As regional leaders and economic heavyweights, Japan and Germany are important actors in global environmental politics. Yet Japan and Germany responded quite differently to the emergence of global environmental risks in the 1980s. Whereas Germany was relatively proactive in response to the emergence of global atmospheric pollution problems, Japan was relatively reactive. New ideas about international environmental problems reached the German policy agenda more quickly than they did the Japanese. Acid rain, for example, was an issue on the German policy agenda in the early 1980s, yet it did not surface as a political concern in Japan until the end of the 1980s, even though it was a scientific concern before this time. In the mid-1980s, Germany emerged as a leader within the European Community (EC) pushing for the establishment of international regulations on ozone-depleting substances. In contrast, there was almost no mention of stratospheric ozone depletion in Japan prior to the fall of 1987, just months before states met to draw up the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Similarly, in the case of global warming, Germany was one of the first countries to propose the establishment of international targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and announced an ambitious domestic target as a starting point. The pillar of Germany's climate change policy was its target to reduce CO2 emissions by 25 percent of 1987 levels by 2005. Japan, on the other hand, initially joined the United States, Russia, and China in objecting to an international target, and instead called for more research into climate change. Domestically, there was very little public, scientific, or political pressure for action.