Book contents
- Front Matter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Nomenclature
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Fluid Mechanics Essentials
- Chapter 3 Specification, Selection, and Audit
- Chapter 4 Calibration
- Chapter 5 Orifice Plate Meters
- Chapter 6 Venturi Meter and Standard Nozzles
- Chapter 7 Critical Flow Venturi Nozzle
- Chapter 8 Other Momentum-Sensing Meters
- Chapter 9 Positive Displacement Flowmeters
- Chapter 10 Turbine and Related Flowmeters
- Chapter 11 Vortex-Shedding, Swirl, and Fluidic Flowmeters
- Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Flowmeters
- Chapter 13 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
- Chapter 14 Mass Flow Measurement Using Multiple Sensors for Single- and Multiphase Flows
- Chapter 15 Thermal Flowmeters
- Chapter 16 Angular Momentum Devices
- Chapter 17 Coriolis Flowmeters
- Chapter 18 Probes for Local Velocity Measurement in Liquids and Gases
- Chapter 19 Modern Control Systems
- Chapter 20 Some Reflections on Flowmeter Manufacture, Production, and Markets
- Chapter 21 Future Developments
- Bibliography
- A Selection of International Standards
- Conferences
- References
- Index
Chapter 2 - Fluid Mechanics Essentials
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 September 2009
- Front Matter
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Nomenclature
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Fluid Mechanics Essentials
- Chapter 3 Specification, Selection, and Audit
- Chapter 4 Calibration
- Chapter 5 Orifice Plate Meters
- Chapter 6 Venturi Meter and Standard Nozzles
- Chapter 7 Critical Flow Venturi Nozzle
- Chapter 8 Other Momentum-Sensing Meters
- Chapter 9 Positive Displacement Flowmeters
- Chapter 10 Turbine and Related Flowmeters
- Chapter 11 Vortex-Shedding, Swirl, and Fluidic Flowmeters
- Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Flowmeters
- Chapter 13 Ultrasonic Flowmeters
- Chapter 14 Mass Flow Measurement Using Multiple Sensors for Single- and Multiphase Flows
- Chapter 15 Thermal Flowmeters
- Chapter 16 Angular Momentum Devices
- Chapter 17 Coriolis Flowmeters
- Chapter 18 Probes for Local Velocity Measurement in Liquids and Gases
- Chapter 19 Modern Control Systems
- Chapter 20 Some Reflections on Flowmeter Manufacture, Production, and Markets
- Chapter 21 Future Developments
- Bibliography
- A Selection of International Standards
- Conferences
- References
- Index
Summary
INTRODUCTION
In a recent book (Baker 1996), I provided an introduction to fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, particularly aimed at instrumentation. I do not, therefore, propose to repeat what is written there but rather to confine myself to essentials. In addition, Noltingk (1988) has provided a very valuable handbook on general instrumentation. In this book, I shall use the term fluid to mean liquid or gas and will refer to either liquid or gas only when the more general term does not apply.
ESSENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES
Flowmeters generally operate in a range of fluid temperature from −200°C (–330°F) to 500°C (930°F), with line pressures up to flange rating for certain designs. Typical values of density and viscosity are given in Table 2.1.
It should also be noted that liquid viscosity decreases with temperature, whereas gas viscosity increases with temperature at moderate pressures. In common fluids, such as air and water, the value of viscosity is not dependent on the shear taking place in the flow. These fluids are referred to as Newtonian in their behavior as compared with others where the viscosity is a function of the shear taking place. The behavior of such fluids, known as non-Newtonian, is very different from normal fluids like water and air. Newtonian fluid behavior is a good representation for the behavior of the bulk of fluids.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Flow Measurement HandbookIndustrial Designs, Operating Principles, Performance, and Applications, pp. 24 - 41Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2000