Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
Hostname: page-component-684899dbb8-plzwj Total loading time: 1.392 Render date: 2022-05-17T05:25:13.786Z Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, "shouldUseHypothesis": true, "isUnsiloEnabled": true, "useRatesEcommerce": false, "useNewApi": true }
The Guts of the Matter The Guts of the Matter
A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease
Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

Book contents

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2019

James L. A. Webb, Jr
James L. A. Webb, Jr
Affiliation:
Colby College, Maine
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Guts of the Matter
A Global History of Human Waste and Infectious Intestinal Disease
 , pp. 174 - 203
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Purchase

Buy Book

Buy print or eBook[Opens in a new window]

References

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Berry, Greg. “Agricultural Sanitation: From Waste to Resource.” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, 2000.
Strosberg, Sophia Anne. “The Human-Hookworm Assemblage: Contingency and the Practice of Helminthic Therapy.” MA thesis, University of Kentucky, 2014.
Abel, Christopher. “Health, Hygiene and Sanitation in Latin America, c. 1870 to c. 1950,” University of London, Institute for Latin American Studies, Research Paper no. 42 (1996).
Ackert, James E. “Some Influences of the American Hookworm,” American Midland Naturalist, vol. 47, no. 3 (1952), 749–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, Zahoor, Abd-Elbasit, Mohamed A.M., Butt, Shahid Javed, Khan, Samiullah, Liaquat, Muhammad, Gurmani, Ali Raza, Basir, Abdul, Kakar, Khair Muhammad, and Qadir, Manzoor. “Spreading of Bio-wastes onto Soil Surfaces to Control Pathogens: Human Health and Environmental Consequences,” International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, vol. 17, no. 4 (2015), 671–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, Sharia M., Hall, Aron J., Robinson, Anne E., Verhoef, Linda, Premkumar, Prasanna, Parashar, Umesh D., Koopmans, Marion, and Lopman, Benjamin A., “Global Prevalence of Norovirus in Cases of Gastroenteritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 8 (2014), 725–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, Kathleen A., and Blackburn, Jason K.. “Overcoming Barriers in Evaluating Outbreaks of Diarrheal Disease in Resource Poor Settings: Assessment of Recurrent Outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana,” BMC Public Health, vol. 13, no. 1 (2013), 775. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471–2458–13–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aliabadi, Negar, Tate, Jacqueline E., Haynes, Amber K., Parashar, Umesh D., and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Sustained Decrease in Laboratory Detection of Rotavirus after Implementation of Routine Vaccination – United States, 2000–2014,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, vol. 64, no. 13 (2015), 337–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Allen, Arthur. Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver, New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.Google Scholar
Allen, Tim, and Parker, Melissa. “The ‘Other Diseases’ of the Millennium Development Goals: Rhetoric and Reality of Free Drug Distribution to Cure the Poor’s Parasites,” Third World Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 1 (2011), 91–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, Mohammed, Lopez, Anna Lena, You, Young Ae, Kim, Young Eun, Sah, Binod, Maskery, Brian, and Clemens, John. “The Global Burden of Cholera,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 90 (2012), 209–21. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.11.993427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, M., A. R. Nelson, A. L. Lopez, and D. A. Sack, . “Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 9, no. 6 (2015), e0003832. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Warwick. Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelakis, A. N., Koutsoyiannis, D., and Tchobanoglous, G.. “Urban Wastewater and Stormwater Technologies in Ancient Greece,” Water Research, vol. 39 (2005), 210–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelakis, Andreas N., and Snyder, Shane A.. “Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future,” Water, vol. 7 (2015), 4887–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous. “Enteric or Typhoid Fever in the Hot Climates,” Journal of Tropical Medicine, 15 (1904), 27–30.
Anonymous. “Typhoid Fever and Its Prevention in Town and Country,” Virginia Health Bulletin, vol. 3, no. 6 (1911), 75–88F.
Anonymous. “Typhoid: Beware the Black Hand,” Virginia Health Bulletin, vol. 15, no. 9 (1923), 1–8.
Annett, H. E., et al. Report of the Malaria Expedition to Nigeria of the London School of Tropical Medicine and Medical Parasitology. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, 1901.Google Scholar
Antoniou, Georgios P., and Angelakis, Andreas N.. “Latrines and Wastewater Sanitation Technologies in Ancient Greece,” in Mitchell, Piers D. (ed.), Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015, 41–67.Google Scholar
Anwar, E., Goldberg, E., Fraser, A., Acosta, C. J., Paul, M., and Leibovici, L.. “Vaccines for Preventing Typhoid Fever,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 1 (2014), Article No. CD001261. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araújo, Adauto, Reinhard, Karl J., Ferreira, Luiz Fernando, and Gardner, Scott Lyell. “Parasites and Probes for Prehistoric Human Migrations,” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 24, no. 3 (2008), 112–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2007.11.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Araújo, Adauto, Reinhard, Karl, and Ferreira, Luiz Fernando. “Paleoparasitology—Human Parasites in Ancient Material,” Advances in Parasitology, vol. 89 (2015), 1–39.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Gregory L., Conn, Laura A., and Pinner, Robert W.. “Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States during the 20th Century,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 281, no. 1 (1999), 61–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arumugam, Manimozhiyan, Raes, Jeroen, Pelletier, Eric, Le Paslier, Denis, Takuji Yamada, Daniel R. Mende, Gabriel R. Fernandes et al. “Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome,” Nature, vol. 473 (2011), 174–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashford, Bailey K., and Igaravidez, Pedro Gutierrez. Uncinariasis (Hookworm Disease) in Porto Rico: A Medical and Economic Problem. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1911.Google Scholar
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Flies and Diarrheal Disease. New York: Department of Health, 1914.
Atkins, P. J. “White Poison? The Social Consequences of Milk Consumption, 1850–1930,” Social History of Medicine, vol. 5, no. 2 (1992), 207–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avicenna. A Treatise on the Canon of Medicine of Avicenna, Incorporating a Translation of the First Book, by Cameron Gruner, O.. London: Luzac, 1930.Google Scholar
Baity, H. G. “A Forward Look in World Sanitation,” Royal Society of Health Journal, vol. 78, no. 4 (1958), 351–56.Google Scholar
Baker, M. N. Sewerage and Sewage Purification. New York, 1896.Google Scholar
Baker, Moses N. The Quest for Pure Water: The History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 1981.Google Scholar
Bardosh, Kevin. “Achieving ‘Total Sanitation’ in Rural African Geographies: Poverty, Participation, and Pit Latrines in Eastern Zambia,” Geoforum, vol. 66 (2015), 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banda, Kalyan, Sarkar, Rajiv, Gopal, Srila, Govindarajan, Jeyanthi, Harijan, Bhim Bahadur, Jeyakumar, Mary Benita, Mitta, Philip et al. “Water Handling, Sanitation and Defecation Practices in Rural Southern India: A Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Study,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 101, no. 11 (2007), 1124–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, and Morella, Elvira. Africa’s Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: Access, Affordability, and Alternatives. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banwell, J. G. “Worldwide Impact of Oral Rehydration Therapy,” Clinical Therapy, vol. 12, Suppl. A (1990), 29–37.Google Scholar
Barnes, David S. The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Germs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Barzilay, Ezra J., Schaad, Nicolas, Roc Magloire, Kam S. Mung, Jacques Boncy, Dahourou, Georges A., Mintz, Eric D., Steenland, Maria W., Vertefeuille, John F., and Tappero, Jordan W.. “Cholera Surveillance during the Haiti Epidemic – The First 2 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 368, no. 7 (2013), 599–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, Nilangshu Bhusan, Dey, Ayanangshu, and Duke Ghosh, P. G. D. B. M.. “Kolkata’s Brick Sewer Renewal: History, Challenges and Benefits,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 166, no. 2 (2013), 74–81.Google Scholar
Beaver, P. C. Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1961.Google ScholarPubMed
Begum, Sharifa, Ahmed, Mansur, and Sen, Binayak. “Do Water and Sanitation Interventions Reduce Childhood Diarrhoea? New Evidence from Bangladesh,” Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 34, no. 3 (2011), 1–30.Google Scholar
Belcher, John C. “Sanitation Norms in Rural Areas: A Cross-Cultural Comparison,” Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, vol. 12, no. 1 (1978), 34–44.Google Scholar
Benidickson, Jamie. The Culture of Flushing: A Social and Legal History of Sewage. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Berendes, David M., Yang, Patricia J., Lai, Amanda, David, Hu, and Brown, Joe. “Estimation of Global Recoverable Human and Animal Faecal Biomass,” Nature Sustainability, vol. 1, no. 11 (2018), 679–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bern, C., Martines, J., de Zoysa, I., and Glass, R. I.. “The Magnitude of the Global Problem of Diarrhoeal Disease: A Ten-Year Update,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 70, no. 6 (1992), 705–14.Google Scholar
Bernier, Roger H. “Observations on Poliomyelitis Lameness Surveys,” Reviews of Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, suppl. 2 (1984), S371–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethony, Jeffrey, Brooker, Simon, Marco Albonico, Stefan M. Geiger, Alex Loukas, Diemert, David, and Hotez, Peter J.. “Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections: Ascariasis, Trichuriasis, and Hookworm,” Lancet, vol. 367 (2006), 1521–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhan, M. K., Bahl, Rajiv, and Bhatnagar, Shinjini. “Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever,” Lancet, no. 366 (2005), 749–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biehler, Dawn Day. Pests in the City: Flies, Bedbugs, Cockroaches, and Rats. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Black, Maggie, and Fawcett, Ben. The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis. London: Earthscan, 2008.Google Scholar
Black, R. E., Allen, J. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Mathers, C., and Rivera, J.. “Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Global and Regional Exposures and Health Consequences,” Lancet, vol. 371 (2008), 243–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackham, R. J. “The Goux System and Its Application to India,” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, vol. 6 (1906), 662–27.Google Scholar
Blaise, Nguendo, Hénock, Yongsi, and Delali, B. K. Dovie. “Diarrheal Diseases in the History of Public Health,” Archives of Medical Research, vol. 38 (2007), 159–63.Google Scholar
Bleakley, Hoyt. “Disease and Development: Evidence from Hookworm Eradication in the American South,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 122, no. 1 (2007), 73–117. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.121.1.73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blume, Stuart S. “Lock-In, the State and Vaccine Development: Lessons from the History of the Polio Vaccines,” Research Policy, vol. 34 (2005), 159–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bostoen, Kristof, and Barbara, Evans. “Crossfire: Measures of Sanitation Coverage for the MDGs are Unreliable, Only Raising a False Sense of Achievement,” Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 1 (2008), 5–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollet, Alfred Jay. “Scurvy and Chronic Diarrhea in Civil War Troops: Were They Both Nutritional Deficiency Syndromes?,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 47, no. 1 (1992), 49–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boltan, Declan J. “Campylobacter Virulence and Survival Factors,” Food Microbiology, vol. 48 (2015), 99–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botero, David. “Persistence of the Endemic Intestinal Parasitoses in Latin America,” Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, vol. 15, no. 3 (1981), 241–48.Google Scholar
Bourke, John Gregory. Scatologic Rites of All Nations. Washington, DC: W. H. Lowdermilk, 1891.Google Scholar
Bourke, John Gregory. Compilation, Notes, and Memoranda Bearing upon the Use of Human Ordure and Human Urine. Washington, DC, 1888.Google Scholar
Boyce, R., Evans, A., and Clarke, H. H.. Report on the Sanitation and Anti-Malarial Measures in Practice in Bathurst, Conakry, and Freetown. London: University Press of Liverpool, 1905.Google Scholar
Boyd, Colin. “The Nestlé Infant Formula Controversy and a Strange Web of Subsequent Business Scandals,” Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 106, no. 3 (2012), 283–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzolo, Camillo. “Notes on the Treatment of Ankylostoma Anemia (Uncinariasis, Hookworm Disease) with Thymol,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 58, no. 23 (1912), 1744–46.Google Scholar
Brinkley, Garland L. “The Decline in Southern Agricultural Output, 1860–1940,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 57, no. 1 (1997), 116–38.Google Scholar
Brioch, John. London: Water and the Making of the Modern City. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooker, Simon, Clements, Archie C. A., and Bundy, Don A. P.. “Global Epidemiology, Ecology and Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminths,” Advances in Parasitology, vol. 62 (2006), 221–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooker, Simon. “Estimating the Global Distribution and Disease Burden of Intestinal Nematode Infections: Adding Up the Numbers – A Review,” International Journal of Parasitology, vol. 40, no. 10 (2010), 1137–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, George J. C. “On the Tub and Pail System,” Journal of the Sanitary Institute, vol. 15 (1894), 664–74.Google Scholar
Brown, Theodore M., Cueto, Marcos, and Fee, Elizabeth. “The World Health Organization and the Transition from ‘International’ to ‘Global’ Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 96, no. 1 (2006), 62–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bundy, D. A. P., and Cooper, E. S.. “Trichuris and Trichuriasis in Humans,” Advances in Parasitology, vol. 28 (1989), 107–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burge, Wylie D., and Marsh, Paul B.. “Infectious Hazards of Landspreading Sewage Waste,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 7 (1978), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Kristin E., and Thomas Lamont, J.. “Clostridium difficile Infection: A Worldwide Disease,” Gut and Liver, vol. 8, no. 1 (2014), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, Timothy. Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women: Commodification, Consumption, and Cleanliness in Modern Zimbabwe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Bushman, Richard L., and Bushman, Claudia L.. “The Early History of Cleanliness in America,” Journal of American History, vol. 74, no. 4 (1988), 1213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacciò, Simone M., Andrew Thompson, R. C., McLauchlin, Jim, and Smith, Huw V.. “Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia Epidemiology,” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 21, no. 9 (2006), 430–37.Google Scholar
Cadwell, Ken. “Expanding the Role of the Virome: Commensalism in the Gut,” Journal of Virology, vol. 89 (2015), 1951–53. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02966-14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlton, Elizabeth J., Eisenberg, Joseph N. S., Goldstick, Jason, Cevallos, William, Trostle, James, and Levy, Karen. “Heavy Rainfall Events and Diarrhea Incidence: The Role of Social and Environmental Factors,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 179, no. 3 (2013), 344–52.Google Scholar
Cash, R. A. “A History of the Development of Oral Rehydration Therapy,” Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, vol. 5, no. 4 (1987), 256–61.Google Scholar
Cassedy, James H. “The ‘Germ of Laziness’ in the South, 1900–1915: Charles Wardell Stiles and the Progressive Paradox,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 45, no. 2 (1971), 159–69.Google Scholar
Castro, José Esteban, and Heller, Leo. “The Historical Development of Water and Sanitation in Brazil and Argentina,” in Juuti, Petri S., Katko, Tapio S., and Vuorinen, Heikki S. (eds.), Environmental History of Water. London: IWA, 2007, 429–45.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Edwin. Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. Edited by Flinn, M. W.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Chambers, Robert. “Going to Scale with Community‐Led Total Sanitation: Reflections on Experience, Issues and Ways Forward,” IDS Practice Papers, no. 1 (2009), 1–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chammartin, Frédérique, Ronaldo, G. C. Scholte, Marcel Tanner, Utzinger, Jürg, and Vounatsou, Penelope. “Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in South America: A Systematic Review and Geostatistical Meta-Analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 13 (2013), 507–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70071-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chevallier, Fabienne. Le Paris moderne: Histoire des politiques d’hygiène, 1855–1898. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2010.Google Scholar
Choffnes, Eileen R., and Relman, David A. (rapporteurs). The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Cirillo, Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish-American War and Military Medicine. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Cirillo, Vincent J. “Two Faces of Death: Fatalities from Disease and Combat in America’s Principal Wars, 1775 to Present,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 51, no. 1 (2008), 121–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Claesson, Marcus J., Cusack, Siobhán, O’Sullivan, Orla, Greene-Diniz, Rachel, de Weerd, Heleen, Edel Flannery, Julian R. Marchesi et al. “Composition, Variability, and Temporal Stability of the Intestinal Microbiota of the Elderly,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, suppl. 1 (2011), 4586–91. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000097107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemesha, William Wesley. Sewage Disposal in the Tropics. London: Thacker, Spink, 1910.Google Scholar
Coffey, J. Calvin, and Peter O’Leary, D.. “The Mesentery: Structure, Function, and Role in Disease,” Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 1, no. 3 (2017), 238–47.Google Scholar
Coltman, Robert. The Chinese, Their Present and Future: Medical, Political, and Social. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1891.Google Scholar
Connelly, Matthew. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Cook, G. C. “Influence of Diarrhoeal Disease on Military and Naval Campaigns,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 94 (2001), 95–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corsi, Daniel J., Neuman, Melissa, Finlay, Jocelyn E., and Subramanian, S. V., “Demographic and Health Surveys: A Profile,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 41, no. 6 (2012), 1602–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cort, W. W., Grant, J. B., and Stoll, N. R.. “General Summary of Results,” in Cort, W. W., Grant, J. B., and Stoll, N. R. (eds.), Researches on Hookworm in China: Embodying the Results of the Work of the China Hookworm Commission, June, 1923 to November, 1924, Monographic Series 7. Baltimore: The American Journal of Hygiene, 1926, 380–98.Google Scholar
Cort, W. W., and Stoll, N. R.. “Studies on Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in China,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 14, no. 3 (1931), 655–89.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, John Joseph. History of Sanitation. Pittsburgh, PA: Standard Sanitary Manufacturing, 1909.Google Scholar
Coste, Christine, and Deschiens, R.. “Données relative à l’histoire médicale des dysenteries avant la découverte de l’amibe dysenterique,” Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, nos. 1–2 (1945), 15–22.Google Scholar
Cotton, Andrew, and Bartram, Jamie. “Sanitation: On- or Off-Track? Issues of Monitoring Sanitation and the Role of the Joint Monitoring Programme,” Waterlines, vol. 27, no. 1 (2008), 12–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtwright, David T. Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Crompton, D. W. T., and Nesheim, M. C.. “Nutritional Impact of Intestinal Helminthiasis During the Human Life Cycle,” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 22 (2002), 35–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtin, Philip D. Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, Valerie, Cairncross, Sandy, and Yonli, Raymond. “Domestic Hygiene and Diarrhoea – Pinpointing the Problem,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 5, no. 1 (2000), 22–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, Valerie. “Talking Dirty: How to Save a Million Lives,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol. 13 (2003), S73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, Gregory T. Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, David, and Miller, Grant. “The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The Twentieth-Century United States,” Demography, vol. 42, no. 1 (2005), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czerkinsky, Cecil, and Holmgren, Jan. “Vaccines against Enteric Infections for the Developing World,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part B, vol. 379 (2015), 21050142.Google Scholar
da Cunha Ferreira, R. M., and Cash, R. A.. “History of the Development of Oral Rehydration Therapy,” Clinical Therapy, vol. 12, Suppl. A (1990), 2–11.Google Scholar
Darling, S. T., Barber, M. A., and Hacker, H. P.. Hookworm and Malaria Research in Malaya, Java, and the Fiji Islands. Report of Uncinariasis Commission to the Orient, 1915–1917. New York: Rockefeller Foundation, International Health Board, 1920.Google Scholar
Darling, Samuel T. “Observations on the Geographical and Ethnological Distribution of Hookworms,” Parasitology, vol. 12, no. 3 (1920), 217–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darling, S. T., and Smillie, W. G.. “Studies on Hookworm Infection in Brazil. First Paper,” Monograph of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, no. 14 (1921), 1–42.Google Scholar
Darling, Samuel T. “The Hookworm Index and Mass Treatment,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 2, no. 5 (1922), 397–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, A. “Ascariasis: Drugs and Drug Policy,” in Crompton, D. W. T., Nesheim, M. C., and Pawlowski, Z. S. (eds.), Ascariasis and Its Public Health Significance. London: Taylor and Francis, 1985, 239–44.Google Scholar
de Silva, Nilanthi R., Simon Brooker, Peter J. Hotez, Antonio Montresor, Engels, Dirk, and Savioli, Lorenzo. “Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections: Updating the Global Picture,” Trends in Parasitology, vol. 19, no. 12 (2003), 547–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Zoysa, I., and Feachem, R. G.. “Interventions for the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease among Young Children: Rotavirus and Cholera Immunization,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 63 (1985), 569–83.Google Scholar
Dekeyser, P., Gossuin-Detrain, M., Butzler, J. P., and Sternon, J.. “Acute Enteritis due to Related Vibrio: First Positive Stool Cultures,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 125, no. 4 (1972), 390–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, Joseph M., and Abel Wolman. “1955–56 Infectious Hepatitis Epidemic in Delhi, India [with Discussion],” Journal of the American Water Works Association, vol. 51, no. 10 (1959), 1288–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.Google Scholar
Dixon, D. M. “A Note on Some Scavengers of Ancient Egypt,” World Archaeology, vol. 21, no. 2 (1989), 193–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Olier, William L. The Sanitation of Cities. New York: Sanitation Corporation of New York, 1921.Google Scholar
Joël, Doré, and Blottière, Hervé. “The Influence of Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Its Consequences for Health,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 32 (2015), 195–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.01.002.Google Scholar
Donaldson, David. “Overview of Rural Water and Sanitation Programs for Latin America,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, vol. 75, no. 5 (1983), 224–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doron, Assa, and Jeffrey, Robin, “Open Defecation in India,” Economic and Political Weekly, December 6, 2014, 1–12.
Dubini, Angelo. “Nuovo Verme Intestinal Umano (Agchylostoma duodenale) Constituente un Sesto Genere dei Nematoidea Propri dell’Uomo,” Annali Universali de Medicina, vol. 106 (1843), 5–13.Google Scholar
Dumett, Raymond E. “The Campaign against Malaria and the Expansion of Scientific Medical and Sanitary Services in British West Africa, 1898–1910,” African Historical Studies, vol. 1, no. 2 (1968), 181–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, George C. “The Coöperative Health Program of the American Republics,” American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health, vol. 34, no. 8 (1944), 817–27.Google Scholar
Dunn, James S. “The Borough of Kimberley,” Journal of the Sanitary Institute, vol. 23 (1902), 366–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Echenberg, Myron. Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggers, Hans J. “Milestones in Early Poliomyelitis Research (1840 to 1949),” Journal of Virology, vol. 73, no. 6 (1999), 4533–35.Google Scholar
Enders, Guilia. Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body’s Most Underrated Organ. Vancouver, BC: Greystone Books, 2015.Google Scholar
Epelboin, A. “Le péril fécal. Culture, environnement et péril fécal: réflexions anthropologiques,” Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, vol. 91, no. 5 (1998), 397–401.Google Scholar
Eppig, Christopher, Fincher, Corey L., and Thornhill, Randy. “Parasite Prevalence and the Worldwide Distribution of Cognitive Ability,” Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, vol. 277, no. 1701 (2010), 3801–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erb, Claude C. “Prelude to Point Four: The Institute of Inter-American Affairs,” Diplomatic History, vol. 9, no. 3 (1985), 249–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L., and Shiff, C.. “Effects of Improved Water Supply and Sanitation on Ascariasis, Diarrhoea, Dracunculiasis, Hookworm Infection, Schistosomiasis, and Trachoma,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 69, no. 5 (1991), 609–21.Google Scholar
Ettling, John. The Germ of Laziness: Rockefeller Philanthropy and Public Health in the New South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Factura, H., Bettendorf, T., C., Buzie, Pieplow, H., Reckin, J., and Otterpohl, R., “Terra Preta Sanitation: Re-discovered from an Ancient Amazonian Civilisation–Integrating Sanitation, Bio-waste Management and Agriculture,” Water Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 10 (2010), 2673–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faichnie, N. “Fly-Borne Enteric Fever; the Source of Infection,” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, vol. 13 (1909), 580–84.Google Scholar
Fan, Wenguang, Huo, Guicheng, Li, Xiaomin, Yang, Lijie, Duan, Cuicui, Wang, Tingting, and Chen, Junliang. “Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota in Different Patterns of Feeding Infants by Illumina High-Throughput Sequencing,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 29, no. 12 (2013), 2365–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farley, John. To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951). New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Faust, Ernest Carroll. “Preliminary Survey of the Intestinal Parasites of Man in the Central Yangtze Valley,” China Medical Journal, vol. 35, no. 6 (1921), 1–30.Google Scholar
Faust, Ernest Carroll. “Some Facts Regarding the Relation between Nightsoil Disposal in China and the Propagation of Helminthic Diseases,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1–4 (November 1924), 487–505.CrossRef
Fayrer, Sir Joseph. “Tropical Diarrhea,” Medical News, November 25, 1893, 592–94.
Feacham, R. G. “Community Participation in Appropriate Water Supply and Sanitation Technologies: The Mythology for the Decade,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Section B, vol. 209 (1980), 15–29.Google Scholar
Feachem, R. G. “Preventing Diarrhoea: What Are the Policy Options?,” Health Policy Planning, vol. 1, no. 2 (1986), 109–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrell, John Atkinson. “The Rural School and Hookworm Disease,” U.S. Bureau of Education Bulletin, no. 20 (1914).Google Scholar
Fieldhouse, David K. Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational, 1895–1965. London: Croom Helm, 1978.Google Scholar
Fomon, Samuel J. “Infant Feeding in the 20th Century: Formula and Beikost,” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 131, no. 2 (2001), 409S–20S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsberg, Birger Carl, Petzold, Max G., Tomson, Göran, and Allebeck, Peter. “Diarrhoea Case Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Unfinished Agenda,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 85, no. 1 (2007), 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, Stanley O., Kesseng-Maben, Georges, N’jie, Hatib, and Coffi, Emmou. “Control of Poliomyelitis in Africa,” Review of Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, Suppl. 2 (1984), S433–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foy, Henry, and Kondi, Athena. “Hookworms in the Aetiology of Tropical Anaemia,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 54, no. 5 (1960), 419–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, Dorian. “Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures,” Rice, vol. 4, no. 3 (2011), 78–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furuse, Yuki, Suzuki, Akira, and Oshitani, Hitoshi. “Origin of Measles Virus: Divergence from Rinderpest Virus between the 11th and 12th Centuries,” Virology Journal, vol. 7, no. 52 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X–7-52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, Thomas S. “Lagos: The History of British Colonial Neglect of Traditional African Cities,” African Urban Studies, vol. 5 (1979), 15–16.Google Scholar
Gale, Thomas S. “Segregation in British West Office,” Cahiers d’études africaines, vol. 20 (1980), 495–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, Thomas S. “The Struggle against Disease in the Gold Coast: Early Attempts at Urban Sanitary Reform,” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 16, no. 2 (1995), 185–203.Google Scholar
Garrison, Fielding H. “The History of Drainage, Irrigation, Sewage-Disposal and Water-Supply,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 5, no. 10 (1929), 887–938.Google Scholar
George, Rose. The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why It Matters. New York: Holt, 2008.Google Scholar
Gierlinger, Sylvia, Haidvogl, Gertrud, Gingrich, Simone, and Krausmann, Fridolin. “Feeding and Cleaning the City: The Role of the Urban Waterscape in Provision and Disposal in Vienna during the Industrial Transformation,” Water History, vol. 5, no. 2 (2013), 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, , Lieut. Colonel. General Sanitation and Anti-Malarial Measures in Sekondi, the Goldfields and Kumassi. London: Williams & Norgate for the University Press of Liverpool, 1905.Google Scholar
Glaser, Bruno, and Birk, Jago Jonathan. “State of the Scientific Knowledge on Properties and Genesis of Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia (terra preta de Índio),” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 82 (2012), 39–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonçalves, Marcelo, Carvalho, Luiz, Araújo, Adauto, and Ferreira, Luiz Fernando. “Human Intestinal Parasites in the Past: New Findings and a Review,” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 98, Suppl. I (2003), 103–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, John E., Béhar, Moisés, and Scrimshaw, Nevin S.. “Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in Less Developed Countries: 3. Methods for Prevention and Control,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 31, no. 1 (1964), 21–28.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. M. “The Effect of Ancylostome, Ascaris, and Trichuris Infections on the Health of the West African Native,” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, vol. 19 (1925), 429–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, Ethan K., Moodle, Erica E. M., Prendergast, Andrew J., Johnson, Sarasa M. A., Humphrey, Jean H, Stoltzhus, Rebecca J. et al. “The Impact of Antibiotics on Growth in Children in Low and Middle Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials,” British Medical Journal, vol. 348 (2014), g2267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Government of India. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, vol. 12, Khándesh. Bombay: Government Central Press, 1880.
Gracey, Michael. “Oral Therapy for Acute Diarrhoea,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 17 (1984), 348–49.Google Scholar
Grant, Charles Covell. West African Hygiene; or Hints on the Preservation of Health, and the Treatment of Disease on the West Coast of Africa. London: G. Wright for the Colonial Office, 1882.Google Scholar
Green, Monica (ed.). Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death. Kalamazoo: Arc Medieval Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Bernard. Flies and Disease, vol. II, Biology and Disease Transmission. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Greer, Frank R., and Apple, Rima D.. “Physicians, Formula Companies, and Advertising: A Historical Perspective,” American Journal of Diseases of Children, vol. 145, no. 3 (1991), 282–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, Patricia M., and Tauxe, Robert V.. “The Epidemiology of Infections Caused by Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Other Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and the Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome,” Epidemiologic Reviews, vol. 13, no. 1 (1991), 60–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gröschel, Dieter H. M., and Hornick, Richard B.. “Who Introduced Typhoid Vaccination: Almroth Wright or Richard Pfeiffer?,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 3, no. 6 (1981), 1251–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, Briana L., and Zhao, Zhijun. “Archaeological and Genetic Insights into the Origins of Domesticated Rice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 17 (2014), 6190–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, David I. A History of Human Helminthology. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1990.Google Scholar
Guerrant, Richard L., Kosek, Margaret, Moore, Sean, Lorntz, Breyette, Brantley, Richard, and Lima, Aldo A. M.. “Magnitude and Impact of Diarrheal Diseases,” Archives of Medical Research, vol. 33 (2002), 351–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halliday, Stephen. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton, 1999.Google Scholar
Hamlin, Christopher. Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800–1854. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hamlin, Christopher. Cholera: The Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Hamlin, Christopher. “‘Cholera Forcing’: The Myth of the Good Epidemic and the Coming of Good Water,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 99, no. 11 (2009), 1946–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanley, S. B. “Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 18, no. 1 (1987), 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardy, Albert V. “Diarrheal Diseases of Man: A Historical Review and Global Appraisal,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 66, no. 1 (1956), 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardy, Anne. “‘Straight Back to Barbarism’: Antithyphoid Inoculation and the Great War, 1914,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 74, no. 2 (2000), 265–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, Mark. The Medical War: British Military Medicine in the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Mark. Contagion: How Commerce Has Spread Disease. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hassan, J. A. “The Growth and Impact of the British Water Industry in the Nineteenth Century,” Economic History Review, vol. 3, no. 4 (1985), 531–47.Google Scholar
Haudricourt, André G. “Le role des excrétats dans la domestication,” L’Homme, vol. 17, nos. 2–3 (1977), 125–26.Google Scholar
Hawgood, Barbara J. “Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930), Prophylactic Vaccination against Cholera and Bubonic Plague in British India,” Journal of Medical Biography, vol. 15, no. 1 (2007), 9–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heartland, Elizabeth L., and Leong, John M.. “Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: Ecology, Pathogenesis, and Evolution,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol. 3 (2013), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2013.00015.Google Scholar
Heiser, Victor G. “American Sanitation in the Philippines and Its Influence on the Orient,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 57, no. 1 (1918), 60–68.Google Scholar
Henderson, Donald. “Smallpox Eradication: A Cold War Victory,” World Health Forum, vol. 19 (1998), 113–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Henning, John A. “The Summer Diarrhea of Children,” Ohio Medical Recorder, vol. iv (1879–1880), 152–54.Google Scholar
Hewa, Soma. “The Hookworm Epidemic on the Plantations in Colonial Sri Lanka,” Medical History, vol. 38, no. 1 (1994), 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewa, Soma. “Rockefeller Foundation’s Typhoid Control Campaign at Kalutara-Totamune in Sri Lanka,” Galle Medical Journal, vol. 16, no. 1 (2011), 29–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Rolla B. “Hookworm Reinfestation in Sanitated and Unsanitated Areas,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 18 (1925), 665–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoberg, Eric P., Alkire, Nancy L., de Queiroz, Alan, and Jones, Arlene. “Out of Africa: Origins of the Taenia Tapeworms in Humans,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol. 268 (2001), 781–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodge, C. F., and Dawson, Jean. Civic Biology. Boston: Ginn, 1918.Google Scholar
Hoeppli, R. “The Knowledge of Parasites and Parasitic Infections from Ancient Times to the 17th Century,” Experimental Parasitology, vol. 5, no. 4 (1956), 398–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, L. Emmett. “The Antiseptic Treatment of Summer Diarrhea,” Archives of Pediatrics, vol. 3 (1886), 726–51.Google Scholar
Hotez, Peter J. “Neglected Infections of Poverty among the Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 4, no. 1 (2010), e606. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, Tsung-Ch’ang, Huei-Lan Chung, Lien-yin Ho, and Hsin-Chin Weng, . “Achievements in the Fight against Parasitic Diseases in New China,” China Medical Journal, vol. 79 (1959), 493–520.Google ScholarPubMed
Howard, H. H. The Control of Hookworm Disease by the Intensive Method. New York: Rockefeller Foundation, International Health Board, 1919.Google Scholar
Howard-Jones, Norman. The Scientific Background of the International Sanitary Conferences, 1851–1938. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1975.Google Scholar
Howell, David L. “Fecal Matter: Prolegomenon to a History of Shit in Japan,” in Miller, Ian Jared, Thomas, Julia Adeney, and Walker, Brett L. (eds.), Japan at Nature’s Edge: The Environmental Context of a Global Power. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2013, 137–51.Google Scholar
Humphrey, Jean H. “Underweight Malnutrition in Infants in Developing Countries: An Intractable Problem,” Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, vol. 162, no. 7 (2008), 692–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphrey, Jean H. “Child Undernutrition, Tropical Enteropathy, Toilets, and Handwashing,” Lancet, vol. 374 (2009), 1032–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hürlimann, Eveline, Houngbedji, Clarisse A., N’Dri, Prisca B., Dominique Bänniger, Jean T. Coulibaly, Peiling Yap, Silué, Kigbafori D. et al., “Effect of Deworming on School-Aged Children’s Physical Fitness, Cognition and Clinical Parameters in a Malaria-Helminth Co-Endemic Area of Côte d’Ivoire,” BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 14, no. 441 (2014). www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwugo, K. O. “Factors Affecting the Implementation of Improved Sanitation in Africa,” Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, vol. 99, no. 1 (1979), 28–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobsen, K. H., and Wiersma, S. T.. “Hepatitis A Seroprevalence by Age and World Region, 1990 and 2005,” Vaccine, vol. 28, no. 41 (2010), 6653–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacquemet, Gérard. “Urbanisme Parisien: La bataille du tout à l’égout à la fin du XIXe siècle,” Revue d’histoire modern et contemporaine, vol. 46 (1979), 505–48.Google Scholar
Jannetta, Ann Bowman. Epidemics and Mortality in Early Modern Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, M. “Water Supply and Sewage Disposal at Mohenjo-Daro,” World Archaeology, vol. 21, no. 2 (1989), 177–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, William. “The Shifting Epistemological Foundations of Cholera Control in Japan (1822–1900),” Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident, no. 37 (2014), 171–96.Google Scholar
Jones, Richard (ed.). Manure Matters: Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnographic Perspectives. Surrey: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
Jones, Richard. “Why Manure Matters,” in Jones, Richard (ed.), Manure Matters. Surrey: Ashgate, 2012, 1–11.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Dolly. “Modernity and Medieval Muck,” Nature and Culture, vol. 9, no. 3 (2014), 225–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joseph, Stephen C. “The Anatomy of the Infant Formula Controversy,” American Journal of Diseases of Children, vol. 135, no. 10 (1981), 889–92.Google Scholar
Juuti, Petri S., and Katko, Tapio S.. “Birth and Expansion of Public Water Supply and Sanitation in Finland until World War II,” in Juuti, Petri S., Katko, Tapio S., and Vuorinen, Heikki S. (eds.), Environmental History of Water. London: IWA, 2007, 117–30.Google Scholar
Karagiannis-Voules, Dimitrios-Alexios, Patricia Biedermann, Uwem F. Ekpo, Amadou Garba, Langer, Erika, Mathieu, Els, Midzi, Nicholas et al. “Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Geostatistical Meta-Analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 15 (2015), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3009(14)71004-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kavadi, Shirish N. “‘Parasites Lost and Parasites Regained’: Rockefeller Foundation’s Anti-Hookworm Campaign in Madras Presidency,” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 2 (2007), 130–37.Google Scholar
Keller, A. E. “A State-Wide Study of the Human Intestinal Helminths in Tennessee,” Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 6 (1932), 161–84.Google Scholar
Keller, A. E., Leathers, W. S., and Ricks, H. C.. “An Investigation of the Incidence and Intensity of Infestation of Hookworm in Mississippi,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 19 (1934), 629–56.Google Scholar
Keller, A. E., Leathers, W. S., and Jensen, M. H.. “An Investigation of Hookworm Infestation in Thirty-Six Counties of Kentucky,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 23 (1936), 33–45.Google Scholar
Keller, A. E., Leathers, W. S., and Knox, J. C.. “The Present Status of Hookworm Infestation in North Carolina,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 26 (1937), 437–54.Google Scholar
Keller, Alvin E., Leathers, W. S., and Densen, Paul M.. “The Results of Recent Studies of Hookworm in Eight Southern States,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 20, no. 4 (1940), 493–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Victoria. Soap and Water: Cleanliness, Dirt and the Working Classes in Victorian and Edwardian Britain. London: I. B. Taurus, 2010.Google Scholar
Kelly, Ciarán P., and Thomas LaMont, J.. “Clostridium difficile – More Difficult Than Ever,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, no. 18 (2008), 1932–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, J. Austin, . “The Incidence and Intensity of Hookworm Infestation in the State of Florida,” Bulletin of the International Health Board, vol. 7 (1927), 192–211.Google Scholar
Kerr, Harold. “Refuse Disposal in Relation to the Enteric Group of Diseases,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 17 (1924), 33–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesztenbaum, Lionel, and Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent. “Sewers’ Diffusion and the Decline of Mortality: The Case of Paris, 1880–1914,” Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 98 (2017), 178–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, Ibrahim A., Troeger, Christopher, Blacker, Brigette F., Rao, Puja C., Brown, Alexandria, Atherly, Deborah E., Brewer, Thomas G. et al. “Morbidity and Mortality due to Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Diarrhoea: The Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 18, no. 11 (2018), 1229–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalil, M. “An Early Contribution to Medical Helminthology, Translated from the Writings of the Arabian Physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) with a Short Biography,” Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 25 (1922), 65–67.Google Scholar
King, Franklin H. Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan. Madison, WI: Mrs. F. H. King, 1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirchmann, H., and S. Pettersson, . “Human Urine – Chemical Composition and Fertilizer Use Efficiency,” Fertilizer Research, vol. 40, no. 2 (1995), 149–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Herbert S., Engerman, Stanley L., Haines, Robin, and Shlomowitz, Ralph. “Transoceanic Mortality: The Slave Trade in Comparative Perspective,” William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 1 (2001), 93–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kliks, M. M. “Paleoparasitology: On the Origins and Impacts of Human-Helminth Relationships,” in Croll, Neil A. and Cross, John H. (eds.), Human Ecology and Infectious Diseases. New York: Academic Press, 1983, 291–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knox, J. H. M. Jr., and Bassett, V. H.. “An Examination of Milk Supplied to Infants Suffering with Summer Diarrhea, with a Plea for a Purer Milk Supply Accessible to the Poor of Baltimore,” Maryland Medical Journal, vol. 45, no. 6 (1902), 241–58.Google Scholar
Kofoid, Charles A., and Tucker, John P.. “On the Relationship of Infection by Hookworm to the Incidence of Morbidity and Mortality in 22,842 Men of the United States Army,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 1, no. 1 (1921), 79–117.Google Scholar
Kolstad, Erik W., and Johansson, Kjell Arne. “Uncertainties Associated with Quantifying Climate Change Impacts on Human Health: A Case Study for Diarrhea,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 119, no. 3 (2010), 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosek, Margaret, Bern, Caryn, and Guerrant, Richard L.. “The Global Burden of Diarrhoeal Disease, as Estimated from Studies Published between 1992 and 2000,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 81, no. 3 (2003), 197–204.Google Scholar
Krain, Lisa J., Nelson, Kenrad E., and Labrique, Alain B.. “Host Immune Status and Response to Hepatitis E Virus Infection,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 27, no. 1 (2014), 139–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasnoborodko, K. I., Alexeev, A. M., Tsvetkova, L. I., and Zhukova, L. I.. “The Development of Water Supply and Sewerage Systems in St. Petersburg,” European Water Management, vol. 2, no. 4 (1999), 51–61.Google Scholar
Kreitman, Paul. “Attacked by Excrement: The Political Ecology of Shit in Wartime and Postwar Tokyo,” Environmental History, vol. 23 (2018), 342–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Berge, Ann F. Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahiri-Dutt, Kuntala. “Researching World Class Watering in Metropolitan Calcutta,” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, vol. 14, no. 3 (2015), 700–720.Google Scholar
Lawn, Joy E., Rohde, Jon, Rifkin, Susan, Miriam Were, Vinod K. Paul, and Chopra, Mickey. “Alma-Ata 30 Years On: Revolutionary, Relevant, and Time to Revitalise,” Lancet, vol. 372, no. 9642 (2008), 917–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layland, Laura E., and Specht, Sabine. “Helpful or a Hindrance: Co-Infections with Helminths during Malaria,” in Horsnell, William (ed.), How Helminths Alter Immunity to Infection. New York: Springer, 2014, 99–129.Google Scholar
Leas, Eric C., Dare, Anne, and Al-Delaimy, Wael K.. “Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?,” Ambio, vol. 43, no. 6 (2014), 707–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leathers, W. S., Keller, A. E., and Wyman, B. F.. “A State-Wide Investigation of Hookworm in South Carolina,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 23, no. 3 (1936), 600–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leathers, W. S., Keller, A. E., and McPhaul, W. A.. “An Investigation Concerning the Status of Hookworm in Florida,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 29, section D (1939), 1–16.Google Scholar
Leblanc, Ronald J., Matthews, Peter, and Richard, Roland P. (eds.). Global Atlas of Excreta, Wastewater Sludge, and Biosolids Management. Renouf, 2009.Google Scholar
Lee, Kelley. “The Global Dimensions of Cholera,” Global Change and Human Health, vol. 2, no. 1 (2001), 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessa, Fernanda C., Mu, Yi, Bamberg, Wendy M., Beldavs, Zintars G., Dumyati, Ghinwa K., Dunn, John R., Farley, Monica M. et al. “Burden of Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 372, no. 9 (2015), 825–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, R. A. Merde: Excursions in Scientific, Cultural, and Socio-historical Coprology. New York: Random House, 1999.Google Scholar
Lewis, Brian. “So Clean”: Lord Leverhulme, Soap and Civilization. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Link, William A. “Privies, Progressivism, and Public Schools: Health Reform and Education in the Rural South, 1909–1920,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 54, no. 4 (1988), 623–42.Google Scholar
Link, William A. “‘The Harvest Is Ripe, but the Laborers Are Few’: The Hookworm Crusade in North Carolina, 1909–1915,” North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 67, no. 1 (1990), 1–27.Google Scholar
Linton, Derek S. “Was Typhoid Inoculation Safe and Effective during World War I? Debates within German Military Medicine,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 55, no. 2 (2000), 101–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Looss, A. “Notes on Intestinal Worms Found in African Pygmies,” Lancet, August 12, 1905, 430–31.
Odile, Loreille, and Bouchet, Françoise. “Evolution of Ascariasis in Humans and Pigs: A Multi-disciplinary Approach,” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 98, Suppl. 1 (2003), 39–46.Google Scholar
Löwy, Ilana. “From Guinea Pigs to Man: The Development of Haffkine’s Anticholera Vaccine,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 47, no. 3 (1992), 270–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lozano, Rafael, Naghavi, Mohsen, Foreman, Kyle, Lim, Stephen, Shibuya, Kenji, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry et al., “Global and Regional Mortality from 235 Causes of Death for 20 Age Groups in 1990 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” Lancet, vol. 380, no. 9859 (2013), 2105.Google Scholar
Lun, Zhao-rong, Gasser, Robin B., Lai, De-Hua, An-Xing, Li, Shu, Xing-Quan, Xing-Bing, Yu, and Yang, Yue-Fi. “Clonorchiasis: A Key Foodborne Zoonosis in China,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 5, no. 1 (2005), 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luquero, Francisco J., Rondy, Marc, Boncy, Jacques, Munger, André, Mekaoui, Helmi, Rymshaw, Ellen, Page, Anne-Laure et al. “Mortality Rates during Cholera Epidemic, Haiti, 2010–2011,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 22, no. 3 (2016), 410–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macfarlane, Alan. Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan, and the Malthusian Trap. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Jessica, McTaggert, Jennifer, Guerrant, Richard L., and Goldfarb, David M.. “Early Childhood Diarrhoeal Diseases and Cognition: Are We Missing the Rest of the Iceberg?,” Paediatrics and International Child Health, vol. 34, no. 4 (2014), 295–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahalanabis, D., Choudhari, A. B., Bagchi, N. G., Bhattacharya, A. K., and Simpson, T. W.. “Oral Fluid Therapy of Cholera among Bangladesh Refugees,” Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, vol. 132 (1973), 197–205.Google Scholar
Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus. New York: Vintage Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Mara, Duncan, and Cairncross, Sandy. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Measures for Public Health Protection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989.Google Scholar
Marchoux, Émile. “Désinfection des matières fécales. Analyse du mémoire du docteur Vincent, médecin militaire,” Archives de médecine navale, vol. 63 (1895), 365–69.Google Scholar
Martin, A. W. “The Influence of Privy-Middens and Water-Closets in Diarrhœa and Typhoid,” Public Health, vol. 17 (1905), 709–14.Google Scholar
Martin, A. W. “Flies in Relation to Typhoid Fever and Summer Diarrhœa,” Public Health, vol. 15 (1903), 652–53.Google Scholar
Mather, E., and Hart, J. F.. “The Geography of Manure,” Land Economics, vol. 32, no. 1 (1956), 25–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, Charles D. “The ‘Infant Formula Controversy’: A Notorious Threat to Reason in Matters of Health,” Pediatrics, vol. 68, no. 3 (1981), 428–30.Google Scholar
McDermott, Joseph P., and Yoshinobu, Shiba. “Economic Change in China, 960–1279,” in Chaffee, John W. and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5, part II, Sung China, 960–1279. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 321–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, Michael J. “Eight Revolutions in the History of U.S. Drinking Water Disinfection,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, vol. 98, no. 3 (2006), 123–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuire, Michael J. The Chlorine Revolution: Water Disinfection and the Fight to Save Lives. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2013.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Roderick J. Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Allan J. Sewage Pollution of Interstate and International Waters with Special Reference to the Spread of Typhoid Fever, Treasury Department, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United States, Hygienic Laboratory – Bulletin No. 77. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1911.Google Scholar
McMahon, Augusta. “Waste Management in Early Urban Southern Mesopotamia,” in Mitchell, Piers D. (ed.), Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015, 19–39.Google Scholar
McMichael, Celia, Barnett, Jon, and McMichael, Anthony J.. “An Ill Wind? Climate Change, Migration, and Health,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 120, no. 5 (2012), 646–54.Google Scholar
McNeill, John R., and McNeill, William H.. The Human Web: A Bird’s Eye View of World History. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.Google Scholar
Meckel, Richard A. Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850–1929. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Melosi, Martin V. “Environmental Crisis in the City: The Relationship between Industrialization and Urban Pollution,” in Melosi, M. V. (ed.), Pollution and Reform in American Cities, 1870–1930. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Melosi, Martin V. The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Melosi, Martin V. Precious Commodity: Providing Water for America’s Cities. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mhaskar, K. S. “Hookworm Infection and Sanitation,” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 8 (1920), 398–406.Google Scholar
Mhaskar, K. S. “Mass Treatment of Hookworm Infection,” Indian Medical Gazette, vol. 57 (1922), 208–10.Google Scholar
Mhaskar, K. S. “Report of the Ankylostomiasis Inquiry in Madras,” Indian Medical Research Memoirs, no. 1 (1924), 1–95.Google Scholar
Miller, Shawn William. An Environmental History of Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Piers D. “The Origins of Human Parasites: Exploring the Evidence for Endoparasitism throughout Human Evolution,” International Journal of Paleopathology, vol. 3 (2013), 191–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Piers D. “Human Parasites in Medieval Europe: Lifestyle, Sanitation, and Medical Treatment,” Advances in Parasitology, vol. 90 (2015), 1–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, David H., and Malecela, Mwele N.. “Neglected Tropical Diseases and the Millennium Development Goals – Why the ‘Other Diseases’ Matter: Reality versus Rhetoric,” Parasites and Vectors, vol. 4, no. 234 (2011), 1–13. www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/4/1/234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, A. “‘Fight for Fertilizer!’ Excrement, Public Health, and Mobilization in New China,” Journal of Unconventional History, vol. 6, no. 3 (1995), 51–76.Google Scholar
Morse, Edward S. “Latrines of the East,” American Architect and Building News, vol. 39, no. 899 (1893), 170–74.Google Scholar
Moule, Henry. Earth Sewage versus Water Sewage or National Health and Wealth Instead of Disease and Waste. Ottowa: G. E. Desbarats, 1868.Google Scholar
Cao, Mu. “The Public Lavatory of Tianjin: A Change in Urban Faeces Disposal in the Process of Modernization,” Global Environment, vol. 9 (2016), 196–218.Google Scholar
Mutreja, Ankur, Kim, Dong Wook, Thomson, Nicholas R., Connor, Thomas R., Lee, Je Hee, Samuel Kariuki, Nicholas J. Croucher et al. “Evidence for Several Waves of Global Transmission in the Seventh Cholera Pandemic.” Nature, vol. 477, no. 7365 (2011), 462–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needham, Joseph, and Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 5, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Part I, Paper and Printing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Nesfield, V. B. “A Chemical Method of Sterilizing Water without Affecting Its Potability,” Public Health, vol. 15, no. 7 (1903), 601–3.Google Scholar
Ngure, Francis M., Humphrey, Jean H., Mduduzi, N. N. Mbuya, Florence Majo, Mutasa, Kuda, Govha, Margaret, Mazarura, Exevia, Bernard Chasekwa, Andrew J. Prendergast, Valerie Curtis, Boor, Kathryn J., and Stoltzfus, Rebecca. “Formative Research on Hygiene Behaviors and Geophagy among Infants and Young Children and Implications of Exposure to Fecal Bacteria,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 89, no. 4 (2013), 709–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngure, Francis M., Reid, Brianna M., Humphrey, Jean H., Mbuya, Mduduzi N., Pelto, Gretel, and Stoltfus, Rebecca J.. “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), Environmental Enteropathy, Nutrition, and Early Child Development: Making the Links,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1308 (2014), 118–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, David D., Kratzer, James H., Ofosu-Amaah, Samuel, and Belcher, Donald W.. “Is Poliomyelitis a Serious Problem in Developing Countries? The Danfa Experience,” British Medical Journal, vol. 1, no. 6067 (1977), 1009–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nightingale, Florence. Observations on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. London: Edward Stanford, 1863.Google Scholar
Nilsson, David. “A Heritage of Unsustainability? Reviewing the Origin of the Large-Scale Water and Sanitation System in Kampala, Uganda,” Environment and Urbanization, vol. 18, no. 2 (2006), 369–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, David, and Kaijser, Arne. “Discrimination by Default: The Post-colonial Heritage of Urban Water Provision in East Africa,” in Castro, José Esteban and Heller, Léo (eds.), Water and Sanitation Services: Public Policy and Management. New York: Earthscan, 2012, 275–91.Google Scholar
Njoh, Ambe J. “Colonization and Sanitation in Urban Africa: A Logistics Analysis of the Availability of Central Sewage Systems as a Function of Colonialism,” Habitat International, vol. 38 (2013), 207–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norfleet, Ernest. “Conservation of Filth in Chinese Cities and the Fruits Thereof,” The Sanitarian, no. 270 (1892), 430–41.Google Scholar
North, Douglass. “Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1730–1913,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 18, no. 4 (1958), 537–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northrup, R. “The Global Implementation of ORT,” Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research, vol. 5, no. 4 (1987), 265–69.Google Scholar
Nyangeri, Ezekial, and Ombongi, Kenneth S.. “History of Water Supply and Sanitation in Kenya, 1895–2002,” in Juuti, Petri S., Katko, Tapio S., and Vuorinen, Heikki S. (eds.), Environmental History of Water. London: IWA, 2007, 271–320.Google Scholar
Okada, H., Kuhn, C., Feillet, H., and Bach, J.‐F.. “The ‘Hygiene Hypothesis’ for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases: An Update,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 160, no. 1 (2010), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otaki, Yurina, Otaki, Masahiro, and Sakura, Osamu. “Water Systems and Urban Sanitation: A Historical Comparison of Tokyo and Singapore,” Journal of Water and Health, vol. 5, no. 2 (2007), 259–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otto, G. F., and Cort, W. W.. “The Distribution and Epidemiology of Human Ascariasis in the United States,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 3 (1934), 657–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paim, Jairnilson, Travassos, Claudia, Almeida, Celia, Bahia, Ligia, and Macinko, James. “The Brazilian Health System: History, Advances, and Challenges,” Lancet, vol. 377, no. 9779 (2011), 1–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60054-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, Steven. Launching Global Health: The Caribbean Odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parashar, Umesh D., Hummelman, Erik, Bresee, Joseph S., Miller, Mark A., and Glass, Roger I.. “Global Illness and Deaths Caused by Rotavirus Disease in Children,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 9, no. 5 (2003), 565–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Melissa, and Allen, Tim. “Does Mass Drug Administration for the Integrated Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases Really Work? Assessing Evidence for the Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Uganda,” Health Research Policy and Systems, vol. 9, no. 1 (2011), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, Melissa, and Allen, Tim. “De-Politicizing Parasites: Reflections on Attempts to Control the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases,” Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness, vol. 33, no. 3 (2014), 223–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pathak, Bindeswar. Road to Freedom: A Sociological Study on the Abolition of Scavenging in India. New Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass, 2000.Google Scholar
Paul, John R. “Poliomyelitis Attack Rates in American Troops, 1940–1948,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 50, no. 1 (1949), 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, John R. “Endemic and Epidemic Trends of Poliomyelitis in Central and South America,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 19 (1958), 747–58.Google Scholar
Peduzzi, R., and Piffaretti, J. C.. “Ancylostoma duodenale and the Saint Gothard Anaemia,” British Medical Journal, vol. 287 (1983), 1942–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Weidong, and Criscione, Charles D.. “Ascariasis in People and Pigs: New Inferences from DNA Analysis of Worm Populations,” Infection, Genetics, and Evolution, vol. 12 (2012), 227–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perabo, Franz E. “Poliomyelitis in the Ivory Coast,” Lancet, October 31, 1970, 927–28.CrossRef
Perroncito, Edoardo. “Helminthological Observations upon the Endemic Disease Developed among the Labourers in the Tunnel of Mount St Gothard,” Queckett Journal of Microscopical Club, vol. 6 (1880), 141–50.Google Scholar
Peters, O. H. Observations upon the Natural History of Epidemic Diarrhoea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911.Google Scholar
Pop, Mihai, Walker, Alan W., Paulson, Joseph, Lindsay, Brianna, Martin Antonio, M. Hossain, Anowar, Oundo, Joseph et al. “Diarrhea in Young Children from Low-Income Countries Leads to Large-Scale Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota Composition,” Genome Biology, vol. 15, no. 6 (2014), R76. http://genomebiology.com/2014/15/6/R76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, James E. “Assessing the Nestlé Boycott: Corporate Accountability and Human Rights,” California Management Review, vol. 27, no. 2 (1985), 113–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prignano, Ángel Ó. El Inodoro y Sus Conexiones: La Indiscreta Historia del Lugar de Necesidad Que, Por Común, Excusado Es Nombrarlo. Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblos, 2007.Google Scholar
Qadri, F., Svennerholm, A.-M., Faruque, A.-S. G., and Sack, R. B.. “Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 18, no. 3 (2005), 465–83. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.3.465-483.200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Race, Joseph. “Forty Years of Water Chlorination, 1910–1949,” Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers, vol. 4 (1950), 479–505.Google Scholar
Rafter, George W., and Baker, M. N.. Sewage Disposal in the United States. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1894.Google Scholar
Ravel, Jacques, Blazer, Martin J., Braun, Jonathan, Eric Brown, Frederic D. Bushman, Eugene B. Chang, Julian Davies et al. “Human Microbiome Science: Vision for the Future, Bethesda, MD, July 24 to 26, 2013,” Microbiome, vol. 2 (2014), 16. www.microbiomejournal.com/content/2/1/16.
Ramprasad, Vanaja. “Manure, Soil and the Vedic Literature: Agricultural Knowledge and Practice on the Indian Subcontinent over the Last Two Millennia,” in Jones, Richard (ed.), Manure Matters. Surrey: Ashgate, 2012, 173–84.Google Scholar
Rees, Jonathan. Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Refrigeration in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Reeve, Henry. “Water Supply of West African Towns,” Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute, vol. 24 (1904), 1057–67.Google Scholar
Reinhard, K. J., Ferreira, L. F., Bouchet, F., Sianto, L., Dutra, J. M. F., Iniguez, A., Leles, D., Le Bailly, M., Fugassa, M., Pucu, E., and Araújo, A.. “Food, Parasites, and Epidemiological Transitions: A Broad Perspective,” International Journal of Paleopathology, vol. 3 (2013), 150–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinhard, K. J., and Pucu de Araújo, E.. “Comparative Parasitological Perspectives on Epidemiologic Transitions: The Americas and Europe,” in Zuckerman, M. K. (ed.), Modern Environments and Human Health: Revisiting the Second Epidemiological Transition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2014, 321–37.Google Scholar
Renne, Elisha P. The Politics of Polio in Northern Nigeria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Research Laboratories of the Army Medical School. Immunization to Typhoid Fever. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941.
Riley, James C. Rising Life Expectancy: A Global History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockefeller Foundation, International Health Board. Report on the Control of Hookworm Disease in German East Africa and Other German Colonies. New York, 1917.
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease. Hookworm Infection in Foreign Countries. Washington, DC: Offices of the Commission, 1911.
Roechling, H. Alfred. “The Present Status of Sewage Irrigation in Europe and America,” Journal of the Sanitary Institute, vol. 17 (1896), 483–504.Google Scholar
Roechling, H. Alfred. “The Berlin Sewage Farms (43,009 Acres),” Journal of the Sanitary Institute, vol. 32 (1912), 178–206.Google Scholar
Rogaski, Ruth. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Rogers, Naomi. “Germs with Legs: Flies, Disease, and the New Public Health,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 63, no. 4 (1989), 599–617.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Charles. The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Ross, Ronald. “New Bye-Laws on House Sanitation in Bangalore,” Indian Medical Gazette, no. 32, no. 4 (1897), 121–23.Google Scholar
Ruxin, Joshua Nalibow. “Magic Bullet: The History of Oral Rehydration Therapy,” Medical History, vol. 38 (1994), 363–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, E. T. “Haiti in the Context of the Current Global Cholera Pandemic,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 17, no. 11 (2011), 2175–76. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1711.110849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, J. Charles. Health Preservation in West Africa. London: John Bale, Sons & Danielssons, 1914.Google Scholar
Sabin, Albert B. “Role of My Cooperation with Soviet Scientists in the Elimination of Polio: Possible Lessons for Relations between the USA and the USSR.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1 (1987), 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santosham, Mathuram, Chandran, Aruna, Fitzwater, Sean, Fischer-Walker, Christa, Baqui, Abdullah H., and Black, Robert. “Progress and Barriers for the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease,” Lancet, vol. 376 (2010), 63–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartin, Jeffrey S. “Infectious Diseases during the Civil War: The Triumph of the ‘Third Army,’” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 4 (1993), 580–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savioli, Lorenzo. “Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Development of a Brand with No Copyright: A Shift from a Disease-Centered to a Tool-Centered Strategic Approach,” in Choffnes, Eileen R. and Relman, David A. (rapporteurs), The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011, 481–89.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Luísa, Saraiva, Tiago, and Pato, João. “In Search of the (Hidden) Portuguese Urban Water Conflicts: The Lisbon Water Story (1856–2006)”, in Barraqué, Bernard O. (ed.), Urban Water Conflicts. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011, 69–91.Google Scholar
Schneider, Daniel. Hybrid Nature: Sewage Treatment and the Contradictions of the Industrial Ecosystem. Boston: MIT Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scobie, Alex. “Slums, Sanitation, and Mortality in the Roman World,” Klio, vol. 86, no. 2 (1986), 399–433.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Scrimshaw, Nevin S. “Historical Concepts of Interactions, Synergisms and Antagonism Between Nutrition and Infection,” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 133 (2003), 316S–21S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sedgwick, William T. “On Recent Epidemics of Typhoid Fever in the Cities of Lowell and Lawrence due to Infected Water Supply: With Observations on Typhoid Fever in Other Cities and Towns of the Merrimack Valley, Especially Newburyport,” in State Board of Health of Massachusetts, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report. Boston: State of Massachusetts, 1893, 667–704.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, William T. Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health: With Special Reference to the Causation and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. New York: Macmillan, 1902.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, William T., and Scott Macnutt, J.. “On the Mills-Reincke Phenomenon and Hazen’s Theorem Concerning the Decrease in Mortality from Diseases Other Than Typhoid Fever Following the Purification of Public Water-Supplies,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 7, no. 4 (1910), 489–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeger, Hendrik. “The History of German Waste Water Treatment,” European Water Management, vol. 2 (1999), 51–56.Google Scholar
Selman, Mindy, Greenhalgh, Suzie, Diaz, Robert, and Sugg, Zachary. “Eutrophication and Hypoxia in Coastal Areas: A Global Assessment of the State of Knowledge,” World Resources Institute Policy Note, no. 1 (2008), 1–6. www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/eutrophication_and_hypoxia_in_coastal_areas.pdf.Google Scholar
Shchelkunov, S. “How Long Ago Did Smallpox Virus Emerge?,” Archives of Virology, vol. 154, no. 12 (2009), 1865–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiel, Robert. “Science and Practice: The Ecology of Manure in Historical Retrospect,” in Jones, Richard (ed.), Manure Matters. Surrey: Ashgate, 2012, 13–23.Google Scholar
Shlomowitz, Ralph. “Epidemiology and the Pacific Labor Trade,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 19, no. 4 (1989), 585–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siler, Joseph F., and Lambie, John S. Jr. “Typhoid and the Paratyphoid Fevers,” in The Medical Department of the U.S. Army in the World War, vol. IX, Communicable and Other Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1928, 15–60.Google Scholar
Simoons, Frederick J. Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Simpson, William J. R. Report by Professor W. J. Simpson on Sanitary Matters in Various West African Colonies and the Outbreak of Plague in the Gold Coast. London: HMSO, 1909.Google Scholar
Simpson, William J. R. The Maintenance of Health in the Tropics. 2nd ed. London: Bale & Danielsson, 1917.Google Scholar
Sisco, Dwight L. “Incidence of Hookworm Disease among Persons Who Were Cured Five Years Ago,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 80, no. 7 (1923), 451–54.Google Scholar
Skelton, Leona J. Sanitation in Urban Britain, 1560–1700 New York: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Skirrow, M. B. “Campylobacter Enteritis: A ‘New’ Disease,” British Medical Journal, vol. 2, no. 6078 (1977), 9–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Cliff, Andrew. War Epidemics: An Historical Geography of Infectious Diseases in Military Conflict and Civil Strife, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Smallman-Raynor, M. R., Cliff, A. D., Trevelyan, B., Nettleton, C., and Sneddon, S.. Poliomyelitis: Emergence to Eradication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Smillie, Wilson G. “The Results of Hookworm Disease Prophylaxis in Brazil,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 2, no. 1 (1922), 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smillie, Wilson G. “Studies on Hookworm Infection in Brazil, 1918–1920. Second Paper,” Monograph of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, no. 17 (1922), 1–73.Google Scholar
Smillie, W. G., and Augustine, D. L.. “Intensity of Hookworm Infection in Alabama: Its Relationship to Residence, Occupation, Age, Sex, and Race,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 85 (1925), 1958–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smillie, W. G., and Augustine, D. L.. “Hookworm Infestation. The Effect of Varying Intensities on the Physical Condition of School Children,” American Journal of Diseases of Children, vol. 31, no. 2 (1926), 151–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smillie, W. G., and Augustine, D. L.. “The Effect of Varying Intensities of Hookworm Infestations upon the Development of School Children,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 19 (1926), 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, F. B. The People’s Health, 1830–1910. London: Croom Helm, 1979.Google Scholar
Smith, Virginia. Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Smith, W. H. Y., Gill, D. G., and McAlpine, James G.. “Intestinal Parasite Survey in Alabama. I. A Comparative Study of Two Anthelminthics,” Southern Medical Journal, vol. 27 (1937), 471–75.Google Scholar
Snyder, J. D., and Merson, M. H.. “The Magnitude of the Global Problem of Acute Diarrhoeal Disease: A Review of Active Surveillance Data,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 60, no. 4 (1982), 605–13.Google Scholar
Solomons, Noel W., Manolo Mazariegos, Kenneth H. Brown, and Klasing, Kirk. “The Underprivileged, Developing Country Child: Environmental Contamination and Growth Failure Revisited,” Nutrition Reviews, vol. 51, no. 11 (1993), 327–32.Google Scholar
Srivastava, B. N. Manual Scavenging in India: A Disgrace to the Country. New Delhi: Concept, 1997.Google Scholar
Stanwell-Smith, R. “The Infection Potential in the Home and the Role of Hygiene: Historical and Current Perspectives,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol. 13 (2003), S9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, Richard H., and Jensen, Richard A.. “New Evidence on the Causes of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 46, no. 1 (1986), 57–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, Theodore S., Samie, Amidou, and Guerrant, Richard L.. “Infectious Diarrhea: New Pathogens and New Challenges in Developed and Developing Areas,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 43 (2006), 408–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephanson, Lani S. “Methods to Evaluate Nutritional and Economic Implications of Ascaris Infection,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 19, no. 10 (1984), 1061–65.Google Scholar
Stephanson, L. S., Holland, C. V., and Cooper, E. S.. “The Public Health Significance of Trichuris trichiura,” Parasitology, vol. 121 (2000), S73–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stermer, Edy, Sukhotnic, Igor, and Shaoul, Ron. “Pruritus Ani: An Approach to an Itching Condition,” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 48, no. 5 (2009), 513–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, Charles Wardell. The Significance of the Recent American Cases of the Hookworm Disease (Uncinariasis or Anchylostomiasis) in Man. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1902.Google Scholar
Stiles, Charles Wardell. Report upon the Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Hookworm Disease (Uncinariasis or Anchylostomiasis) in the United States. No. 10. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1903.Google Scholar
Stiles, Charles Wardell. “Hookworm Disease and Its Relation to the Negro,” Public Health Reports (1896–1970), vol. 24, no. 31 (1909), 1083–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, C. W. Report of the Scientific Secretary. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease, Publication No. 2. New York, 1914.Google Scholar
Stiles, C. W. “Zooparasitic Intestinal Infections: An Analysis of Infections Found among 1,287 School Children (776 White, 511 Negro) in the City of X,” Public Health Reports, vol. 30, no. 25 (1915), 1991–2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, C. W. “Decrease of Hookworm Disease in the United States,” Public Health Reports, vol. 45, no. 1 (1930), 1763–81.Google Scholar
Stiles, Charles Wardell. “Some Practical Considerations in Regard to Control of Hookworm Disease in the United States under Present Conditions,” Journal of Parasitology, vol. 18, no. 3 (1932), 169–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, Charles Wardell. “Early History, in Part Esoteric, of the Hookworm (Uncinariasis) Campaign in Our Southern United States,” Journal of Parasitology, vol. 25, no. 4 (1939), 283–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiles, C. H. Wardell, W. L. Altman, and Rinsky, Robert. “Hookworm Disease (1913) [with Commentary],” Public Health Reports (1974–), vol. 121, Suppl. 1 (2006), 58–69.Google Scholar
Stoll, Norman R. “On the Economic Value of Nightsoil in China,” in Cort, W. W., Grant, J. B., and Stoll, N. R. (eds.), Researches on Hookworm in China: Embodying the Results of the Work of the China Hookworm Commission, June, 1923 to November, 1924, Monographic Series no. 7. Baltimore: The American Journal of Hygiene, 1926, 257–64.Google Scholar
Stoll, N. R. “Investigations on the Control of Hookworm Disease. XV. An Effective Method for Counting Hookworm Eggs in Feces,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 3 (1926), 59–70.Google Scholar
Stoll, N. R. “Investigations on the Control of Hookworm Disease. XVIII. On the Relation between the Number of Eggs Found in Human Feces and the Number of Hookworms in the Host,” American Journal of Hygiene, vol. 3 (1923), 156–79.Google Scholar
Stoll, N. R. “This Wormy World,” Journal of Parasitology, vol. 33, no. 1 (1947), 1–18.Google Scholar
Stoll, Steven. Larding the Lean Earth: Soil and Society in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Hill and Wang, 2003.Google Scholar
Strachan, Henry. Paper on the Health Conditions of West Africa. Liverpool: African Trade Section, 1901.Google Scholar
Strunz, E. C., Addiss, D. G., Stocks, M. E., Ogden, S., Utzinger, J. et al. “Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,”  PLoS Medicine, vol. 11, no. 3 (2014), e1001620. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Huizi, and O’Toole, Paul W.. “Impact of Diet on the Human Intestinal Microbiota,” Current Opinion in Food Science, vol. 2 (2015), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.01.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarr, Joel A. “From City to Farm: Urban Wastes and the American Farmer,” Agricultural History, vol. 49, no. 4 (1975), 598–612.Google Scholar
Tarr, Joel A. “The Separate vs. Combined Sewer Problem: A Case Study in Urban Technology Design Choice,” Journal of Urban History, vol. 5 (1979), 308–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarr, Joel A., III, James McCurley, McMichael, Francis C., and Yosie, Terry. “Water and Wastes: A Retrospective Assessment of Wastewater Technology in the United States, 1900–1932,” Technology and Culture, vol. 25, no. 2 (1984), 226–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarr, Joel A. “The Evolution of the Urban Infrastructure in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” in Hanson, Royce (ed.), Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Tarr, Joel A. “The Horse: Polluter of the City,” in Tarr, Joel A. (ed.), The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 1996, 323–33.Google Scholar
Tate, Jacqueline E., Burton, Anthony H., Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Umesh D. Parashar, World Health Organization–Coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network, Mary Agocs, Fatima Serhan et al., “Global, Regional, and National Estimates of Rotavirus Mortality in Children < 5 Years of Age, 2000–2013,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 62, Suppl. 2 (2016), S96–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. E., and Yu, X. Z.. “Oral Rehydration in China,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 76, no. 2 (1986), 187–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Craig. “A Tale of Two Cities: The Efficacy of Ancient and Medieval Sanitation Methods,” in Mitchell, Piers D. (ed.), Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations. Surrey: Ashgate, 2015, 69–97.Google Scholar
Taylor-Robinson, David C., Maayan, Nicola, Soares-Weiser, Karla, Donegan, Sarah, and Garner, Paul. “Deworming Drugs for Soil-Transmitted Intestinal Worms in Children: Effects on Nutritional Indicators, Haemoglobin and School Performance,” Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, vol. 11, no. 7 (2015), 1–157.Google Scholar
Teh, Tse-Hui. “Bypassing the Flush, Creating New Resources: Analysing Alternative Sanitation Futures in London,” Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 20, no. 3 (2015), 335–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaman, Lauren A., and Eichenfield, Lawrence F.. “Diapering Habits: A Global Perspective,” Pediatric Dermatology, vol. 31, Suppl. 1 (2014), 15–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. C. Andrew, Carlysle S. Palmer, and O’Handley, Ryon. “The Public Health and Clinical Significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Domestic Animals,” The Veterinary Journal, vol. 177, no. 1 (2008), 18–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tidy, Charles Meymott. The Treatment of Sewage. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1887.Google Scholar
Tisdale, E. S., and Atkins, C. H.. “The Sanitary Privy and Its Relation to Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 33 (1943), 1319–22.Google Scholar
Tomes, Nancy. The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Tomory, Leslie. The History of the London Water Industry, 1580–1820. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Trevelyan, Barry, Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Cliff, Andrew D.. “The Spatial Dynamics of Poliomyelitis in the United States: From Epidemic Emergence to Vaccine-Induced Retreat, 1910–1971,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 95, no. 2 (2005), 269–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troeger, Christopher, Mohammad Forouzanfar, Puja C. Rao, Ibrahim Khalil, Alexandria Brown, Robert C. Reiner, Jr., Fullman, Nancy et al. “Estimates of Global, Regional, and National Morbidity, Mortality, and Aetiologies of Diarrhoeal Diseases: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 17, no. 9 (2017), 909–48.Google Scholar
Uttley, K. H. “The Mortality and Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever in the Colored Inhabitants of Antigua, West Indies over the Last Hundred Years,” West Indian Medical Journal, vol. 9 (1960), 114–16.Google Scholar
Utzinger, Jürg. “A Research and Development Agenda for the Control and Elimination of Human Helminthiases,” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 6, no. 4 (2012), e1646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vågene, Å. J., Campana, M. G., García, N. M. R., Warinner, C. G., Spyrou, M. A., Andrades Valtueña, A., Huson, D. et al. “Salmonella enterica Genomes Recovered from Victims of a Major 16th Century Epidemic in Mexico,” bioRxiv (2017), 106740. https://doi.org/10.1101/106740.CrossRef
Valence, Deborah M. Milk: A Local and Global History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Hyde, Van Zile, Henry. “Sanitation in the International Health Field,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 41, no. 1 (1951), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varisco, Daniel. “Zibl and Zira’a: Coming to Terms with Manure in Arab Agriculture,” in Jones, Richard (ed.), Manure Matters. Surrey: Ashgate, 2012, 129–43.Google Scholar
Velten, Hannah. Milk: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Victora, César G., Smith, Peter G., Patrick Vaughan, J., Nobre, Leticia C., Lombard, C., Ana Maria, B. Teixeira, Fuchs, Sandra Costa, Moreira, L. B., Gigante, L. P., and Barros, Fernando C.. “Water Supply, Sanitation and Housing in Relation to the Risk of Infant Mortality from Diarrhoea,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), 651–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vinten-Johansen, Peter, Brody, Howard, Paneth, Nigel, Rachman, Stephen, and Rip, Michael. Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Virchow, Rudolf. Infection-Diseases in the Army, Chiefly Wound Fever, Typhoid, Dysentery and Diptheria. Translated by John James. London: H. K. Lewis, 1879.Google Scholar
Waddington, Claire S., Darton, Thomas C., and Pollard, Andrew J.. “The Challenge of Enteric Fever,” Journal of Infection, vol. 68 (2014), S38–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, E. G., and Lanoix, J.. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Countries. WHO Monograph Series no. 39. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1958.Google Scholar
Waisley, Thomas. “Public Health Programs in Early Twentieth-Century Louisiana,” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association, vol. 41, no. 1 (2000), 41–69.Google Scholar
Waltner-Toews, David. The Origin of Feces. Toronto: ECW Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Wammes, Linda J., Harriet Mpairwe, Alison M. Elliott, and Yazdanbakhsh, Maria. “Helminth Therapy or Elimination: Epidemiological, Immunological, and Clinical Considerations,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 14 (2014), 1150–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waring, George Edwin. Earth Closets and Earth Sewage. New York: The Tribune Association, 1870.Google Scholar
Warner, Dennis B., and Laugeri, Louis. “Health for All: The Legacy of the Water Decade,” Water International, vol. 16, no. 3 (1991), 135–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Malcolm. Rural Sanitation in the Tropics: Being Notes and Observations in the Malay Archipelago, Panama and Other Lands. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1915.Google Scholar
Watt, James, and Lindsay, Dale R.. “Diarrheal Disease Control Studies. I. Effect of Fly Control in a High Morbidity Area,” Public Health Reports, vol. 63, no. 41 (1948), 1319–49.Google Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. Humanity’s Burden: A Global History of Malaria. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. The Long Struggle against Malaria in Tropical Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. “The Historical Epidemiology of Global Disease Challenges,” Lancet, vol. 385, no. 9965 (2015), 322–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. “Early Malarial Infections and the First Epidemiological Transition,” in Petraglia, Michael, Boivin, Nicole, and Cressard, Rémy (eds.), From Colonization to Globalization: Species Movements in Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 477–93.Google Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. “Battling Intestinal Worm Disease: From the Hookworm Campaigns of the Rockefeller Foundation to Contemporary Mass Drug Administration,” Gesnerus: Swiss Journal of the History of Medicine and Sciences, vol. 74, no. 2 (2017), 229–39.Google Scholar
Weiss, M. G. “Cultural Models of Diarrheal Illness: Conceptual Framework and Review,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 27, no. 1 (1988), 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiley, Harriet, van den Akker, Ben, Giglio, Steven, and Bentham, Richard. “The Role of Environmental Reservoirs in Human Campylobacteriosis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 10 (2013), 5887–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Charles. The History of Unilever. 2 vols. London: Cassell, 1954.Google Scholar
Winblad, Uno, and Kilama, Wen. Sanitation without Water. London: Macmillan, 1985.Google Scholar
Wines, Richard. Fertilizer in America: From Waste Recycling to Resource Exploitation. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Wolf, Jacqueline H. Don’t Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Wolman, Abel, and Gorman, A. E.. The Significance of Waterborne Typhoid Fever Outbreaks 1920–1931. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1931.Google Scholar
Wolman, Abel. “Environmental Sanitation in Urban and Rural Areas: Its Importance in the Control of Enteric Infections,” Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, vol. 9, no. 2 (1975), 157–59.Google Scholar
Woods, Robert. “Urban-Rural Mortality Differentials: An Unresolved Debate,” Population and Development Review, vol. 29, no. 1 (2003), 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses Summary. Geneva: WHO, 2003.
Worster, Donald. “The Good Muck: Toward an Excremental History of China,” RCC Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society, no. 5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5282/rcc/8135.Google Scholar
Wright, Almroth E. A Short Treatise on Anti-Typhoid Inoculation. Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1904.Google Scholar
Wright, Lawrence. Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water Closet. New York: Viking Press, 1960.Google Scholar
Woods, R. I., Watterson, P. A., and Woodward, J. H.. “The Causes of Rapid Infant Mortality Decline in England and Wales, 1861–1921 Part I,” Population Studies, vol. 42, no. 3 (1988), 343–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, R. I., Watterson, P. A., and Woodward, J. H.. “The Causes of Rapid Infant Mortality Decline in England and Wales, 1861–1921 Part II,” Population Studies, vol. 43, no. 1 (1989), 113–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wuana, Raymond A., and Okieimen, Felix E.. “Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation,” ISRN Ecology, vol. 2011 (2011), Article 402647. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647.CrossRef
Xiang, Hai, Gao, Jianqiang, Baoquan, Yu, Zhou, Hui, Cai, Dawei, Zhang, Youwen, Chen, Xiaoyong, Xi Wang, Hofreiter, Michael, and Zhao, Xingbo. “Early Holocene Chicken Domestication in Northern China,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 49 (2014), 17564–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xinzhong, Yu. “The Treatment of Night Soil and Waste in Modern China,” in Leung, Angela Ki Che and Furth, Charlotte (eds.), Health and Hygiene in Chinese East Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010, 51–72.Google Scholar
Xu, L. Q., Yu, S. H., Jiang, Z. X., Lai, L. Q., Zhang, X. J., and Zheng, C. Q.. “Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Nationwide Survey in China,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 73, no. 4 (1995), 507–13.Google Scholar
Xue, Yong. “Treasure Nightsoil as If It Were Gold: Economic and Ecological Links between Urban and Rural Areas in Late Imperial Jiangnan,” Late Imperial China, vol. 26, no. 1 (2005), 41–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yatsunenko, Tanya, Ray, Frederico E., Manary, Mark J., Trehan, Indi, Dominguez-Bello, Maria Gloria, Contreras, Monica, Magris, Magda et al. “Human Gut Microbiome Viewed across Age and Geography,” Nature, vol. 486, no. 7402 (2012), 222–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yellen, John E., Brooks, Alison S., Els Cornelissen, Michael J. Mehlman, and Stewart, Kathlyn, “A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire,” Science, Vol. 268, No. 5210 (1995), 553–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokogawa, M. “JOICFP’S Experience in the Control of Ascariasis within an Integrated Programme,” in Crompton, D. W. T., Nesheim, M. C., and Pawlowski, Z. S. (eds.), Ascariasis and Its Public Health Significance. London: Taylor & Francis, 1985, 265–77.Google Scholar
Young, Sera L., Sherman, Paul W., Lucks, Julius B., and Pelto, Gretel H.. “Why on Earth? Evaluating Hypotheses about the Physiological Functions of Human Geophagy,” Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 86, no. 2 (2011), 97–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeder, Melinda A. “Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion, and Impact,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, no. 33 (2008), 11597–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeheter, Michael. Epidemics, Empire, and Environments: Cholera in Madras and Quebec City, 1818–1910. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Ziegelbauer, Kathrin, Speich, Benjamin, Mäusezahl, Daniel, Bos, Robert, Keiser, Jennifer, and Utzinger, Jürg. “Effect of Sanitation on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” PLoS Medicine, vol. 9, no. 1 (2012), e1001162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Zhemin, McCann, Angela, Weill, François-Xavier, Blin, Camille, Nair, Satheesh, Wain, John, Douglass, Gordon, and Achtman, Mark. “Transient Darwinian Selection in Salmonella Enterica Serovar Parathyphi A during 450 Years of Global Spread of Enteric Fever,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  vol. 111, no. 33 (2014), 12199–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zwane, Alix Peterson, and Michael, Kremer. “What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review,” The World Bank Research Observer, vol. 22, no. 1 (2007), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar