Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-lrf7s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T21:28:55.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - Food Groups and Nutrition

from Part VII - Agriculture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

Chadwick Dearing Oliver
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Get access

Summary

All food comes initially from photosynthesizing plants, that make sugar which is converted to proteins, fats and starches/cellulose in plants. Starches can be readily converted back to sugars by the same plants, but cellulose can only be decomposed by microbes in the guts of ruminants and other grazers. Starches and cellulose can also be converted to alcohol by microbes. Other herbivorous animals do not digest the cellulose. Plants are divided into food groups, with different carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Meat is efficient to eat because it generally contains all amino acids people need in appropriate proportions; individual plant foods contain only some needed amino acids, so mixtures of plants are needed. Animal foods and aquatic foods can also be divided into groups, similar to plant food groups. People can consume about 2,500 Calories per day in modern life styles, but over 9,000 Calories when very active. Daily protein requirements vary with experts, but generally 65 grams per day is appropriate. Different foods were seasonal until preservation and greenhouses developed. Non-food commodities comprise less than one percent of total agriculture production.
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Oliver, C. D., Larson, B. C.. Forest Stand Dynamics, updated edition. (Wiley, 1996).Google Scholar
Pearcy, R., Ehleringer, J.. Comparative Ecophysiology of C3 and C4 Plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 1984;7(1):113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, X.-G., Long, S. P., Ort, D. R.. What Is the Maximum Efficiency with Which Photosynthesis Can Convert Solar Energy into Biomass? Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2008;19(2):153–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UN FAO. Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia 1972. (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 1972 [Accessed July 13, 2016]). Available from: www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6878E/X6878E02.htm#ch4.1.Google Scholar
UN FAO. A Handbook on Food Balance Sheet. (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2001).Google Scholar
UN FAO. Production, Crops. (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2014 [Accessed November 17, 2015]). Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor.Google Scholar
Merrill, A. L., Watt, B. K.. Energy Value of Foods: Basis and Derivation. (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1955).Google Scholar
MacKenzie, B.. Food Composition 1999. (Accessed July 14, 2016). Available from: www.brianmac.co.uk/food.htm.Google Scholar
Sauter, J. J., van Cleve, B.. Biochemical and Ultrastructural Results During Starch-Sugar-Conversion in Ray Parenchyma Cells of Populus During Cold Adaptation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 1991;139(1):1926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siminovitch, D., Gfeller, F., Rheaume, B.. The Multiple Character of the Biochemical Mechanism of Freezing Resistance of Plant Cells. Cellular Injury and Resistance in Freezing Organisms. 1967;2:93117.Google Scholar
Wang, T., Wu, J., Kou, X., et al. Ecologically Asynchronous Agricultural Practice Erodes Sustainability of the Loess Plateau of China. Ecological Applications. 2010;20(4):1126–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, P., Leathers, H. D.. The World Food Problem. (Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN World Health Organization. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition. (United Nations World Health Organization, 2007).Google Scholar
UN FAO. FAOSTAT: Download Data. (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 2009 [Accessed September 16, 2012]). Available from: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×