The work of Jocelyn Wogan-Browne has helped to create a fundamentally new understanding of the importance that attached to knowing, speaking, reading and/or writing French in later medieval England. No longer satisfied with an older paradigm about the ‘decline’ of French and the ‘triumph’ of English in the later Middle Ages, she and other scholars have sought to create an altogether subtler model of linguistic interaction, in which knowledge of French continued to carry cultural cachet and practical utility for significant numbers of men and women in the higher and middling ranks of English society. There was nothing innately political about the choices of language usage: while, as we shall remark below, the nationalizing tendency was certainly apparent in the later Middle Ages, it is clear that local particularism often prevailed, and that suspicion existed as much between different traditions and dialects of the same languages as between generalized expressions of Englishness and Frenchness. Rather, the acquisition of second (and third, and fourth) languages was a matter of practicality and necessity. If we are to do justice to the new appreciation of the multilingualism of medieval ‘English’ culture, when many people who had mastered several languages in varying degrees moved between those languages as a matter of course, then our curiosity to know the linguistic usages of those born in England must be extended to an examination of the language practices of people from the Continent who resided in, or visited, England. Did they learn English? If so, to what ends – commercial, social, cultural, political? And with what consequences for their sense of identity, as legally and/or culturally constructed? The present study considers those questions in the specific context of French immigrants to England in the era of the Hundred Years’ War, with the aim of giving due attention to this rather neglected area and contributing further to our understanding of the social realities of medieval multilingualism.

It is easy enough to understand why the vast majority of the inhabitants of France may not have regarded the English language as a significant force in the era of the Hundred Years’ War. English was the native tongue of a tiny minority in Europe, and if there was a ‘global’ vernacular at the time, it was surely – as Christine de Pizan pointed out – French.