Introduction: phonology remains puzzling

In the previous two chapters we have discussed models of the origin of several key components of language. We saw how a lexical protolanguage could provide a scaffolding for complex syntax, derived from pre-existing conceptual primitives, and we saw how gesturally supported protolanguage could provide one route to open-ended reference via iconic, intentional pantomime. However, both of these models have major difficulties explaining human phonological competence. While Bickerton's model takes a capacity to intentionally generate complex vocalizations for granted, based on the notion that chimpanzees have some cortical control over vocalizations, we have seen that complex vocal control is not present in chimpanzees or other apes, nor therefore was it present in the LCA, and it does not evolve automatically as organisms get “smarter.” Gestural theorists have grappled more earnestly with this problem, but most, including both Hewes and Arbib, have had to postulate some separate selective story in order to achieve the full vocal generativity of modern humans. This suggests that the evolution of vocal control and phonology remains a major open issue, and in this chapter we will discuss the ideas of theorists who have grappled directly with this problem.