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 513–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James and Merrill, Samuel III. 2006. “Why Small, Centrist Third Parties Motivate Policy Divergence by Major Parties.” American Political Science Review 100 (3): 403–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James, Merrill, Samuel III, and Grofman, Bernard. 2005. A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agas⊘ster, Bodil. 2001. “A Framework for Analysing Local Party Policy Emphases in Scotland,” in Estimating the Policy Positions of Political Actors, ed. Laver, Michael. London: Routledge. 76–89.Google Scholar
Alberts, Sheldon. 2004. “Republican's New Ally: Ralph Nader.” The Gazette (October): 24.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto. 1988. “Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System with Rational Voters.” American Economic Review 78: 796–806.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (November): 1243–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“ALP Woos Ethnic Vote.” The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia), September 22, 1998.
Alt, James. 1984. “Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 298–329.Google Scholar
Amorim Neto, Octavio and Cox, Gary. 1997. “Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures and the Number of Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 149–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. 1998. “Parties, Party Systems, and Satisfaction with Democratic Performance in the New Europe.” Political Studies 46: 572–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Josephine and Jackman, Robert. 2005. “Strategic Fools: Electoral Rule Choice under Extreme Uncertainty.” Electoral Studies 24 (1): 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L'Année politique, économique et sociale en France. Various years. Paris: Editions du Moniteur.
Ansolabehere, Stephen D. and James, M. Snyder Jr. 2000. “Valence Politics and Equilibrium in Spatial Election Models.” Public Choice 103: 327–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argelaguet, Jordi. 2006. “Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya: The Third Pole within Catalan Politics,” in Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage. vol. 1, eds. Lieven, Winter, Margarita, Gómez-Reino, and Lynch, Peter. Barcelona: ICPS. 143–65.Google Scholar
Aron, Debra J. and Edward, P. Lazear. 1987. “Competition, Relativism, and Market Choice.” Working Papers in Economics E–87–56, Hoover Institution (December).Google Scholar
Aron, Debra J. and Edward, P. Lazear. 1990. “The Introduction of New Products.” American Economic Review 80 (2): 421–6.Google Scholar
Atkins, Ralph. 1991. “A Withering Party Finds the Political Grass not so Green.” Financial Times (April 12): sec. I, UK News, p. 6.Google Scholar
Australia. Ministry of Immigration. 1998. “Labor's Immigration Policy Disappointing Shame: Ruddock.” MPS 135/98. September 25. http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media_releases/ruddock_media98/r98135.htm.
Bale, Tim. 2003. “Cinderella and Her Ugly Sisters: The Mainstream and Extreme Right in Europe's Bipolarising Party Systems.” West European Politics 26 (3): 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balfour, Sebastian. 1996. “‘Bitter Victory, Sweet Defeat’: The March 1996 General Elections and the New Government in Spain.” Government and Opposition 31: 275–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Peter. 1998. “Libs Have Switched Tack on Aborigines, Survey Shows.” AAP Newsfeed (September 28).Google Scholar
Barberà, Òscar and Astrid, Barrio. 2006. “Convergència i Unió: From Stability to Decline?” in Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage, vol. 1, eds. Winter, Lieven, Gómez-Reino, Margarita, and Lynch, Peter. Barcelona: ICPS. 101–41.Google Scholar
Barjon, Carole. 1997. “Les droites face au Front National (National Front), France.” Le Nouvel Observateur (March 27–April 2).Google Scholar
Bartolini, Stefano and Mair, Peter. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bean, Clive. 1986. “Electoral Law, Electoral Behaviour and Electoral Outcomes: Australia and New Zealand Compared.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 24: 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, Clive. 1997. “Australia's Experience with the Alternative Vote.” Representation 34 (2): 103–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaufays, J. 1988. “Belgium: A Dualist Political System?” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 18 (2): 63–73.Google Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 1995. “What to Do (And Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross Section Data.” American Political Science Review 89: 634–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 1996. “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models.” Political Analysis 6: 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 2001. “Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater: A Comment on Green, Yoon, and Kim.” International Organizations 55: 487–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bélanger, Eric. 2003. “Issue Ownership by Canadian Political Parties since 1953.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 36: 539–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennie, Lynn, Brand, Jack, and Mitchell, James. 1997. How Scotland Votes. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth. 2004. “Models of Electoral System Change.” Electoral Studies 23 (3): 363–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth and Laver, Michael. 2006. Party Policy in Modern Democracies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth, Laver, Michael, and Mikhailov, Slava. 2007. “Mapping Policy Preferences with Uncertainty: Measuring and Correcting Error in Comparative Manifesto Project Estimates.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 12–15.Google Scholar
Betz, Hans-Georg. 1990. “Politics of Resentment: Right-Wing Radicalism in West Germany.” Comparative Politics 23 (1): 45–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan, eds. 1998. The New Politics of the Right. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Blatt, David S. 1996. “Immigration Politics and Immigrant Collective Action in France, 1968–1993.” PhD diss., Cornell University.
Boix, Carles. 1999. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” American Political Science Review 93 (3): 609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, Jake and Michael, J. Ensley. 2003. “Issues in Analyzing the Data from the Dual Mode 2000 American National Election Study.” National Election Studies Technical Report. http://www.umich.edu/~nes.Google Scholar
Bowler, Shaun. 1990. “Voter Perceptions and Party Strategies: An Empirical Approach.” Comparative Politics 23: 61–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boy, Daniel and Elisabeth, Dupoirier. 1993. “Is the Voter a Strategist?” in The French Voter Decides, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 149–65.Google Scholar
Brady, David W. and Volden, Craig. 1998. Revolving Gridlock: Politics and Policy from Carter to Clinton. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Brand, Jack. 1979. The National Movement in Scotland. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Bréchon, Pierre. 1995. La France aux urnes: Cinquante ans d'histoire électorale. Paris: La documentation Française.Google Scholar
Brennan, Geoffrey and Mitchell, Nicole. 1999. “The Logic of Spatial Politics: The 1998 Queensland Election.” Australian Journal of Political Science 34 (3): 379–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Alice, McCrone, David, Paterson, Lindsay, and Surridge, Paula. 1999. The Scottish Electorate: The 1997 General Election and Beyond. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian. 1994. “A New Theory of Party Competition: Uncertainty, Ideology, and Policy Equilibria Viewed Comparatively and Temporally.” British Journal of Political Science 24: 443–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1977. Voting and Party Competition. London: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1983a. Explaining and Predicting Elections. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1983b. “Party Competition-Selective Emphasis or Direct Confrontation?” in Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, eds. Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter. London: Sage Publications. 267–306.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric, eds. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian, Robertson, David, and Hearl, Derek, eds. 1987. Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analysis of Post-War Election Programs in 19 Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian and Derek, W. Urwin. 1966. Scottish Political Behaviour: A Case Study in British Homogeneity. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Burden, Barry C. 2005. “Minor Parties and Strategic Voting in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections.” Electoral Studies 24: 603–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bürklin, Wilhelm. 1987. “Governing Left Parties Frustrating the Radical Non-established Left: The Rise and Inevitable Decline of the Greens.” European Sociological Review 3: 109–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David. 1995. British General Elections since 1945. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Butler, David and Butler, Gareth. 2000. Twentieth Century British Political Facts, 1900–2000. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1974. The British General Election of February 1974. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1975. The British General Election of October 1974. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1980. The British General Election of 1979. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1984. The British General Election of 1983. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1988. The British General Election of 1987. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1992. The British General Election of 1992. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and King, Anthony. 1966. The British General Election of 1966. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. 1971. The British General Election of 1970. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. eds. 1966. Elections and the Political Order. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Camus, Jean-Yves. 1996. “Origine et formation du Front National (1972–1981),” in Le Front National à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationales des Sciences Politiques. 17–36.Google Scholar
Cannon, Angie. 2000. “Nader's Glad He Might Be the Spoiler.” U.S. News and World Report (October 30): 26.Google Scholar
Caramani, Danièle. 2000. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramani, Danièle. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlisle, Kenneth MP. 1984. Conserving the Countryside: A Tory View. London: Conservative Political Centre.Google Scholar
Carr, Robert. 1973. Runnymede Trust Bulletin 42 (April): 3.
Carter, Elisabeth. 2005. The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Carton, Daniel. 1995. “Jospin favorable à la répresentation proportionnelle.” Le Monde (March 10).Google Scholar
Castles, Francis G. and Mair, Peter. 1984. “Left-Right Political Scales: Some ‘Expert’ Judgments.” European Journal of Political Research 12: 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2001. “Cumulative Findings in the Study of Ethnic Politics.” APSA-CP Newsletter (Winter): 7–11.Google Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep K. and Kollman, Ken. 2004. The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chiche, Jean and Nonna Mayer. 1997. “Les enjeux de l'élection,” in L'électeur à ses raisons, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Chirac, Jacques. 1988. La Décennie du Renouveau. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France.Google Scholar
“Clinton Nostalgia Sets In, Bush Reaction Mixed.” 2001. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=131.
Colomer, Josep M. 1999. “The Spanish ‘State of Autonomies’: Non-Institutional Federalism,” in Politics and Policy in Democratic Spain, ed. Heywood, Paul. London: Frank Cass. 40–52.Google Scholar
Conservative Party. Various years. The Campaign Guide. London: Conservative and Unionist Central Office.
Conservative Party. Various years. Verbatim Report of the Annual Conservative Party Conference. London: National Conservative and Unionist Associations.
Conservative Party. 1983. The Conservative Manifesto 1983. London: Conservative Research Department.
Conservative Party. 1986/1987. Protecting the Environment. London: Conservative Central Office.
Conservative Party. 1987. The Next Moves Forward: The Conservative Manifesto 1987. London: Conservative Research Department.
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, David. New York: Free Press. 206–61.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E.. 1975. “Public Opinion and Voting Behavior,” in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 4, eds. Greenstein, F. and Polsby, N.. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 75–169.Google Scholar
Conversi, Daniele. 1997. The Basques, the Catalans and Spain. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Cornford, James and Daniel, Dorling. 1997. “Crooked Margins and Marginal Seats,” in British Elections and Parties Review, vol. 7, eds. Pattie, Charles, Denver, David, Fisher, Justin, and Ludlam, Steve. London: Frank Cass. 74–90.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, F. W. S. 1977. Britain Votes 1: British Parliamentary Election Results 1974–1977. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Craig, F. W. S.. 1980. Britain Votes 2: British Parliamentary Election Results 1974–1979. 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Craig, F. W. S.. 1984. Britain Votes 3: British Parliamentary Election Results 1983. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Crossman, Richard. 1976. Diaries of a Cabinet Minister. London: Hamish Hamilton and Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Curtice, John and Michael, Steed. 1992. “The Results Analysed,” in The British General Election of 1992, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: Macmillan Press. 322–62.Google Scholar
Dale, Iain, ed. 2000. Labour Party General Election Manifestos, 1900–1997. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 1996. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 2nd ed. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 2000. “The Decline of Party Identifications,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 19–36.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J.. 2006. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 4th ed. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., Ian, McAllister, and Martin, P. Wattenberg. 2000. “The Consequences of Partisan Dealignment,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 37–63.Google Scholar
Dalyell, Tam. 1977. Devolution: The End of Britain? London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Dao, James. 2000. “The 2000 Election: The Green Party: Some Nader Supporters Seem Shaken, Not Stirred, by Result.” New York Times (November 10): A29.Google Scholar
Winter, Lieven. 1998. “Conclusion: A Comparative Analysis of the Electoral, Office and Policy Success of Ethnoregionalist Parties,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Winter, Lieven and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 204–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, Lieven and Türsan, Huri, eds. 1998. Regionalist Parties in Western Europe. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denver, David. 1994. Elections and Voting Behaviour in Britain. 2nd ed. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewachter, Wilfried. 1987. “Changes in a Particratie: The Belgian Party System from 1944 to 1986,” in Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium, ed. Daalder, Hans. New York: St. Martin's Press. 285–364.Google Scholar
Les dirigeants politiques et le Front National (National Front), France.” 1998. Revue Politique et Parlementaire 995: 65–74.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Drucker, H. M. and Brown, Gordon. 1980. The Politics of Nationalism and Devolution. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Duhamel, Olivier and Jérôme, Jaffré. 1990. “Huit leçons de 1989,” in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1990, eds. Duhamel, Olivier and Jérôme Jaffré, . Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Eaton, B. and Lipsey, C.. 1975. “The Principle of Minimum Differentiation Reconsidered: New Developments in the Theory of Spatial Competition.” Review of Economic Studies 42: 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1975. “Case Study and Theory in Political Science,” in Strategies of Inquiry: Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 7, eds. Fred, I. Greenstein and Nelson, W. Polsby. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 79–137.Google Scholar
Ecology Party. 1979. The Ecology Party. Exeter, UK: Devon Ecology Party.
Elazar, Daniel J. 1995. “From Statism to Federalism: A Paradigm Shift.” Publius 25 (2): 5–18.Google Scholar
Ellis, James. 1998. “Voting for Markets or Marketing for Votes? The Politics of Neoliberal Economic Reform.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
Enelow, James M. and Melvin, J. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
“L'Extrême Droite.” 1985. in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1985, ed. Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. Paris: Gallimard.
Ezrow, Lawrence. Forthcoming. “On the Inverse Relationship between Votes and Proximity for Niche Parties.” European Journal of Political Research.Google Scholar
Farrell, David M. 2001. Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Faux, Emmanuel, Legrand, Thomas, and Perez, Gilles. 1991. Plumes de l'ombre. Paris: Editions Ramsey.Google Scholar
Faux, Emmanuel, Legrand, Thomas, and Perez, Gilles. 1994. La main droite de Dieu. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Pieter van Houten. 2002. “The Politicization of Cultural and Economic Difference: A Return to the Theory of Regional Autonomy Movements.” Unpublished ms.
Frankland, E. Gene. 1990. “Does Green Politics Have a Future in Britain? An American Perspective,” in Green Politics One, ed. Rüdig, Wolfgang. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 7–28.Google Scholar
Franklin, Mark N., Thomas, T. Mackie, Valen, et al Henry. 1992. Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Robert J. 1982. “In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26: 797–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National, Front. 1993. 300 mesures pour la renaissance de la France. Paris: Editions Nationales.Google Scholar
Fysh, Peter and Wolfreys, Jim. 1998. The Politics of Racism in France. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Tom. 2000. “Exit from the Ghetto: The Italian Far Right in the 1990s,” in The Politics of the Extreme Right, ed. Hainsworth, Paul. London: Pinto Press. 64–86.Google Scholar
Garman, Christopher, Haggard, Stephan, and Willis, Eliza. 2001. “Fiscal Decentralization: A Political Theory with Latin American Cases.” World Politics 53 (January): 205–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaspard, Françoise. 1995. A Small City in France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gaylord, Becky. 2001. “No Afghan Refugees Down Under, Please.” Business Week (December 3): 4.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elizabeth and Jackson, John. 1993. “Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions.” American Political Science Review 87: 639–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, John. 1999. Spanish Politics Today. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Giesbert, Franz-Olivier. 1990. Le Président. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Givens, Terri. 2005. Voting Radical Right in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2003a. “Electoral Institutions, Unemployment and Extreme Right Parties: A Correction.” British Journal of Political Science 33: 525–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2003b. “Explaining Variation in the Electoral Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 36: 432–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margarita, Gomez-Reino Cachafeiro. 2002. Ethnicity and Nationalism in Italian Politics: Inventing the Padania Lega Nord and the Northern Question. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Goot, Murray. n.d. “The Australian Party System, Pauline Hanson's One Nation, and the Party Cartelisation Thesis.” Unpublished ms. http://www.pol.mq.edu.au/publications/Hanson.htm.
Goot, Murray and Ian Watson. 2000. “One Nation's Electoral Support: Where Does It Come From, What Makes It Different, and How Does It Fit?” http://pol.mq.edu.au/pub/AJPH-Hanson.htm.
Gordin, Jorge P. 2001. “The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Boolean Test of Extant Explanations.” Scandanavian Political Studies 24 (2):149–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourevitch, Peter Alexis. 1979. “The Re-emergence of ‘Peripheral Nationalisms’: Some Comparative Speculations on the Spatial Distribution of Political Leadership and Economic Growth.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 21: 303–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gras, Christian and Livet, Georges, eds. 1977. Regions et regionalisme en France. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph and Kenneth, A. Shepsle. 1987. “The Effects of Electoral Rewards in Multiparty Competition with Entry.” American Political Science Review 81: 525–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groseclose, Tim. 2001. “A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 862–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiraudon, Virginie. 2001. “Immigration Policy in France.” U.S.-France Analysis (July). http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/fp/cusf/analysis/immigration.htm.Google Scholar
Gundle, Stephen and Parker, Simon, eds. 1996. The New Italian Republic. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunther, Richard, Sani, Giacomo, and Shabad, Goldie. 1988. Spain after Franco. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hainsworth, Paul. 2000. “The Front National,” in The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, ed. Hainsworth, Paul. London: Pinter. 18–32.Google Scholar
Harmel, Robert and Robertson, John. 1985. “Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross-National Analysis.” International Political Science Review 6 (4): 501–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmel, Robert and Svasand, Lars. 1997. “The Influence of New Parties on Old Parties' Platforms.” Party Politics 3 (3): 315–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 1975. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hermsen, Hanneke and Verbeek, Anders. 1992. “Equilibria in Multiparty Systems.” Public Choice 73: 147–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2007. “The Dynamics of Voter Decision Making Among Minor Party Supporters: The 2000 U.S. Presidential Election.” British Journal of Political Science 37 (2): 225–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, David. 1982. “Factionalism in West European Parties: A Framework for Analysis.” West European Politics 5 (1): 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinich, Melvin and Munger, Michael. 1997. Analytical Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo and James, M. Snyder Jr. 2007. “The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States.” The Journal of Politics 69 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holbrook, Allyson et al. 2004. “Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
Holloway, Grant. 2001. “Australian Prime Minister Wins Third Term.” CNN.com (November 11). http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/11/10/aust.pollwait.html.Google Scholar
Holmes, Colin. 1991. A Tolerant Country? Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities in Britain. Boston: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Lisbet. 1991. A Leap in the Dark: Nationalist Conflict and Federal Reform in Belgium. Ithaca, NY: Western Societies Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hossay, Patrick. 2004. “Recognizing Corsica: The Drama of Recognition in Nationalist Mobilization.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (3): 403–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotelling, H. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” Economic Journal 39: 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
http://www.alba.org.uk
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html
http://www.election.demon.co.uk/changes.html
http://elections.figaro.net/popup_2004/accueil.html
http://www.electionworld.org/france.htm
http://www.europeangreens.org
http://www.greens.org/elections
http://institution.gallup.com
http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/law/GG/gg2.htm
http://www.les-verts.org
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=107346
http://parties-and-elections.de/france.html
http://psephos.adam-carr.net/au/distribution-senate.txt
Huber, Evelyne, Ragin, Charles, and Stephens, John. 1993. “Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure and the Welfare State.” American Journal of Sociology 99 (3): 711–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John D. 1996. Rationalizing Parliament: Legislative Institutions and Party Politics in France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1 (1): 73–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hug, Simon. 2001. Altering Party Systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 1992. “The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 22: 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 2003. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Immergut, E. M. 1992. Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The Silent Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1984. “The Changing Structure of Political Cleavages in Western Society,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 25–69.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ivaldi, Gilles. 1998. “Le Front National à l'assaut du système.” Revue Politique et Parlementaire (July/August): 5–22.Google Scholar
Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2005. “The Vulnerable Populist Right Parties: No Economic Realignment Fuelling Their Electoral Success.” European Journal of Political Research 44: 465–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994a. “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional and Mobilizational Effects.” Comparative Political Studies 27 (2): 155–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994b. “Political Leadership and Representation in West European Democracies: A Test of Three Models of Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto. 1990. “Shortcuts to Political Knowledge: The Role of Selective Attention and Accessibility,” in Information and Democratic Processes, eds. Ferejohn, John and Kuklinski, James. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Jackman, Simon. 1998. “Pauline Hanson, the Mainstream, and Political Elites: The Place of Race in Australian Political Ideology.” Australian Journal of Political Science 33 (2): 167–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Robert W. and Volpert, Karin. 1996. “Conditions Favouring Parties of the Extreme Right in Western Europe.” British Journal of Political Science 26: 501–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, John. 2003. “Electoral Competition with Endogenous Voter Preferences,” in Computational Models in Political Economy, eds. Kollman, Kenneth, Miller, John, and Page, Scott. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 109–42.Google Scholar
Jaffré, Jérôme. 1985. “L'humeur de Francis: L'année politique: les dix leçons de 1984,” in Opinion politique, ed. Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. Paris: Gallimard. 105–11.Google Scholar
Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Jehl, Douglas. 2000. “The 43rd President: Interior Choice Sends a Signal on Land Policy.” New York Times (December 30): A5.Google Scholar
Joffrin, Laurent. 1987. Un coup de jeune: portrait d'une génération morale. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Johnson, Stanley MEP. 1981. Caring for the Environment. London: Conservative Political Centre.Google Scholar
Johnston, Jack and DiNardo, John. 1997. Econometric Methods. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Jolly, Seth. 2006. “Determinants of Regional Party Success in Western Europe.” Unpublished ms., Duke University.
Jones, Bill. 1989/90. “Green Thinking.” Talking Politics 2 (2): 50–4.Google Scholar
Jones, J. Barry and Keating, Michael. 1982. “The Resolution of Internal Conflicts and External Pressures: The Labour Party's Devolution Policy.” Government and Opposition 17 (3): 279–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy.” Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, Michael. 1998. The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Keating, Michael and Bleiman, David. 1979. Labour and Scottish Nationalism. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeler, John T. S. and Martin, A. Schain. 1996. “Introduction: Mitterrand's Legacy, Chirac's Challenge,” in Chirac's Challenge: Liberalization, Europeanization, and Malaise in France, eds. John, T. S. Keeler and Martin, A. Schain. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1–20.Google Scholar
Keesing's Record of World Events, CD-ROM. 1999. Bethesda, MD: Keesing's Worldwide.
Kellas, James G. 1971. “Scottish Nationalism,” in The British General Election of 1970, eds. Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. London: Macmillan Press. 446–62.Google Scholar
Kellas, James G.. 1989. The Scottish Political System. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellner, Peter. 1989. “Decoding the Green Message.” The Independent (July 7): 6.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Peter. 1992. A Guide to Econometrics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
King, Anthony, ed. 2001. British Political Opinion 1937–2000. London: Politico's.Google Scholar
King, Gary. 1998. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1988. “Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems.” World Politics 40 (2): 194–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989. The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (6/7): 845–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Oddbj⊘rn. 1998. “Expert Judgements of the Left-Right Location of Political Parties: A Comparative Longitudinal Study.” West European Politics 21 (2): 63–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kofman, Eleonore. 1982. “Differential Modernization, Social Conflicts and Ethno-Regionalism in Corsica.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 5: 300–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreuzer, Marcus. 1990. “New Politics: Just Post-Materialist? The Case of the Austrian and Swiss Greens.” West European Politics 13: 12–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laakso, Markku and Taagepera, Rein. 1979. “‘Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labour Party. 1970. Now Britain's Strong – Let's Make It Great to Live In. London: Labour Party. http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man/lab70.htm.
Labour Party. 1977. Statements to Annual Conference by the National Executive Committee. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1982. Labour's Programme, 1982. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1990. An Earthly Chance. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1992. It's Time to Get Britain Working Again. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. Various years. Report of the Annual Labour Party Conference. London: Labour Party.
Lagrange, Hugues and Pascal, Perrineau. 1989. “Le syndrome lepéniste,” in Le Front national à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. 228–46.Google Scholar
Laible, Janet. 2001. “Nationalism and a Critique of European Integration: Questions from the Flemish Parties,” in Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, eds. Keating, Michael and McGarry, John. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 223–45.Google Scholar
Lancelot, Alain. 1983. Les élections sous la Cinquième République. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Lancelot, Alain. 1998. Les élections nationales sous la Cinquième République. 3rd ed. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, Benoit, Kenneth, and Garry, John. 2003. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review 97 (2): 311–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael and Garry, John. 2000. “Estimating Policy Positions from Political Texts.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 619–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael and Hunt, W. Ben. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael and Schofield, Norman. 1998. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalitions in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonhardt, David. 2000. “The Election: Was Buchanan the Real Nader?” New York Times (December 10): D4.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret and Michael, Hechter. 1985. “A Rational Choice Approach to the Rise and Decline of Ethnoregional Political Parties,” in New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Towards Explanation, eds. Edward, A. Tiryakian and Rogowski, Ronald. Boston: Allen and Unwin. 128–46.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1984. “France: The Stalled Electorate,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 425–48.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 1993. “Introduction to the English Edition: The French Voter – Steadfast or Changing?” The French Voter Decides, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1–13.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1975. “The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research.” Comparative Political Studies 8 (2): 158–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1990. “The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945–85.” American Political Science Review 80: 481–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Loughlin, John and Sonia, Mazey. 1995. “Introduction,” in The End of the French Unitary State? Ten Years of Regionalization in France (1982–1992), eds. Loughlin, John and Mazey, Sonia. London: Frank Cass. 1–9.Google Scholar
Lubbers, Marcel, Gijsberts, Mérove, and Scheepers, Peer. 2002. “Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 41: 345–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Peter. 2002. Scottish National Party, U.K.: The History of the Scottish National Party. Cardiff, UK: Welsh Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: CQ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard. 1997. A Decade of Election Results: Updating the International Almanac. Glasgow, UK: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, John P. 1975. A Parliament for Scotland. Tranent, UK: Berwick and East Lothian Labour Party.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, John P.. 1998. “The New Appeal of Nationalism.” Excerpted in A Diverse Assembly, ed. Paterson, Lindsay. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 64–71.Google Scholar
Magee, C. S. 2003. “Third-Party Candidates and the 2000 Presidential Election.” Social Science Quarterly 84: 574–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, Timothy. 2000. “The Voter Turnout Will Swing Election.” Insight on the News (October 30).Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 1999. “New Political Parties in Established Party Systems: How Successful Are They?” in Elites, Parties and Democracy, eds. Beukel, Erik, Klausen, Kurt Klaudi, and Mouritzen, Poul Erik. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press. 207–24.Google Scholar
Markus, Andrew. 2001. Race: John Howard and the Remaking of Australia. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Mayer, Nonna and Pascal, Perrineau. 1996. “Conclusion: L'introuvable équation Le Pen,” in Le Front national à découvert, eds. Mayer, and Perrineau, . Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Mayer, Nonna and Mariette, Sineau. 2002. “France: The Front National,” in Rechtsextreme Parteien, eds. Amsberger, Helga and Halbmayr, Brigitte. Leverkusen, Germany: Leske and Budrich. 42–91. http://www.elections2002.sciences-po.fr/Enjeux/pdf/FN%20-%20VD%202001.pdf.Google Scholar
Mazzoleni, Oscar. 1999. “La Lega Ticinesi: Vers l'Integration?” Swiss Political Science Review 5 (3): 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, John. 1991. British Politics and the Environment. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
McCrone, David. 1992. Understanding Scotland. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGann, Anthony J. and Kitschelt, Herbert. 2005. “The Radical Right in the Alps: Evolution of Support for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPÖ.” Party Politics 11 (2): 147–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, Robert. 1992. Labour and Scottish Home Rule. Pt 2. West Lothian, UK: Scottish Labour Action.Google Scholar
McRoberts, Kenneth. 2001. Catalonia: Nation Building without a State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meckler, Laura. 2000. “GOP Group to Air Pro-Nader TV Ads.” The Washington Post (October 27). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20001027/aponline115918_000.htm.Google Scholar
Meguid, Bonnie M. 2001. “Stability in the Face of Change: The Strategic Role of Mainstream Political Parties in the Maintenance of Western European Political Landscapes.” Unpublished ms.
Meguid, Bonnie M.. 2005. “Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategies in Niche Party Success.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 347–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (London: John W. Parker, 1843; New York: Longman, Green and Co., 1970).Google Scholar
Miller, William L. 1979. “What Was the Profit in Following the Crowd? The Effectiveness of Party Strategies on Immigration and Devolution.” Glasgow, UK: Centre for Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.
Miller, William L.. 1980. “The Scottish Dimension,” in The British General Election of 1979, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: The MacMillan Press. 98–118.Google Scholar
Miller, William L.. 1981. The End of British Politics? Scots and English Political Behaviour in the Seventies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James. 1990. Conservatives and the Union: A Study of Conservative Party Attitudes to Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James and Bradbury, Jonathan. 2001. “Devolution: New Politics for Old?” Parliamentary Affairs 54: 276–88.Google Scholar
Mitterrand, François. 1988. Une Lettre à Tous les Français. Paris: Parti Socialiste.Google Scholar
Moberg, David. 2000. “Ralph's Way: Will His Strategy Work?” In These Times (October 30).Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 1999. Fences and Neighbors: The Political Geography of Immigration Control. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 2001. “Xenophobia and Xenophilia: Pauline Hanson and the Counterbalancing of Electoral Incentives in Australia.” People and Place 7 (3): 7–19.Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 2005. “Immigrants and the Host Polity: Immigrant Voters as an Electoral Counterweight to Extreme Right Parties,” in International Migration and Security, eds. Guild, Elspeth and Joanne, Selm. London: Routledge. 82–98.Google Scholar
Monnier, Jean-Jacques. 1998. Histoire de l'Union Démocratique Bretonne. Lannion, France: Presses Populaires de Bretagne.Google Scholar
Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes. 2001. Le Livre Noir 1998–2001. Paris: MJS.
Mudde, Cas. 1999. “The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue.” West European Politics 22 (3): 182–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, Dennis. 1989. Public Choice, II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Müller, Wolfgang and Kaare, Str⊘m. 1999. “Conclusions: Party Behavior and Representative Democracy,” in Policy, Office or Votes?, eds. Müller, Wolfgang and Str⊘m, Kaare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 279–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand, ed. 1989. New Politics in Western Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 1996. “The New Challengers: Explaining the Electoral Success of Green and Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe,” in Les petits partis, eds. Laurent, Annie and Villalba, Bruno. Paris: L'Harmattan. 119–41.Google Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 1998. “Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Lieven, Winter and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 17–27.Google Scholar
Murphy, A. 1995. “Belgium's Regional Divergence: Along the Road to Federation,” in Federalism: The Multiethnic Challenge, ed. Smith, Graham. New York: Longman. 73–100.Google Scholar
Nairn, Tom. 1977. The Break-Up of Britain. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Narud, Hanne Marthe and Skare, Audun. 1999. “Are Party Activists the Party Extremists? The Structure of Opinion in Political Parties.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (1): 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“‘The New Nader Raiders:’ Latest FEC Reports Show More Evidence of GOP Support to Nader.” 2004. Common Dreams Progressive Newswire (October 27). http://www.commondreams.org/news2004/1027-06.htm.
Newell, James L. 1998. “The Scottish National Party: Development and Change,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Lieven, Winter and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 105–24.Google Scholar
Newell, James L.. 2000. “Italy: The Extreme Right Comes in from the Cold.” Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3): 469–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Saul. 1996. Ethnoregional Conflict in Democracies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1995. “May's Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited: Leaders, Officers, Members and Voters in British Political Parties.” Party Politics 1 (1): 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, Philip. 1980. Dissension in the House of Commons, 1974–1979. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Oakley, Robin. 1990. “Environmental concern may damage Conservative Vote.” The Times (February 12): Home news.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Kathleen. 2005. Decentralizing the State: Elections, Parties and Local Power in the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, Michael. 1997. Green Parties and Political Change in Contemporary Europe: New Politics, Old Predicaments. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ordeshook, Peter C. and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. “Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 100–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfrey, Thomas. 1984. “Spatial Equilibrium with Entry.” Review of Economic Studies 51: 139–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
socialiste, Parti. 1981. 110 Propositions. Paris: Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France.Google Scholar
socialiste, Parti. 1998. Livre Noir des Alliances de la Droite avec le Front national. Paris: Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lindsay. 1998. A Diverse Assembly. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Peacock, Alan. 1977. “The Political Economy of Devolution: The British Case,” in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, ed. Wallace, E. Oates. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath. 49–63.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Mogens. 1979. “The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility.” European Journal of Political Research 7 (1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, Juan Montabes, Carmen Ortega Villodres, and Enrique G. Pérez Nieto. 2003. “Electoral Systems and Electoral Success of Regionalist Parties in Western Europe.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Edinburgh, UK.
Perrineau, Pascal. 1996. “Les étapes d'une implantation électorale (1972–1988),” in Le Front National à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. 37–62.Google Scholar
Perrineau, Pascal. 1997. Le Symptôme Le Pen: radiographie des électeurs du Front National. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (3): 825–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phlipponneau, Michel. 1981. Décentralisation et régionalisation: la grande affaire. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.Google Scholar
Phlipponneau, Michel. 1986. Géopolitique de la Bretagne. Rennes, France: Ouest-France.Google Scholar
Platone, François. 1994. “Public Opinion and Electoral Change,” in Developments in French Politics, eds. Peter, A. Hall, Hayward, Jack, and Machin, Howard. London: Macmillan. 55–76.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel. 2004. “The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi.” The American Political Science Review 98 (4): 529–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham Jr. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam and Sprague, John. 1986. Paper Stones. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam and Teune, Henry. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, George and Stuart, Elaine Macdonald. 1989. “A Directional Theory of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 83: 93–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, George, Macdonald, Stuart Elaine, and Listhaug, Ola. 1991. “New Players in an Old Game: Party Strategy in Multiparty Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 24 (2): 147–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae, Douglas. 1971. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ramsay, Robert. 1983. The Corsican Time-Bomb. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Reece, Jack E. 1977. The Bretons against France. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Reif, K. and Schmitt, H.. 1980. “Nine Second-Order National Elections.” European Journal of Political Research 8: 3–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
République Française, . Various years. Journal Officiel: Débats de l'Assemblée Nationale.
République Française, , Ministère de l'Intérieur, . 1988. Les élections législatives de 1988. Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar
Riker, William H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1982a. Liberalism Against Populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1982b. “The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science.” American Political Science Review 76 (4): 753–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1996. The Strategy of Rhetoric. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, David. 1976. A Theory of Party Competition. London: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Robinson, Gwen. 1998. “Howard Cabinet Aims to Woo Rural Australia.” Financial Times (October 19): 4.Google Scholar
Rohrschneider, Robert. 1993. “New Party Versus Old Left Realignments: Environmental Attitudes, Party Politics and Partisan Affiliations in Four Western European Countries.” Journal of Politics 55 (3): 682–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenstone, Steven, Roy, L. Behr, and Edward, H. Lazarus. 1996. Third Parties in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1980. Atout France. Paris: Editions Roudil.
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1997. Fiches argumentaires sur le Front National. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France.
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1998. Parti Socialiste, Front national: Les Liaisons Dangereuses. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France Service des études.
Rüdig, Wofgang and Mark N. Franklin. 2000. “Whatever happened to … the British Greens?” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APSA, Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy, August 31–September 3.
Rüdig, Wolfgang, Mark, N. Franklin, and Lynn, G. Bennie. 1996. “Up and Down with the Greens.” Electoral Studies 15 (1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RudolphJoseph, R. Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. 1989. “Pathways to Accommodation and the Persistence of the Ethnoterritorial Challenge in Western Democracies,” in Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World, eds. Joseph, R. Rudolph Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 221–40.Google Scholar
Rydgren, Jens. 2004. The Populist Challenge. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 1989. “The French State and Ethnic Minority Cultures: Policy Dimensions and Problems,” in Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World. eds. Joseph, R. Rudolph Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 115–57.Google Scholar
Samuels, David. 2002. “Presidentialized Parties: The Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior.” Comparative Political Studies 35: 461–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, David. 1999. “The Impact of Left–Right Ideology,” in Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective, eds. Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Sani, Giacomo and Giovanni, Sartori. 1983. “Polarization, Fragmentation and Competition in Western Democracies,” in Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, eds. Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter. London: Sage Publishing. 307–40.Google Scholar
Särlvik, Bo and Crewe, Ivor. 1983. Decade of Dealignment: The Conservative Victory of 1979 and Electoral Trends in the 1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Vol I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1986. “The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method?” in Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences, eds. Grofman, Bernard and Lijphart, Arend. New York: Agathon. 43–68.Google Scholar
Sawer, Geoffrey. 1969. Modern Federalism. London: Watts.Google Scholar
Schain, Martin. 1994. “Immigration and Politics,” in Developments in French Politics, eds. Peter, A. Hall, Hayward, Jack, and Machin, Howard. London: Macmillan. 253–68.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, Joseph A. and Mildred, S. Schlesinger. 1990. “The Reaffirmation of a Multiparty System in France.” American Political Science Review 84 (4): 1077–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Norman. 2003. “Valence Competition in the Spatial Stochastic Model.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15: 371–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scottish National Party. 1966a. Scottish National Party, U.K. and You. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Scottish National Party. 1966b. The Wasted Years. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Scottish National Party. 1974. October 1974 Manifesto. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Selten, R. 1978. “The Chain Store Paradox.” Theory and Decision 9: 127–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaked, Avner. 1975. “Non-existence of Equilibrium for the Two-Dimensional Three Firms Location Problem.” Review of Economic Studies 42: 51–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1991. Models of Multiparty Electoral Competition. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Shields, James G. 1997. “La Politique du Pire: The Front National and the 1997 Legislative Elections.” French Politics and Society 15 (3): 21–36.Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew and John, M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Maxim. 1992. Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and Citizenship in Modern France. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skach, Cindy. 1999. “Divided Minority Government and Democracy.” PhD diss., Oxford University.
Smelser, N. J. 1967. “Notes on the Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Economic Activity,” in Transactions of the Sixth World Congress of Sociology. Vol. II. Evian, France: International Sociological Association.Google Scholar
Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. 1988. “Le Pen,” in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1988. eds. Duhamel, and Dupoirier, , Paris: Editions du Seuil. 131–42.Google Scholar
Solesbury, William. 1976. “Issues and Innovation in Environmental Politics in Britain, West Germany, and California.” Policy Analysis 2 (1): 1–38.Google Scholar
“Some Final Observations on Voter Opinions.” 2000. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (December 2000). http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=135.
“Spending Favored over Tax Cuts or Debt Reduction.” 1998. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (January 1998). http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=608.
The Spoiler.” 2000. The Economist (November 11): 42.
Spoon, Jae-Jae. 2005. “Winning Elections or Representing Interests? The Multi-Faceted Strategies of the French Greens, 1997–2002.” PhD diss., University of Michigan.
Steed, Michael. 1971. “An Analysis of the Results,” in The British General Election of 1970, eds. Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. London: Macmillan Press. 386–415.Google Scholar
Steed, Michael. 1974. “The Results Analysed,” in The British General Election of February 1974, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: Macmillan Press. 313–39.Google Scholar
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. “Spatial Models of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review 57: 368–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Donald E.. 1966. “Spatial Models of Party Competition,” in Elections and the Political Order, eds. Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 161–79.Google Scholar
Stone, Walter and Rapoport, Ronald. 2001. “It's Perot Stupid! The Legacy of the 1992 Perot Movement in the Major-Party System, 1994–2000.” Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France: Political Science and Politics (March): 49–58.Google Scholar
Str⊘m, Kaare. 1990. “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 34: 565–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swank, Duane H. 1992. “Politics and the Structural Dependence of the State in Capitalist Democracies.” American Political Science Review 86 (1): 38–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swank, Duane and Hans-Georg Betz. 1995. “Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe: The Impact of Structural Change, Political Institutions and Economic Performance on Party Electoral Fortunes in 16 Nations.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
Swank, Duane and Hans-Georg Betz. 1996. “Internationalization and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Paper presented at the Conference on Globalization and Labor Markets, University of California, Los Angeles.
Swank, Duane and Betz, Hans-Georg. 2003. “Globalization, the Welfare State and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Socio-Economic Review 1 (2): 215–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taagepera, Rein and Shugart, Matthew. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Taggart, Paul. 1996. The New Populism and the New Politics. New York: St Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Stan. 1982. The National Front in English Politics. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1993. The Downing Street Years. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Third Time Lucky?” 2001. The Economist, (November 3): 71.
Tiersky, Ronald. 1994. France in the New Europe: Changing Yet Steadfast. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Trilling, Richard J. 1976. Party Image and Electoral Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Union Démocratique Bretonne (Breton Democratic Union), France. 1964. “Un nouveau parti: L'Union Démocratique Bretonne.” Le Peuple breton 1 (1): 1.
United Kingdom. Department of the Environment. 1990. This Common Inheritance. Cm. 1200. London: HMSO.
United Kingdom. Department of the Environment. 1996. Ethnicity in the 1991 Census. Vol. 1. London: HMSO.
Wouten, Brug, Fennema, Meindert, and Tillie, Jean. 2000. “Anti-Immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote.” European Journal of Political Research 37: 77–102.Google Scholar
Van Houten, Pieter. 2003. “Fiscal Autonomy and Party Politics in Catalonia.” Paper presented at the PSA Conference, Leicester, UK.
Volkens, Andrea. 2001. “Quantifying the Election Programs: Coding Procedures and Controls,” in Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998, eds. Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 93–109.Google Scholar
Beyme, Klaus. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot, UK: Gower.Google Scholar
Wald, Matthew L. 2000. “From Social Security to Environment, the Candidates' Positions.” New York Times (November 5): A44.Google Scholar
Walker, Martin. 1977. The National Front. Glasgow, UK: Fontana.Google Scholar
Ware, Alan. 1996. Political Parties and Party Systems. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wattenberg, Martin P. 2000. “The Decline of Party Mobilization,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 64–76.Google Scholar
Watts, Ronald. 1996. Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s. Kingston, ON: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University.Google Scholar
Weil, Patrick. 1991. La France et Ses Étrangers. Paris: Calmann-Levy.Google Scholar
Whale, John. 1975. “Secret Papers Cast Doubts on Scottish and Welsh Assemblies.” The Sunday Times (September 28): 4.Google Scholar
White, John. 2001. “The Election in Perspective: Two Nations, Four Parties,” in America's Choice 2000, ed. Crotty, William. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 180–206.Google Scholar
Whitney, Craig. 1997. “A Convention Draws French for Far-Right and Against It.” New York Times (March 30): A10.Google Scholar
Willey, Joseph. 1998. “The Formation and Success of New Political Parties in Established Democracies.” PhD diss., SUNY Binghamton.
Wlezien, Christopher. 2001. “On Forecasting the Presidential Vote.” Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France: Political Science and Politics (March): 25–31.Google Scholar
Woldendorp, Jaap, Keman, Hans, and Budge, Ian. 1998. “Party Government in 20 Democracies: An Update (1990–95).” European Journal of Political Research 33 (1): 125–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Robin. 1990. “Thatcher in Attack on ‘Airy-Fairy’ Greens.” The Times (March 17): Home news.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Collette. 1984. “Le Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France et l'UDF Face au Front National: Concurrence et Connivences.” Revue politique et parlementaire 86: 6–20.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Collette. 1995. “La Droite modérée sous la pression du Front National.” French Politics and Society 13 (2): 1–9.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Colette and Roland, Cayrol. 1996. “France: The Midwife Comes to Call,” in Choosing Europe? eds. Eijk, Cees and Mark, N. Franklin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 115–36.Google Scholar
Zaller, John. 1986. “The Effects of Political Involvement on Public Attitudes and Voting Behavior.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zariski, Raphael. 1960. “Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Preliminary Observations.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 4: 27–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zariski, Raphael. 1989. “Ethnic Extremism among Ethnoterritorial Minorities in Western Europe: Dimensions, Causes and Institutional Responses.” Comparative Politics 21 (3): 253–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1977. “Federalization without Federalism in Belgium,” in Ethnic Conflict in the Western World, ed. Milton, J. Esman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 103–42.Google Scholar
ABC News. 2001. ABC News Poll, July 2000 (computer file). ICPSR version. Horsham, PA: Taylor Nelson Sofres Intersearch (producer), 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
Banque de Données Socio-Politiques (BDSP). Résultats électoraux, par circonscription, 1971–97 (computer file). http://cdsp.sciences-po.fr/page.php?&idRubrique=votesFrance&lang=FR.
Bean, Clive, Gow, David, and McAllister, Ian. 2002. Australian Election Study, 2001 (computer file). Canberra: Social Science Data Archives, The Australian National University (distributor).Google Scholar
Binghamton Election Results Archive. http://www.binghamton.edu/cdp/era/index.html.
British Election Results. http://www.laws.qmw.ac.uk/election.
Burns, Nancy, Donald, R.Kinder, Steven J.Rosenstone, Virginia Sapiro, and the National Election Studies. American National Election Study, 2000: Pre- and Post-Election Survey (computer file). 3rd ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies (producer), 2001. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), 2005.Google Scholar
Butler, David and Stokes, David. 1974. Political Change in Britain: 1966–1970 British Election Study Panel (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BVA poll. 1999. “L'identité des gauches.” October. http://www.bva.fr/archives/gauches. html.
Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française and Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques. 1995. French National Election Study 1988 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (producers), 1988. Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (distributor).
Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française and Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques. 1997. French National Election Study 1978 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (producers), 1978. Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques (distributor).
d'Etudes, CentreFrançaise, Vie Politique, d'Informatisation, CentreSocio-Politiques, des Données, and Recherches, Centre Administratives, Politiques et Sociales. 2001. French National Election Study 1997 (computer file). Paris, France: Centre d'Etudes de la Vie Politique Française/Grenoble, France: Centre d'Informatisation des Données Socio-Politiques /Lille, France: Centre de Recherches Administratives, Politiques et Sociales (producers), 1997. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Chrique, Philippe. 1997. Legidoscope: Trend Surveys of French Public Opinion and Media Usage, September 1992–May 1993 (computer file). ICPSR version. Paris, France: Institute Française d'Opinion Publique (producer), 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1970. British Election Study, 1964–1966–1970 Panel (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1975a. British Election Study, February 1974, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Alt, James. 1975b. British Election Study, October 1974, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Crewe, Ivor, Särlvik, Bo, and Robertson, David. 1979. British Election Study, May 1979, cross-section (computer file). Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Davis, James A., Tom, W. Smith, and Peter, V. Marsden. 2006. General Social Surveys, 1972–2004: Cumulative File (computer file). ICPSR04295-v2. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center (producer), 2005. Storrs, CT: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Eijk, , Cees, Erik Oppenhuis, and Schmitt, Hermann. 1994. European Election Study, 1989 (computer file). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Steinmetz Archive/SWIDOC, European Election Study Research Group (producer), 1993. Amsterdam: Steinmetz Archive and Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Eurostat Statistics. 2003. Reinberg, Germany: DSI Data Service and Information.
Gallup Political and Economic Index. Various years. London: DOD's Publishing and Research.
Gallup Political Index, 1989–90. 1989–90. London: Social Surveys.
Heath, Anthony. 1983. British Election Study, 1983 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony. 1989. British Election Study, 1987 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony. 1993. British Election Study, 1992 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony, Jowell, R., Curtice, J. K., Brand, J. A. and Mitchell, J. C.. 1996. British General Election Cross-Section Survey, 1992 (computer file). ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1992. Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony, Jowell, R., Curtice, J. K. and Norris, P.. 2000. British General Election Cross-Section Survey, 1997 (computer file). 2nd ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1998. Colchester, UK: The Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Herald System 3 Polls. http://www.alba.org.uk/polls/pollwestminsteryearly.html.
Inglehart, Ronald, Reif, Karlheinz, and Melich, Anna. 1994. European Communities Studies, 1970–1992: Cumulative File (computer file). 3rd ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan (producer), 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 2000. World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys, 1981–1984, 1990–1993, and 1995–1997 (computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research (producer), 1999. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael, Mayer, Nonna, Boy, et al Daniel. 1996. French National Election Study, 1995 (computer file). ICPSR version. Iowa City: Michael S. Lewis-Beck, University of Iowa, Department of Political Science/Paris, France: Nonna Mayer and Daniel Boy, et al., Centre d'Etude de la Vie Politique Française (producers), 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
McCrone, David, Brown, Alice, Surridge, Paula, and Thomson, Katarina. 1999. British Election Study: Scottish Election Survey 1997 (computer file). ICPSR version. London: Social and Community Planning Research (producer), 1998. Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Miller, William L and Jack, A. Brand. 1981. Scottish Election Study, 1979 (computer file). Colchester, UK: The Data Archive (distributor). SN: 1604.Google Scholar
MORI Polls. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/political/trends.shtml.
Newspoll Market Research. Various years. “Political Surveys,” in The Australian. http://www.newspoll.com.au.
OECD. 1987. Historical Statistics: 1960–1985. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 1999. Economic Outlook: Historical Statistics, 1960–1997. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2000. OECD Statistical Compendium CD-ROM. Paris: OECD Electronic Editions.
OECD. 2006. Economic Outlook 2006. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2006. OECD Factbook 2006: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris: OECD.
Outlaw, Iain. 2005. British Election Data by Constituency. http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/ uk/outlaw/sheetindex.htm.
Pierce, Roy. 1996. French Presidential Election Survey, 1988 (computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor: Roy Pierce, University of Michigan (producer), 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).Google Scholar
Political Database of the Americas. United States: 1996Presidential Election (Internet). Georgetown University and the Organization of the American States. http://www.georgetown.edu/pdba/Elecdata/USA/pres96.html.
Robertson, David. 1977. British Election Study, October 1974 (computer file). Colchester, UK: ESRC Data Archive.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Hermann, Cees, Eijk, Scholz, Evi, and Klein, Michael. 2001. European Election Study, 1994 (computer file). Koeln, Germany: Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung/Mannheim, Germany: European Election Study Research Group (producers), 1996. Koeln, Germany: Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributors).Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 1982. Interpreting and Using Regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James. 2001. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James, Clark, Michael, Ezrow, Lawrence, and Glasgow, Garrett. 2006. “Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties?: The Causes and Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–98.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 513–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James and Merrill, Samuel III. 2006. “Why Small, Centrist Third Parties Motivate Policy Divergence by Major Parties.” American Political Science Review 100 (3): 403–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James, Merrill, Samuel III, and Grofman, Bernard. 2005. A Unified Theory of Party Competition: A Cross-National Analysis Integrating Spatial and Behavioral Factors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agas⊘ster, Bodil. 2001. “A Framework for Analysing Local Party Policy Emphases in Scotland,” in Estimating the Policy Positions of Political Actors, ed. Laver, Michael. London: Routledge. 76–89.Google Scholar
Alberts, Sheldon. 2004. “Republican's New Ally: Ralph Nader.” The Gazette (October): 24.Google Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto. 1988. “Credibility and Policy Convergence in a Two-Party System with Rational Voters.” American Economic Review 78: 796–806.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (November): 1243–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“ALP Woos Ethnic Vote.” The Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney, Australia), September 22, 1998.
Alt, James. 1984. “Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 298–329.Google Scholar
Amorim Neto, Octavio and Cox, Gary. 1997. “Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures and the Number of Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 149–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. 1998. “Parties, Party Systems, and Satisfaction with Democratic Performance in the New Europe.” Political Studies 46: 572–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, Josephine and Jackman, Robert. 2005. “Strategic Fools: Electoral Rule Choice under Extreme Uncertainty.” Electoral Studies 24 (1): 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L'Année politique, économique et sociale en France. Various years. Paris: Editions du Moniteur.
Ansolabehere, Stephen D. and James, M. Snyder Jr. 2000. “Valence Politics and Equilibrium in Spatial Election Models.” Public Choice 103: 327–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argelaguet, Jordi. 2006. “Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya: The Third Pole within Catalan Politics,” in Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage. vol. 1, eds. Lieven, Winter, Margarita, Gómez-Reino, and Lynch, Peter. Barcelona: ICPS. 143–65.Google Scholar
Aron, Debra J. and Edward, P. Lazear. 1987. “Competition, Relativism, and Market Choice.” Working Papers in Economics E–87–56, Hoover Institution (December).Google Scholar
Aron, Debra J. and Edward, P. Lazear. 1990. “The Introduction of New Products.” American Economic Review 80 (2): 421–6.Google Scholar
Atkins, Ralph. 1991. “A Withering Party Finds the Political Grass not so Green.” Financial Times (April 12): sec. I, UK News, p. 6.Google Scholar
Australia. Ministry of Immigration. 1998. “Labor's Immigration Policy Disappointing Shame: Ruddock.” MPS 135/98. September 25. http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media_releases/ruddock_media98/r98135.htm.
Bale, Tim. 2003. “Cinderella and Her Ugly Sisters: The Mainstream and Extreme Right in Europe's Bipolarising Party Systems.” West European Politics 26 (3): 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balfour, Sebastian. 1996. “‘Bitter Victory, Sweet Defeat’: The March 1996 General Elections and the New Government in Spain.” Government and Opposition 31: 275–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Peter. 1998. “Libs Have Switched Tack on Aborigines, Survey Shows.” AAP Newsfeed (September 28).Google Scholar
Barberà, Òscar and Astrid, Barrio. 2006. “Convergència i Unió: From Stability to Decline?” in Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage, vol. 1, eds. Winter, Lieven, Gómez-Reino, Margarita, and Lynch, Peter. Barcelona: ICPS. 101–41.Google Scholar
Barjon, Carole. 1997. “Les droites face au Front National (National Front), France.” Le Nouvel Observateur (March 27–April 2).Google Scholar
Bartolini, Stefano and Mair, Peter. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bean, Clive. 1986. “Electoral Law, Electoral Behaviour and Electoral Outcomes: Australia and New Zealand Compared.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 24: 57–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, Clive. 1997. “Australia's Experience with the Alternative Vote.” Representation 34 (2): 103–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaufays, J. 1988. “Belgium: A Dualist Political System?” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 18 (2): 63–73.Google Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 1995. “What to Do (And Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross Section Data.” American Political Science Review 89: 634–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 1996. “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-Series-Cross-Section Models.” Political Analysis 6: 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Nathaniel and Katz, Jonathan. 2001. “Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater: A Comment on Green, Yoon, and Kim.” International Organizations 55: 487–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bélanger, Eric. 2003. “Issue Ownership by Canadian Political Parties since 1953.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 36: 539–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennie, Lynn, Brand, Jack, and Mitchell, James. 1997. How Scotland Votes. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth. 2004. “Models of Electoral System Change.” Electoral Studies 23 (3): 363–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth and Laver, Michael. 2006. Party Policy in Modern Democracies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth, Laver, Michael, and Mikhailov, Slava. 2007. “Mapping Policy Preferences with Uncertainty: Measuring and Correcting Error in Comparative Manifesto Project Estimates.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 12–15.Google Scholar
Betz, Hans-Georg. 1990. “Politics of Resentment: Right-Wing Radicalism in West Germany.” Comparative Politics 23 (1): 45–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan, eds. 1998. The New Politics of the Right. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Blatt, David S. 1996. “Immigration Politics and Immigrant Collective Action in France, 1968–1993.” PhD diss., Cornell University.
Boix, Carles. 1999. “Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies.” American Political Science Review 93 (3): 609–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, Jake and Michael, J. Ensley. 2003. “Issues in Analyzing the Data from the Dual Mode 2000 American National Election Study.” National Election Studies Technical Report. http://www.umich.edu/~nes.Google Scholar
Bowler, Shaun. 1990. “Voter Perceptions and Party Strategies: An Empirical Approach.” Comparative Politics 23: 61–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boy, Daniel and Elisabeth, Dupoirier. 1993. “Is the Voter a Strategist?” in The French Voter Decides, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 149–65.Google Scholar
Brady, David W. and Volden, Craig. 1998. Revolving Gridlock: Politics and Policy from Carter to Clinton. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Brand, Jack. 1979. The National Movement in Scotland. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Bréchon, Pierre. 1995. La France aux urnes: Cinquante ans d'histoire électorale. Paris: La documentation Française.Google Scholar
Brennan, Geoffrey and Mitchell, Nicole. 1999. “The Logic of Spatial Politics: The 1998 Queensland Election.” Australian Journal of Political Science 34 (3): 379–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Alice, McCrone, David, Paterson, Lindsay, and Surridge, Paula. 1999. The Scottish Electorate: The 1997 General Election and Beyond. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian. 1994. “A New Theory of Party Competition: Uncertainty, Ideology, and Policy Equilibria Viewed Comparatively and Temporally.” British Journal of Political Science 24: 443–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1977. Voting and Party Competition. London: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1983a. Explaining and Predicting Elections. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian and Dennis, J. Farlie. 1983b. “Party Competition-Selective Emphasis or Direct Confrontation?” in Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, eds. Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter. London: Sage Publications. 267–306.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric, eds. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Budge, Ian, Robertson, David, and Hearl, Derek, eds. 1987. Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analysis of Post-War Election Programs in 19 Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian and Derek, W. Urwin. 1966. Scottish Political Behaviour: A Case Study in British Homogeneity. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Burden, Barry C. 2005. “Minor Parties and Strategic Voting in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections.” Electoral Studies 24: 603–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bürklin, Wilhelm. 1987. “Governing Left Parties Frustrating the Radical Non-established Left: The Rise and Inevitable Decline of the Greens.” European Sociological Review 3: 109–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David. 1995. British General Elections since 1945. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Butler, David and Butler, Gareth. 2000. Twentieth Century British Political Facts, 1900–2000. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1974. The British General Election of February 1974. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1975. The British General Election of October 1974. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1980. The British General Election of 1979. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1984. The British General Election of 1983. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1988. The British General Election of 1987. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. 1992. The British General Election of 1992. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and King, Anthony. 1966. The British General Election of 1966. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. 1971. The British General Election of 1970. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. eds. 1966. Elections and the Political Order. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Camus, Jean-Yves. 1996. “Origine et formation du Front National (1972–1981),” in Le Front National à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationales des Sciences Politiques. 17–36.Google Scholar
Cannon, Angie. 2000. “Nader's Glad He Might Be the Spoiler.” U.S. News and World Report (October 30): 26.Google Scholar
Caramani, Danièle. 2000. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. New York: Grove's Dictionaries.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramani, Danièle. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlisle, Kenneth MP. 1984. Conserving the Countryside: A Tory View. London: Conservative Political Centre.Google Scholar
Carr, Robert. 1973. Runnymede Trust Bulletin 42 (April): 3.
Carter, Elisabeth. 2005. The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure? Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Carton, Daniel. 1995. “Jospin favorable à la répresentation proportionnelle.” Le Monde (March 10).Google Scholar
Castles, Francis G. and Mair, Peter. 1984. “Left-Right Political Scales: Some ‘Expert’ Judgments.” European Journal of Political Research 12: 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2001. “Cumulative Findings in the Study of Ethnic Politics.” APSA-CP Newsletter (Winter): 7–11.Google Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep K. and Kollman, Ken. 2004. The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chiche, Jean and Nonna Mayer. 1997. “Les enjeux de l'élection,” in L'électeur à ses raisons, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Chirac, Jacques. 1988. La Décennie du Renouveau. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France.Google Scholar
“Clinton Nostalgia Sets In, Bush Reaction Mixed.” 2001. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=131.
Colomer, Josep M. 1999. “The Spanish ‘State of Autonomies’: Non-Institutional Federalism,” in Politics and Policy in Democratic Spain, ed. Heywood, Paul. London: Frank Cass. 40–52.Google Scholar
Conservative Party. Various years. The Campaign Guide. London: Conservative and Unionist Central Office.
Conservative Party. Various years. Verbatim Report of the Annual Conservative Party Conference. London: National Conservative and Unionist Associations.
Conservative Party. 1983. The Conservative Manifesto 1983. London: Conservative Research Department.
Conservative Party. 1986/1987. Protecting the Environment. London: Conservative Central Office.
Conservative Party. 1987. The Next Moves Forward: The Conservative Manifesto 1987. London: Conservative Research Department.
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, David. New York: Free Press. 206–61.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E.. 1975. “Public Opinion and Voting Behavior,” in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 4, eds. Greenstein, F. and Polsby, N.. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 75–169.Google Scholar
Conversi, Daniele. 1997. The Basques, the Catalans and Spain. Reno: University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Cornford, James and Daniel, Dorling. 1997. “Crooked Margins and Marginal Seats,” in British Elections and Parties Review, vol. 7, eds. Pattie, Charles, Denver, David, Fisher, Justin, and Ludlam, Steve. London: Frank Cass. 74–90.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, F. W. S. 1977. Britain Votes 1: British Parliamentary Election Results 1974–1977. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Craig, F. W. S.. 1980. Britain Votes 2: British Parliamentary Election Results 1974–1979. 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Craig, F. W. S.. 1984. Britain Votes 3: British Parliamentary Election Results 1983. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Parliamentary Research Services.Google Scholar
Crossman, Richard. 1976. Diaries of a Cabinet Minister. London: Hamish Hamilton and Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Curtice, John and Michael, Steed. 1992. “The Results Analysed,” in The British General Election of 1992, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: Macmillan Press. 322–62.Google Scholar
Dale, Iain, ed. 2000. Labour Party General Election Manifestos, 1900–1997. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 1996. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 2nd ed. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J. 2000. “The Decline of Party Identifications,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 19–36.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J.. 2006. Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 4th ed. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., Ian, McAllister, and Martin, P. Wattenberg. 2000. “The Consequences of Partisan Dealignment,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 37–63.Google Scholar
Dalyell, Tam. 1977. Devolution: The End of Britain? London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Dao, James. 2000. “The 2000 Election: The Green Party: Some Nader Supporters Seem Shaken, Not Stirred, by Result.” New York Times (November 10): A29.Google Scholar
Winter, Lieven. 1998. “Conclusion: A Comparative Analysis of the Electoral, Office and Policy Success of Ethnoregionalist Parties,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Winter, Lieven and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 204–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winter, Lieven and Türsan, Huri, eds. 1998. Regionalist Parties in Western Europe. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denver, David. 1994. Elections and Voting Behaviour in Britain. 2nd ed. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewachter, Wilfried. 1987. “Changes in a Particratie: The Belgian Party System from 1944 to 1986,” in Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium, ed. Daalder, Hans. New York: St. Martin's Press. 285–364.Google Scholar
Les dirigeants politiques et le Front National (National Front), France.” 1998. Revue Politique et Parlementaire 995: 65–74.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Drucker, H. M. and Brown, Gordon. 1980. The Politics of Nationalism and Devolution. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Duhamel, Olivier and Jérôme, Jaffré. 1990. “Huit leçons de 1989,” in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1990, eds. Duhamel, Olivier and Jérôme Jaffré, . Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Eaton, B. and Lipsey, C.. 1975. “The Principle of Minimum Differentiation Reconsidered: New Developments in the Theory of Spatial Competition.” Review of Economic Studies 42: 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1975. “Case Study and Theory in Political Science,” in Strategies of Inquiry: Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 7, eds. Fred, I. Greenstein and Nelson, W. Polsby. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 79–137.Google Scholar
Ecology Party. 1979. The Ecology Party. Exeter, UK: Devon Ecology Party.
Elazar, Daniel J. 1995. “From Statism to Federalism: A Paradigm Shift.” Publius 25 (2): 5–18.Google Scholar
Ellis, James. 1998. “Voting for Markets or Marketing for Votes? The Politics of Neoliberal Economic Reform.” PhD diss., Harvard University.
Enelow, James M. and Melvin, J. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
“L'Extrême Droite.” 1985. in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1985, ed. Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. Paris: Gallimard.
Ezrow, Lawrence. Forthcoming. “On the Inverse Relationship between Votes and Proximity for Niche Parties.” European Journal of Political Research.Google Scholar
Farrell, David M. 2001. Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Faux, Emmanuel, Legrand, Thomas, and Perez, Gilles. 1991. Plumes de l'ombre. Paris: Editions Ramsey.Google Scholar
Faux, Emmanuel, Legrand, Thomas, and Perez, Gilles. 1994. La main droite de Dieu. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Pieter van Houten. 2002. “The Politicization of Cultural and Economic Difference: A Return to the Theory of Regional Autonomy Movements.” Unpublished ms.
Frankland, E. Gene. 1990. “Does Green Politics Have a Future in Britain? An American Perspective,” in Green Politics One, ed. Rüdig, Wolfgang. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 7–28.Google Scholar
Franklin, Mark N., Thomas, T. Mackie, Valen, et al Henry. 1992. Electoral Change: Responses to Evolving Social and Attitudinal Structures in Western Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Friedrich, Robert J. 1982. “In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26: 797–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National, Front. 1993. 300 mesures pour la renaissance de la France. Paris: Editions Nationales.Google Scholar
Fysh, Peter and Wolfreys, Jim. 1998. The Politics of Racism in France. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Tom. 2000. “Exit from the Ghetto: The Italian Far Right in the 1990s,” in The Politics of the Extreme Right, ed. Hainsworth, Paul. London: Pinto Press. 64–86.Google Scholar
Garman, Christopher, Haggard, Stephan, and Willis, Eliza. 2001. “Fiscal Decentralization: A Political Theory with Latin American Cases.” World Politics 53 (January): 205–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaspard, Françoise. 1995. A Small City in France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gaylord, Becky. 2001. “No Afghan Refugees Down Under, Please.” Business Week (December 3): 4.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elizabeth and Jackson, John. 1993. “Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions.” American Political Science Review 87: 639–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, John. 1999. Spanish Politics Today. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Giesbert, Franz-Olivier. 1990. Le Président. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Givens, Terri. 2005. Voting Radical Right in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2003a. “Electoral Institutions, Unemployment and Extreme Right Parties: A Correction.” British Journal of Political Science 33: 525–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Matt. 2003b. “Explaining Variation in the Electoral Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 36: 432–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margarita, Gomez-Reino Cachafeiro. 2002. Ethnicity and Nationalism in Italian Politics: Inventing the Padania Lega Nord and the Northern Question. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Goot, Murray. n.d. “The Australian Party System, Pauline Hanson's One Nation, and the Party Cartelisation Thesis.” Unpublished ms. http://www.pol.mq.edu.au/publications/Hanson.htm.
Goot, Murray and Ian Watson. 2000. “One Nation's Electoral Support: Where Does It Come From, What Makes It Different, and How Does It Fit?” http://pol.mq.edu.au/pub/AJPH-Hanson.htm.
Gordin, Jorge P. 2001. “The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Boolean Test of Extant Explanations.” Scandanavian Political Studies 24 (2):149–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gourevitch, Peter Alexis. 1979. “The Re-emergence of ‘Peripheral Nationalisms’: Some Comparative Speculations on the Spatial Distribution of Political Leadership and Economic Growth.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 21: 303–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gras, Christian and Livet, Georges, eds. 1977. Regions et regionalisme en France. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph and Kenneth, A. Shepsle. 1987. “The Effects of Electoral Rewards in Multiparty Competition with Entry.” American Political Science Review 81: 525–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groseclose, Tim. 2001. “A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 862–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiraudon, Virginie. 2001. “Immigration Policy in France.” U.S.-France Analysis (July). http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/fp/cusf/analysis/immigration.htm.Google Scholar
Gundle, Stephen and Parker, Simon, eds. 1996. The New Italian Republic. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunther, Richard, Sani, Giacomo, and Shabad, Goldie. 1988. Spain after Franco. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hainsworth, Paul. 2000. “The Front National,” in The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream, ed. Hainsworth, Paul. London: Pinter. 18–32.Google Scholar
Harmel, Robert and Robertson, John. 1985. “Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross-National Analysis.” International Political Science Review 6 (4): 501–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmel, Robert and Svasand, Lars. 1997. “The Influence of New Parties on Old Parties' Platforms.” Party Politics 3 (3): 315–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 1975. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hermsen, Hanneke and Verbeek, Anders. 1992. “Equilibria in Multiparty Systems.” Public Choice 73: 147–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillygus, D. Sunshine. 2007. “The Dynamics of Voter Decision Making Among Minor Party Supporters: The 2000 U.S. Presidential Election.” British Journal of Political Science 37 (2): 225–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, David. 1982. “Factionalism in West European Parties: A Framework for Analysis.” West European Politics 5 (1): 36–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinich, Melvin and Munger, Michael. 1997. Analytical Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirano, Shigeo and James, M. Snyder Jr. 2007. “The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States.” The Journal of Politics 69 (1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holbrook, Allyson et al. 2004. “Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
Holloway, Grant. 2001. “Australian Prime Minister Wins Third Term.” CNN.com (November 11). http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/11/10/aust.pollwait.html.Google Scholar
Holmes, Colin. 1991. A Tolerant Country? Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities in Britain. Boston: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Lisbet. 1991. A Leap in the Dark: Nationalist Conflict and Federal Reform in Belgium. Ithaca, NY: Western Societies Program, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Hossay, Patrick. 2004. “Recognizing Corsica: The Drama of Recognition in Nationalist Mobilization.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (3): 403–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotelling, H. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” Economic Journal 39: 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
http://www.alba.org.uk
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html
http://www.election.demon.co.uk/changes.html
http://elections.figaro.net/popup_2004/accueil.html
http://www.electionworld.org/france.htm
http://www.europeangreens.org
http://www.greens.org/elections
http://institution.gallup.com
http://www.jura.uni-sb.de/law/GG/gg2.htm
http://www.les-verts.org
http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=107346
http://parties-and-elections.de/france.html
http://psephos.adam-carr.net/au/distribution-senate.txt
Huber, Evelyne, Ragin, Charles, and Stephens, John. 1993. “Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure and the Welfare State.” American Journal of Sociology 99 (3): 711–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John D. 1996. Rationalizing Parliament: Legislative Institutions and Party Politics in France. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1 (1): 73–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hug, Simon. 2001. Altering Party Systems. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 1992. “The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 22: 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 2003. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Immergut, E. M. 1992. Health Politics: Interests and Institutions in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The Silent Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1984. “The Changing Structure of Political Cleavages in Western Society,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 25–69.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ivaldi, Gilles. 1998. “Le Front National à l'assaut du système.” Revue Politique et Parlementaire (July/August): 5–22.Google Scholar
Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2005. “The Vulnerable Populist Right Parties: No Economic Realignment Fuelling Their Electoral Success.” European Journal of Political Research 44: 465–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994a. “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional and Mobilizational Effects.” Comparative Political Studies 27 (2): 155–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994b. “Political Leadership and Representation in West European Democracies: A Test of Three Models of Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto. 1990. “Shortcuts to Political Knowledge: The Role of Selective Attention and Accessibility,” in Information and Democratic Processes, eds. Ferejohn, John and Kuklinski, James. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Jackman, Simon. 1998. “Pauline Hanson, the Mainstream, and Political Elites: The Place of Race in Australian Political Ideology.” Australian Journal of Political Science 33 (2): 167–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Robert W. and Volpert, Karin. 1996. “Conditions Favouring Parties of the Extreme Right in Western Europe.” British Journal of Political Science 26: 501–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, John. 2003. “Electoral Competition with Endogenous Voter Preferences,” in Computational Models in Political Economy, eds. Kollman, Kenneth, Miller, John, and Page, Scott. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 109–42.Google Scholar
Jaffré, Jérôme. 1985. “L'humeur de Francis: L'année politique: les dix leçons de 1984,” in Opinion politique, ed. Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. Paris: Gallimard. 105–11.Google Scholar
Janda, Kenneth. 1980. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Jehl, Douglas. 2000. “The 43rd President: Interior Choice Sends a Signal on Land Policy.” New York Times (December 30): A5.Google Scholar
Joffrin, Laurent. 1987. Un coup de jeune: portrait d'une génération morale. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Johnson, Stanley MEP. 1981. Caring for the Environment. London: Conservative Political Centre.Google Scholar
Johnston, Jack and DiNardo, John. 1997. Econometric Methods. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Jolly, Seth. 2006. “Determinants of Regional Party Success in Western Europe.” Unpublished ms., Duke University.
Jones, Bill. 1989/90. “Green Thinking.” Talking Politics 2 (2): 50–4.Google Scholar
Jones, J. Barry and Keating, Michael. 1982. “The Resolution of Internal Conflicts and External Pressures: The Labour Party's Devolution Policy.” Government and Opposition 17 (3): 279–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy.” Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, Michael. 1998. The New Regionalism in Western Europe: Territorial Restructuring and Political Change. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Keating, Michael and Bleiman, David. 1979. Labour and Scottish Nationalism. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeler, John T. S. and Martin, A. Schain. 1996. “Introduction: Mitterrand's Legacy, Chirac's Challenge,” in Chirac's Challenge: Liberalization, Europeanization, and Malaise in France, eds. John, T. S. Keeler and Martin, A. Schain. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1–20.Google Scholar
Keesing's Record of World Events, CD-ROM. 1999. Bethesda, MD: Keesing's Worldwide.
Kellas, James G. 1971. “Scottish Nationalism,” in The British General Election of 1970, eds. Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. London: Macmillan Press. 446–62.Google Scholar
Kellas, James G.. 1989. The Scottish Political System. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellner, Peter. 1989. “Decoding the Green Message.” The Independent (July 7): 6.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Peter. 1992. A Guide to Econometrics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
King, Anthony, ed. 2001. British Political Opinion 1937–2000. London: Politico's.Google Scholar
King, Gary. 1998. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1988. “Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems.” World Politics 40 (2): 194–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989. The Logics of Party Formation: Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000. “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies 33 (6/7): 845–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Oddbj⊘rn. 1998. “Expert Judgements of the Left-Right Location of Political Parties: A Comparative Longitudinal Study.” West European Politics 21 (2): 63–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kofman, Eleonore. 1982. “Differential Modernization, Social Conflicts and Ethno-Regionalism in Corsica.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 5: 300–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreuzer, Marcus. 1990. “New Politics: Just Post-Materialist? The Case of the Austrian and Swiss Greens.” West European Politics 13: 12–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laakso, Markku and Taagepera, Rein. 1979. “‘Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12 (1): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labour Party. 1970. Now Britain's Strong – Let's Make It Great to Live In. London: Labour Party. http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man/lab70.htm.
Labour Party. 1977. Statements to Annual Conference by the National Executive Committee. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1982. Labour's Programme, 1982. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1990. An Earthly Chance. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. 1992. It's Time to Get Britain Working Again. London: Labour Party.
Labour Party. Various years. Report of the Annual Labour Party Conference. London: Labour Party.
Lagrange, Hugues and Pascal, Perrineau. 1989. “Le syndrome lepéniste,” in Le Front national à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. 228–46.Google Scholar
Laible, Janet. 2001. “Nationalism and a Critique of European Integration: Questions from the Flemish Parties,” in Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, eds. Keating, Michael and McGarry, John. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 223–45.Google Scholar
Lancelot, Alain. 1983. Les élections sous la Cinquième République. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Lancelot, Alain. 1998. Les élections nationales sous la Cinquième République. 3rd ed. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, Benoit, Kenneth, and Garry, John. 2003. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review 97 (2): 311–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael and Garry, John. 2000. “Estimating Policy Positions from Political Texts.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 619–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael and Hunt, W. Ben. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael and Schofield, Norman. 1998. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalitions in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonhardt, David. 2000. “The Election: Was Buchanan the Real Nader?” New York Times (December 10): D4.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret and Michael, Hechter. 1985. “A Rational Choice Approach to the Rise and Decline of Ethnoregional Political Parties,” in New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Towards Explanation, eds. Edward, A. Tiryakian and Rogowski, Ronald. Boston: Allen and Unwin. 128–46.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1984. “France: The Stalled Electorate,” in Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton, Scott, C. Flanagan, and Beck, Paul Allen. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 425–48.Google Scholar
Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 1993. “Introduction to the English Edition: The French Voter – Steadfast or Changing?” The French Voter Decides, eds. Boy, Daniel and Mayer, Nonna. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1–13.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1975. “The Comparable-Cases Strategy in Comparative Research.” Comparative Political Studies 8 (2): 158–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1990. “The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945–85.” American Political Science Review 80: 481–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Loughlin, John and Sonia, Mazey. 1995. “Introduction,” in The End of the French Unitary State? Ten Years of Regionalization in France (1982–1992), eds. Loughlin, John and Mazey, Sonia. London: Frank Cass. 1–9.Google Scholar
Lubbers, Marcel, Gijsberts, Mérove, and Scheepers, Peer. 2002. “Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 41: 345–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Peter. 2002. Scottish National Party, U.K.: The History of the Scottish National Party. Cardiff, UK: Welsh Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard. 1991. The International Almanac of Electoral History. 3rd ed. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: CQ.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, Thomas T. and Rose, Richard. 1997. A Decade of Election Results: Updating the International Almanac. Glasgow, UK: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, John P. 1975. A Parliament for Scotland. Tranent, UK: Berwick and East Lothian Labour Party.Google Scholar
Mackintosh, John P.. 1998. “The New Appeal of Nationalism.” Excerpted in A Diverse Assembly, ed. Paterson, Lindsay. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. 64–71.Google Scholar
Magee, C. S. 2003. “Third-Party Candidates and the 2000 Presidential Election.” Social Science Quarterly 84: 574–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, Timothy. 2000. “The Voter Turnout Will Swing Election.” Insight on the News (October 30).Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 1999. “New Political Parties in Established Party Systems: How Successful Are They?” in Elites, Parties and Democracy, eds. Beukel, Erik, Klausen, Kurt Klaudi, and Mouritzen, Poul Erik. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press. 207–24.Google Scholar
Markus, Andrew. 2001. Race: John Howard and the Remaking of Australia. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Mayer, Nonna and Pascal, Perrineau. 1996. “Conclusion: L'introuvable équation Le Pen,” in Le Front national à découvert, eds. Mayer, and Perrineau, . Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques.Google Scholar
Mayer, Nonna and Mariette, Sineau. 2002. “France: The Front National,” in Rechtsextreme Parteien, eds. Amsberger, Helga and Halbmayr, Brigitte. Leverkusen, Germany: Leske and Budrich. 42–91. http://www.elections2002.sciences-po.fr/Enjeux/pdf/FN%20-%20VD%202001.pdf.Google Scholar
Mazzoleni, Oscar. 1999. “La Lega Ticinesi: Vers l'Integration?” Swiss Political Science Review 5 (3): 79–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, John. 1991. British Politics and the Environment. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
McCrone, David. 1992. Understanding Scotland. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGann, Anthony J. and Kitschelt, Herbert. 2005. “The Radical Right in the Alps: Evolution of Support for the Swiss SVP and Austrian FPÖ.” Party Politics 11 (2): 147–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, Robert. 1992. Labour and Scottish Home Rule. Pt 2. West Lothian, UK: Scottish Labour Action.Google Scholar
McRoberts, Kenneth. 2001. Catalonia: Nation Building without a State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Meckler, Laura. 2000. “GOP Group to Air Pro-Nader TV Ads.” The Washington Post (October 27). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20001027/aponline115918_000.htm.Google Scholar
Meguid, Bonnie M. 2001. “Stability in the Face of Change: The Strategic Role of Mainstream Political Parties in the Maintenance of Western European Political Landscapes.” Unpublished ms.
Meguid, Bonnie M.. 2005. “Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategies in Niche Party Success.” American Political Science Review 99 (3): 347–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic (London: John W. Parker, 1843; New York: Longman, Green and Co., 1970).Google Scholar
Miller, William L. 1979. “What Was the Profit in Following the Crowd? The Effectiveness of Party Strategies on Immigration and Devolution.” Glasgow, UK: Centre for Public Policy, University of Strathclyde.
Miller, William L.. 1980. “The Scottish Dimension,” in The British General Election of 1979, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: The MacMillan Press. 98–118.Google Scholar
Miller, William L.. 1981. The End of British Politics? Scots and English Political Behaviour in the Seventies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James. 1990. Conservatives and the Union: A Study of Conservative Party Attitudes to Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James and Bradbury, Jonathan. 2001. “Devolution: New Politics for Old?” Parliamentary Affairs 54: 276–88.Google Scholar
Mitterrand, François. 1988. Une Lettre à Tous les Français. Paris: Parti Socialiste.Google Scholar
Moberg, David. 2000. “Ralph's Way: Will His Strategy Work?” In These Times (October 30).Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 1999. Fences and Neighbors: The Political Geography of Immigration Control. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 2001. “Xenophobia and Xenophilia: Pauline Hanson and the Counterbalancing of Electoral Incentives in Australia.” People and Place 7 (3): 7–19.Google Scholar
Money, Jeannette. 2005. “Immigrants and the Host Polity: Immigrant Voters as an Electoral Counterweight to Extreme Right Parties,” in International Migration and Security, eds. Guild, Elspeth and Joanne, Selm. London: Routledge. 82–98.Google Scholar
Monnier, Jean-Jacques. 1998. Histoire de l'Union Démocratique Bretonne. Lannion, France: Presses Populaires de Bretagne.Google Scholar
Mouvement des Jeunes Socialistes. 2001. Le Livre Noir 1998–2001. Paris: MJS.
Mudde, Cas. 1999. “The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue.” West European Politics 22 (3): 182–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, Dennis. 1989. Public Choice, II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Müller, Wolfgang and Kaare, Str⊘m. 1999. “Conclusions: Party Behavior and Representative Democracy,” in Policy, Office or Votes?, eds. Müller, Wolfgang and Str⊘m, Kaare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 279–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand, ed. 1989. New Politics in Western Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 1996. “The New Challengers: Explaining the Electoral Success of Green and Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe,” in Les petits partis, eds. Laurent, Annie and Villalba, Bruno. Paris: L'Harmattan. 119–41.Google Scholar
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 1998. “Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Lieven, Winter and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 17–27.Google Scholar
Murphy, A. 1995. “Belgium's Regional Divergence: Along the Road to Federation,” in Federalism: The Multiethnic Challenge, ed. Smith, Graham. New York: Longman. 73–100.Google Scholar
Nairn, Tom. 1977. The Break-Up of Britain. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Narud, Hanne Marthe and Skare, Audun. 1999. “Are Party Activists the Party Extremists? The Structure of Opinion in Political Parties.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (1): 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“‘The New Nader Raiders:’ Latest FEC Reports Show More Evidence of GOP Support to Nader.” 2004. Common Dreams Progressive Newswire (October 27). http://www.commondreams.org/news2004/1027-06.htm.
Newell, James L. 1998. “The Scottish National Party: Development and Change,” in Regionalist Parties in Western Europe, eds. Lieven, Winter and Türsan, Huri. London: Routledge. 105–24.Google Scholar
Newell, James L.. 2000. “Italy: The Extreme Right Comes in from the Cold.” Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3): 469–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, Saul. 1996. Ethnoregional Conflict in Democracies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1995. “May's Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited: Leaders, Officers, Members and Voters in British Political Parties.” Party Politics 1 (1): 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2005. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, Philip. 1980. Dissension in the House of Commons, 1974–1979. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Oakley, Robin. 1990. “Environmental concern may damage Conservative Vote.” The Times (February 12): Home news.Google Scholar
O'Neill, Kathleen. 2005. Decentralizing the State: Elections, Parties and Local Power in the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, Michael. 1997. Green Parties and Political Change in Contemporary Europe: New Politics, Old Predicaments. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ordeshook, Peter C. and Olga, V. Shvetsova. 1994. “Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude and the Number of Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 38 (1): 100–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palfrey, Thomas. 1984. “Spatial Equilibrium with Entry.” Review of Economic Studies 51: 139–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
socialiste, Parti. 1981. 110 Propositions. Paris: Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France.Google Scholar
socialiste, Parti. 1998. Livre Noir des Alliances de la Droite avec le Front national. Paris: Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France.Google Scholar
Paterson, Lindsay. 1998. A Diverse Assembly. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Peacock, Alan. 1977. “The Political Economy of Devolution: The British Case,” in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, ed. Wallace, E. Oates. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath. 49–63.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Mogens. 1979. “The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility.” European Journal of Political Research 7 (1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, Juan Montabes, Carmen Ortega Villodres, and Enrique G. Pérez Nieto. 2003. “Electoral Systems and Electoral Success of Regionalist Parties in Western Europe.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Edinburgh, UK.
Perrineau, Pascal. 1996. “Les étapes d'une implantation électorale (1972–1988),” in Le Front National à découvert, eds. Mayer, Nonna and Perrineau, Pascal. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques. 37–62.Google Scholar
Perrineau, Pascal. 1997. Le Symptôme Le Pen: radiographie des électeurs du Front National. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Petrocik, John. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (3): 825–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phlipponneau, Michel. 1981. Décentralisation et régionalisation: la grande affaire. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.Google Scholar
Phlipponneau, Michel. 1986. Géopolitique de la Bretagne. Rennes, France: Ouest-France.Google Scholar
Platone, François. 1994. “Public Opinion and Electoral Change,” in Developments in French Politics, eds. Peter, A. Hall, Hayward, Jack, and Machin, Howard. London: Macmillan. 55–76.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel. 2004. “The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi.” The American Political Science Review 98 (4): 529–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham Jr. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam and Sprague, John. 1986. Paper Stones. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam and Teune, Henry. 1970. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Rabinowitz, George and Stuart, Elaine Macdonald. 1989. “A Directional Theory of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 83: 93–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, George, Macdonald, Stuart Elaine, and Listhaug, Ola. 1991. “New Players in an Old Game: Party Strategy in Multiparty Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 24 (2): 147–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rae, Douglas. 1971. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ramsay, Robert. 1983. The Corsican Time-Bomb. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Reece, Jack E. 1977. The Bretons against France. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Reif, K. and Schmitt, H.. 1980. “Nine Second-Order National Elections.” European Journal of Political Research 8: 3–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
République Française, . Various years. Journal Officiel: Débats de l'Assemblée Nationale.
République Française, , Ministère de l'Intérieur, . 1988. Les élections législatives de 1988. Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar
Riker, William H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1982a. Liberalism Against Populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1982b. “The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science.” American Political Science Review 76 (4): 753–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Riker, William H.. 1996. The Strategy of Rhetoric. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, David. 1976. A Theory of Party Competition. London: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Robinson, Gwen. 1998. “Howard Cabinet Aims to Woo Rural Australia.” Financial Times (October 19): 4.Google Scholar
Rohrschneider, Robert. 1993. “New Party Versus Old Left Realignments: Environmental Attitudes, Party Politics and Partisan Affiliations in Four Western European Countries.” Journal of Politics 55 (3): 682–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenstone, Steven, Roy, L. Behr, and Edward, H. Lazarus. 1996. Third Parties in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1980. Atout France. Paris: Editions Roudil.
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1997. Fiches argumentaires sur le Front National. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France.
Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France. 1998. Parti Socialiste, Front national: Les Liaisons Dangereuses. Paris: Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France Service des études.
Rüdig, Wofgang and Mark N. Franklin. 2000. “Whatever happened to … the British Greens?” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APSA, Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy, August 31–September 3.
Rüdig, Wolfgang, Mark, N. Franklin, and Lynn, G. Bennie. 1996. “Up and Down with the Greens.” Electoral Studies 15 (1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RudolphJoseph, R. Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. 1989. “Pathways to Accommodation and the Persistence of the Ethnoterritorial Challenge in Western Democracies,” in Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World, eds. Joseph, R. Rudolph Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 221–40.Google Scholar
Rydgren, Jens. 2004. The Populist Challenge. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 1989. “The French State and Ethnic Minority Cultures: Policy Dimensions and Problems,” in Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World. eds. Joseph, R. Rudolph Jr. and Robert, J. Thompson. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 115–57.Google Scholar
Samuels, David. 2002. “Presidentialized Parties: The Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior.” Comparative Political Studies 35: 461–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, David. 1999. “The Impact of Left–Right Ideology,” in Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective, eds. Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Sani, Giacomo and Giovanni, Sartori. 1983. “Polarization, Fragmentation and Competition in Western Democracies,” in Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, eds. Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter. London: Sage Publishing. 307–40.Google Scholar
Särlvik, Bo and Crewe, Ivor. 1983. Decade of Dealignment: The Conservative Victory of 1979 and Electoral Trends in the 1970s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Vol I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni. 1986. “The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method?” in Electoral Laws and their Political Consequences, eds. Grofman, Bernard and Lijphart, Arend. New York: Agathon. 43–68.Google Scholar
Sawer, Geoffrey. 1969. Modern Federalism. London: Watts.Google Scholar
Schain, Martin. 1994. “Immigration and Politics,” in Developments in French Politics, eds. Peter, A. Hall, Hayward, Jack, and Machin, Howard. London: Macmillan. 253–68.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, Joseph A. and Mildred, S. Schlesinger. 1990. “The Reaffirmation of a Multiparty System in France.” American Political Science Review 84 (4): 1077–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Norman. 2003. “Valence Competition in the Spatial Stochastic Model.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15: 371–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scottish National Party. 1966a. Scottish National Party, U.K. and You. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Scottish National Party. 1966b. The Wasted Years. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Scottish National Party. 1974. October 1974 Manifesto. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish National Party, U.K..
Selten, R. 1978. “The Chain Store Paradox.” Theory and Decision 9: 127–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaked, Avner. 1975. “Non-existence of Equilibrium for the Two-Dimensional Three Firms Location Problem.” Review of Economic Studies 42: 51–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepsle, Kenneth A. 1991. Models of Multiparty Electoral Competition. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Shields, James G. 1997. “La Politique du Pire: The Front National and the 1997 Legislative Elections.” French Politics and Society 15 (3): 21–36.Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew and John, M. Carey. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Maxim. 1992. Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and Citizenship in Modern France. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skach, Cindy. 1999. “Divided Minority Government and Democracy.” PhD diss., Oxford University.
Smelser, N. J. 1967. “Notes on the Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Economic Activity,” in Transactions of the Sixth World Congress of Sociology. Vol. II. Evian, France: International Sociological Association.Google Scholar
Société française d'enquêtes par sondage (French Society of Polling Inquiries), France. 1988. “Le Pen,” in L'Etat de l'Opinion 1988. eds. Duhamel, and Dupoirier, , Paris: Editions du Seuil. 131–42.Google Scholar
Solesbury, William. 1976. “Issues and Innovation in Environmental Politics in Britain, West Germany, and California.” Policy Analysis 2 (1): 1–38.Google Scholar
“Some Final Observations on Voter Opinions.” 2000. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (December 2000). http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=135.
“Spending Favored over Tax Cuts or Debt Reduction.” 1998. Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy: Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (January 1998). http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?PageID=608.
The Spoiler.” 2000. The Economist (November 11): 42.
Spoon, Jae-Jae. 2005. “Winning Elections or Representing Interests? The Multi-Faceted Strategies of the French Greens, 1997–2002.” PhD diss., University of Michigan.
Steed, Michael. 1971. “An Analysis of the Results,” in The British General Election of 1970, eds. Butler, David and Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. London: Macmillan Press. 386–415.Google Scholar
Steed, Michael. 1974. “The Results Analysed,” in The British General Election of February 1974, eds. Butler, David and Kavanagh, Dennis. London: Macmillan Press. 313–39.Google Scholar
Stokes, Donald E. 1963. “Spatial Models of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review 57: 368–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Donald E.. 1966. “Spatial Models of Party Competition,” in Elections and the Political Order, eds. Campbell, Angus, Philip, E. Converse, Warren, E. Miller, and Donald, E. Stokes. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 161–79.Google Scholar
Stone, Walter and Rapoport, Ronald. 2001. “It's Perot Stupid! The Legacy of the 1992 Perot Movement in the Major-Party System, 1994–2000.” Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France: Political Science and Politics (March): 49–58.Google Scholar
Str⊘m, Kaare. 1990. “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 34: 565–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swank, Duane H. 1992. “Politics and the Structural Dependence of the State in Capitalist Democracies.” American Political Science Review 86 (1): 38–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swank, Duane and Hans-Georg Betz. 1995. “Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe: The Impact of Structural Change, Political Institutions and Economic Performance on Party Electoral Fortunes in 16 Nations.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
Swank, Duane and Hans-Georg Betz. 1996. “Internationalization and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Paper presented at the Conference on Globalization and Labor Markets, University of California, Los Angeles.
Swank, Duane and Betz, Hans-Georg. 2003. “Globalization, the Welfare State and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe.” Socio-Economic Review 1 (2): 215–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taagepera, Rein and Shugart, Matthew. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Taggart, Paul. 1996. The New Populism and the New Politics. New York: St Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Stan. 1982. The National Front in English Politics. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1993. The Downing Street Years. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Third Time Lucky?” 2001. The Economist, (November 3): 71.
Tiersky, Ronald. 1994. France in the New Europe: Changing Yet Steadfast. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Trilling, Richard J. 1976. Party Image and Electoral Behavior. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Tsebelis, George. 1990. Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Union Démocratique Bretonne (Breton Democratic Union), France. 1964. “Un nouveau parti: L'Union Démocratique Bretonne.” Le Peuple breton 1 (1): 1.
United Kingdom. Department of the Environment. 1990. This Common Inheritance. Cm. 1200. London: HMSO.
United Kingdom. Department of the Environment. 1996. Ethnicity in the 1991 Census. Vol. 1. London: HMSO.
Wouten, Brug, Fennema, Meindert, and Tillie, Jean. 2000. “Anti-Immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote.” European Journal of Political Research 37: 77–102.Google Scholar
Van Houten, Pieter. 2003. “Fiscal Autonomy and Party Politics in Catalonia.” Paper presented at the PSA Conference, Leicester, UK.
Volkens, Andrea. 2001. “Quantifying the Election Programs: Coding Procedures and Controls,” in Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945–1998, eds. Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 93–109.Google Scholar
Beyme, Klaus. 1985. Political Parties in Western Democracies. Aldershot, UK: Gower.Google Scholar
Wald, Matthew L. 2000. “From Social Security to Environment, the Candidates' Positions.” New York Times (November 5): A44.Google Scholar
Walker, Martin. 1977. The National Front. Glasgow, UK: Fontana.Google Scholar
Ware, Alan. 1996. Political Parties and Party Systems. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wattenberg, Martin P. 2000. “The Decline of Party Mobilization,” in Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, eds. Russell, J. Dalton and Martin, P. Wattenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 64–76.Google Scholar
Watts, Ronald. 1996. Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s. Kingston, ON: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University.Google Scholar
Weil, Patrick. 1991. La France et Ses Étrangers. Paris: Calmann-Levy.Google Scholar
Whale, John. 1975. “Secret Papers Cast Doubts on Scottish and Welsh Assemblies.” The Sunday Times (September 28): 4.Google Scholar
White, John. 2001. “The Election in Perspective: Two Nations, Four Parties,” in America's Choice 2000, ed. Crotty, William. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 180–206.Google Scholar
Whitney, Craig. 1997. “A Convention Draws French for Far-Right and Against It.” New York Times (March 30): A10.Google Scholar
Willey, Joseph. 1998. “The Formation and Success of New Political Parties in Established Democracies.” PhD diss., SUNY Binghamton.
Wlezien, Christopher. 2001. “On Forecasting the Presidential Vote.” Parti socialiste (Socialist Party), France: Political Science and Politics (March): 25–31.Google Scholar
Woldendorp, Jaap, Keman, Hans, and Budge, Ian. 1998. “Party Government in 20 Democracies: An Update (1990–95).” European Journal of Political Research 33 (1): 125–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Robin. 1990. “Thatcher in Attack on ‘Airy-Fairy’ Greens.” The Times (March 17): Home news.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Collette. 1984. “Le Rassemblement pour la république (Rally for the Republic), France et l'UDF Face au Front National: Concurrence et Connivences.” Revue politique et parlementaire 86: 6–20.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Collette. 1995. “La Droite modérée sous la pression du Front National.” French Politics and Society 13 (2): 1–9.Google Scholar
Ysmal, Colette and Roland, Cayrol. 1996. “France: The Midwife Comes to Call,” in Choosing Europe? eds. Eijk, Cees and Mark, N. Franklin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 115–36.Google Scholar
Zaller, John. 1986. “The Effects of Political Involvement on Public Attitudes and Voting Behavior.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats), Italy.
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zariski, Raphael. 1960. “Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Preliminary Observations.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 4: 27–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zariski, Raphael. 1989. “Ethnic Extremism among Ethnoterritorial Minorities in Western Europe: Dimensions, Causes and Institutional Responses.” Comparative Politics 21 (3): 253–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1977. “Federalization without Federalism in Belgium,” in Ethnic Conflict in the Western World, ed. Milton, J. Esman. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 103–42.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Bonnie M. Meguid, University of Rochester, New York
  • Book: Party Competition between Unequals
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510298.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Bonnie M. Meguid, University of Rochester, New York
  • Book: Party Competition between Unequals
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510298.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Bonnie M. Meguid, University of Rochester, New York
  • Book: Party Competition between Unequals
  • Online publication: 25 July 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510298.010
Available formats
×