Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-hgkh8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T05:25:11.250Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - Maternal Medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2021

Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Obstetrics & Maternal-Fetal Medicine
, pp. 201 - 358
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Mol, BW, Roberts, CT, Thangaratinam, S, et al. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2015; 387: 9991011.Google Scholar
Poon, LC, Shennan, A, Hyett, JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019; 145 Suppl 1: 133.Google Scholar
Duley, L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol. 2009; 33: 130–7.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Magee, LA, Kenny, LC, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice. Hypertension. 2018; 72: 2443.Google Scholar
Lawn, JE, Blencowe, H, Pattinson, R, et al. Stillbirths: where? when? why? how to make the data count? Lancet. 2011; 377: 1448–63.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM. Preeclampsia as a cause of preterm and late preterm (near-term) births. Semin Perinatol. 2006; 30: 16–9.Google Scholar
Ghulmiyyah, L, Sibai, B. Maternal mortality from preeclampsia/eclampsia. Semin Perinatol. 2012; 36: 56–9.Google Scholar
Nyflot, LT, Ellingsen, L, Yli, BM, Oian, P, Vangen, S. Maternal deaths from hypertensive disorders: lessons learnt. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018; 97: 976–87.Google Scholar
van den Akker, T, Bloemenkamp, KWM, van Roosmalen, J, Knight, M. Classification of maternal deaths: where does the chain of events start? Lancet. 2017; 390: 922–3.Google Scholar
Lowe, SA, Bowyer, L, Lust, K, et al. SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015; 55: e129.Google Scholar
Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 122: 1122–31.Google Scholar
Staff, AC, Andersgaard, AB, Henriksen, T, et al. Chapter 28 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016; 201: 171–8.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Parnell, B, Nelson-Piercy, C, et al. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014; 348: g2301.Google Scholar
Klungsoyr, K, Morken, NH, Irgens, L, Vollset, SE, Skjaerven, R. Secular trends in the epidemiology of pre-eclampsia throughout 40 years in Norway: prevalence, risk factors and perinatal survival. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012; 26: 190–8.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 102: 181–92.Google Scholar
Saftlas, AF, Olson, DR, Franks, AL, Atrash, HK, Pokras, R. Epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in the United States, 1979–1986. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163: 460–5.Google Scholar
Andersgaard, AB, Herbst, A, Johansen, M, et al. Eclampsia in Scandinavia: incidence, substandard care, and potentially preventable cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006; 85: 929–36.Google Scholar
Roberts, CL, Ford, JB, Algert, CS, et al. Population-based trends in pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia: an international comparative study. BMJ Open. 2011; 1: e000101.Google Scholar
Redman, CW. Current topic: pre-eclampsia and the placenta. Placenta. 1991; 12: 301–8.Google Scholar
Redman, CW, Sargent, IL, Staff, AC. IFPA Senior Award Lecture: Making sense of pre-eclampsia – Two placental causes of preeclampsia? Placenta. 2014; 35 Suppl: S20-S5.Google Scholar
Redman, CW, Staff, AC. Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 213: S9-4.Google Scholar
Staff, AC. The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: an update. J Reprod Immunol. 2019; 134 –135:110.Google Scholar
Staff, AC, Redman, C. The differences between early- and late-onset preeclampsia. In Saito, S, ed. Preeclampsia. Singapore: Springer; 2018. pp. 157–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Moffett, A, Hiby, SE. How does the maternal immune system contribute to the development of pre-eclampsia? Placenta. 2007; 28 Suppl A: S51–S6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard, SE, Min, JY, Merchan, J, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 649–58.Google Scholar
Ness, RB, Roberts, JM. Heterogeneous causes constituting the single syndrome of preeclampsia: a hypothesis and its implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 175: 1365–70.Google Scholar
Hammer, ES, Cipolla, MJ. Cerebrovascular dysfunction in preeclamptic pregnancies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015; 17: 64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thilaganathan, B. Pre-eclampsia is primarily a placental disorder: AGAINST: Pre-eclampsia: the heart matters. BJOG. 2017; 124: 1763.Google Scholar
Nelson-Percy, C. Handbook of Obstetric Medicine. London: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group; 2015.Google Scholar
Visintin, C, Mugglestone, MA, Almerie, MQ, et al. Management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2010; 341: c2207.Google Scholar
Duhig, KE, Myers, J, Seed, PT, et al. Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019; 393: 1807–18.Google Scholar
Chappell, LC, Duckworth, S, Seed, PT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor in women with suspected preeclampsia: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2013; 128: 2121–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeisler, H, Llurba, E, Chantraine, F, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1: PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2016; 374: 1322.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Seed, PT, Lightstone, L et al. Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for pre-eclampsia in patients with established hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2016; 89: 874–85.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. NICE Guideline 133. 2019Google Scholar
Abalos, E, Duley, L, Steyn, DW, Gialdini, C. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 10: Cd002252.Google Scholar
Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P, Rey, E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 407–17.Google Scholar
Easterling, T, Mundle, S, Bracken, H, et al. Oral antihypertensive regimens (nifedipine retard, labetalol, and methyldopa) for management of severe hypertension in pregnancy: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019; 394: 1011–21.Google Scholar
Broekhuijsen, K, van Baaren, GJ, van Pampus, MG, et al. Immediate delivery versus expectant monitoring for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation (HYPITAT-II): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015; 385: 2492–501.Google Scholar
Bernardes, TP, Zwertbroek, EF, Broekhuijsen, K, et al. Delivery or expectant management for prevention of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019; 53: 443–53.Google Scholar
Chappell, LC, Green, M, Marlow, N, et al. Planned delivery or expectant management for late preterm pre-eclampsia: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (PHOENIX trial). Trials. 2019; 20: 85.Google Scholar
Koopmans, CM, Bijlenga, D, Groen, H, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild pre-eclampsia after 36 weeks’ gestation (HYPITAT): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374: 979–88.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Gulmezoglu, AM, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Chou, D. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 2010(11): CD000025.Google Scholar
Rolnik, DL, Wright, D, Poon, LC, et al. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377: 613–22.Google Scholar
Staff, AC, Redman, CW, Williams, D, et al. Pregnancy and long-term maternal cardiovascular health: progress through harmonization of research cohorts and biobanks. Hypertension. 2016; 67: 251–60.Google Scholar
NICE. Hypertension in Pregnancy Overview. NICE Pathways. 2017.Google Scholar
Egeland, GM, Klungsoyr, K, Oyen, N, et al. Preconception cardiovascular risk factor differences between gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: Cohort Norway Study. Hypertension. 2016; 67: 1173–80.Google Scholar
Laine, K, Murzakanova, G, Sole, KB, et al. Prevalence and risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension in twin pregnancies: a population-based register study. BMJ Open. 2019; 9: e029908.Google Scholar

References

World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. 2000. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/AccessedGoogle Scholar
Hales, CM, Carroll, MD, Fryar, CD, Ogden, CL. Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017(288):18.Google Scholar
Organization WH. Fact Sheet: Obesity and Overweight. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. April 2020.Google Scholar
Dennedy, MC, Avalos, G, O’Reilly, MW, et al. ATLANTIC-DIP: raised maternal body mass index (BMI) adversely affects maternal and fetal outcomes in glucose-tolerant women according to International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):E608–12.Google Scholar
Owens, LA, O’Sullivan, EP, Kirwan, B, et al. ATLANTIC DIP: the impact of obesity on pregnancy outcome in glucose-tolerant women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):577–9.Google Scholar
Alberti, KG, Eckel, RH, Grundy, SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.Google Scholar
Egan, AM, Dennedy, MC. Obesity and gestational outcomes. In Watson, RR, ed. Handbook of Fertility: Nutrition, Diet, Lifestyle and Reproductive Health. Elsevier; 2015.Google Scholar
Dağ, Z, Dilbaz, B. Impact of obesity on infertility in women. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2015;16(2):111–17.Google Scholar
Boots, C, Stephenson, MD. Does obesity increase the risk of miscarriage in spontaneous conception: a systematic review. Semin Reprod Med. 2011;29(6):507–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, UM, Branum, AM, Klebanoff, MA. Relationship of maternal body mass index and height to twinning. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(3):593–7.Google Scholar
Gaillard, R, Steegers, EA, Hofman, A, Jaddoe, VW. Associations of maternal obesity with blood pressure and the risks of gestational hypertensive disorders. The Generation R Study. J Hypertens. 2011;29(5):937–44.Google Scholar
Egan, AM, Vellinga, A, Harreiter, J, et al. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe. Diabetologia. 2017;60(10):1913–21.Google Scholar
Pedersen, J. Diabetes and Pregnancy: Bloodsugar of Newborn Infants. Copenhagen: Danish Science Press; 1952.Google Scholar
Metzger, BE, Lowe, LP, Dyer, AR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):19912002.Google Scholar
Catalano, PM, McIntyre, HD, Cruickshank, JK, et al. The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(4):780–6.Google Scholar
Catalano, PM, Hauguel-De Mouzon, S. Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(6):479–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knopp, RH, Warth, MR, Charles, D, et al. Lipoprotein metabolism in pregnancy, fat transport to the fetus, and the effects of diabetes. Biol Neonate. 1986;50(6):297317.Google Scholar
Goldberg, AS, Hegele, RA. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2589–96.Google Scholar
Ghaji, N, Boulet, SL, Tepper, N, Hooper, WC. Trends in venous thromboembolism among pregnancy-related hospitalizations, United States, 1994–2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(5):433.e431–8.Google Scholar
Wolfe, KB, Rossi, RA, Warshak, CR. The effect of maternal obesity on the rate of failed induction of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(2):128.e121–7.Google Scholar
Brost, BC, Goldenberg, RL, Mercer, BM, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: association of cesarean delivery with increases in maternal weight and body mass index. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(2):333–7; discussion 337–41.Google Scholar
Sebire, NJ, Jolly, M, Harris, JP, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287,213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(8):1175–82.Google Scholar
Stothard, KJ, Tennant, PW, Bell, R, Rankin, J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(6):636–50.Google Scholar
Aune, D, Saugstad, OD, Henriksen, T, Tonstad, S. Maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(15):1536–46.Google Scholar
Edlow, AG. Maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. Prenat Diagn. 2017;37(1):95110.Google Scholar
Laitinen, J, Power, C, Järvelin, MR. Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74(3):287–94.Google Scholar
Furber, CM, McGowan, L, Bower, P, et al. Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1):CD009334.Google Scholar
Maggard, MA, Yermilov, I, Li, Z, et al. Pregnancy and fertility following bariatric surgery: a systematic review. JAMA. 2008;300(19):2286–96.Google Scholar
Shah, M, Simha, V, Garg, A. Review: long-term impact of bariatric surgery on body weight, comorbidities, and nutritional status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4223–31.Google Scholar
ACOG Practice Bulletin No 156: Obesity in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(6):e112–26.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. In Rasmussen, KM, Yaktine, AL, eds. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2009.Google Scholar
Egan, AM, Dennedy, MC, Al-Ramli, W, et al. ATLANTIC-DIP: excessive gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational or pregestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):212–19.Google Scholar
Thangaratinam, S, Rogozinska, E, Jolly, K, et al. Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence. BMJ. 2012;344:e2088.Google Scholar
Egan, AM, Simmons, D. Lessons learned from lifestyle prevention trials in gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2019;36(2):142–50.Google Scholar
Mok, E, Multon, C, Piguel, L, et al. Decreased full breastfeeding, altered practices, perceptions, and infant weight change of prepregnant obese women: a need for extra support. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):e1319–24.Google Scholar
O’Reilly, MW, Avalos, G, Dennedy, MC, O’Sullivan, EP, Dunne, F. Atlantic DIP: high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance post partum is reduced by breast-feeding in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165(6):953–9.Google Scholar
Jain, AP, Gavard, JA, Rice, JJ, et al. The impact of interpregnancy weight change on birthweight in obese women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(3):205.e201–7.Google Scholar
Amorim, AR, Linne, YM, Lourenco, PM. Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(3):CD005627.Google Scholar

References

2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1): S13S27.Google Scholar
Tieu, J, McPhee, AJ, Crowther, CA, Middleton, P, Shepherd, E. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(8):CD007222.Google ScholarPubMed
NICE. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. NICE Guideline NG3. 2015. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng3.Google Scholar
Kuhl, C. Etiology and pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(Suppl 2):B1926.Google ScholarPubMed
Catalano, PM, Kirwan, JP, Haugel-de Mouzon, S, King, J. Gestational diabetes and insulin resistance: role in short- and long-term implications for mother and fetus. J Nutr. 2003;133(5 Suppl 2):1674s–83s.Google Scholar
Hartling, L, Dryden, DM, Guthrie, A, et al. Screening and diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2012(210):1327.Google Scholar
Crusell, MKW, Hansen, TH, Nielsen, T, et al. Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):89.Google Scholar
Rauh-Hain, JA, Rana, S, Tamez, H, et al. Risk for developing gestational diabetes in women with twin pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(4):293–9.Google Scholar
Damm, P, Houshmand-Oeregaard, A, Kelstrup, L, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: a view from Denmark. Diabetologia. 2016;59(7):1396–9.Google Scholar
Metzger, BE, Lowe, LP, Dyer, AR, et al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(19):19912002.Google Scholar
Clausen, TD, Mathiesen, ER, Hansen, T, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):340–6.Google Scholar
Lauenborg, J, Mathiesen, E, Hansen, T, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a Danish population of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus is three-fold higher than in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):4004–10.Google Scholar
Hemmingsen, B, Gimenez-Perez, G, Mauricio, D, et al. Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(12):Cd003054.Google Scholar
Han, S, Crowther, CA, Middleton, P. Interventions for pregnant women with hyperglycaemia not meeting gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes diagnostic criteria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD009037.Google ScholarPubMed
Noctor, E, Dunne, FP. Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: The influence of changing diagnostic criteria. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(2):234–44.Google Scholar
Farrar, D, Duley, L, Dowswell, T, Lawlor, DA. Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(8):CD007122.Google Scholar
Metzger, BE, Gabbe, SG, Persson, B, et al. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):676–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martis, R, Brown, J, Alsweiler, J, Crawford, TJ, Crowther, CA. Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD011624.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee opinion no. 548: weight gain during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(1):210–12.Google Scholar
Gunderson, EP, Hurston, SR, Ning, X, et al. Lactation and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(12):889–98.Google Scholar
Kim, C, Newton, KM, Knopp, RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1862–8.Google Scholar
Mijatovic-Vukas, J, Capling, L, Cheng, S, et al. Associations of diet and physical activity with risk for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(6).Google Scholar
Moy, FM, Ray, A, Buckley, BS, West, HM. Techniques of monitoring blood glucose during pregnancy for women with pre-existing diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(6):CD009613.Google Scholar
IDF Europe Members. International Diabetes Federation; 2017. www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/europe/members.html.Google Scholar
Ignell, C, Claesson, R, Anderberg, E, Berntorp, K. Trends in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Sweden, 2003–2012. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(4):420–4.Google Scholar
Det Medicinske Fødselsregister (MFR). Sundhedsdatastyrelsen; 2018. www.esundhed.dk/sundhedsregistre/MFR/Sider/MFR06A.aspx.Google Scholar
Reports of Perinatal Statistics 2017 Finland. National Institute for Health and Welfare; 2018. https://thl.fi/tilastoliite/tilastoraportit/2018/Perinataalitilasto_ennakot_2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Benhalima, K, Van Crombrugge, P, Moyson, C, et al. A modified two-step screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus based on the 2013 WHO criteria by combining the glucose challenge test and clinical risk factors. J Clin Med. 2018;7(10).Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, EP, Avalos, G, O’Reilly, M, et al. Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologia. 2011;54(7):1670–5.Google Scholar
Diabetes in the UK. 2010. Key statistics on diabetes 2010 25–01-2019. www.diabetes.org.uk/resources-s3/2017–11/diabetes_in_the_uk_2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Di Cianni, G, Gualdani, E, Berni, C, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes in Tuscany, Italy. A population study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;132:149–56.Google Scholar

References

The Task Force for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(34):3165–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy340Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Against Infective Endocarditis: In Adults and Children Undergoing Interventional Procedures. Clinical Guideline 64. London: NICE; 2008.Google Scholar
FSRH Clinical Effectiveness Unit (CEU). FSRH Clinical Guideline: Contraceptive Choices for Women with Cardiac Disease. London: FSRH; June 2014, www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceu-guidance-contraceptive-choices-for-women-with-cardiac/Google Scholar
Bedard, E, Dimopoulos, K, Gatzoulis, MA. Has there been any progress made on pregnancy outcomes among women with pulmonary arterial hypertension? Eur Heart J. 2009;30:256–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Drenthen, W, Boersma, E, Balci, A, on behalf of the ZAHARA Investigators. Predictors of pregnancy complications in women with congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2007;31(17):2124–32.Google Scholar
Drenthen, W, Pieper, PG, Roos-Hesselink, JW, on behalf of the ZAHARA Investigators. Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: A literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;49:2303–11.Google Scholar
Elkayam, U, Tummala, PP, Rao, K. Maternal and fetal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(21):1567–71.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al. eds., on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care – Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2012–14 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2016.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al. eds., on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care – Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2018.Google Scholar
Lui, GK, Silversides, CK, Khairy, P, for the Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology (AARCC). Heart rate response during exercise and pregnancy outcome in women with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 2011;123: 242–8.Google Scholar
Siu, SC, Sermer, M, Colman, JM, et al.Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease. Circulation. 2001;104:515–21.Google Scholar
Vause, S, Clarke, B, Tower, CL, Hay, C, Knight, M. Pregnancy outcomes in women with mechanical prosthetic heart valves: a prospective population based study using the United Kingdom Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS) data collection system. BJOG. 2017;124:1411–19.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline CG107. London: NICE; 2010.Google Scholar

References

Leighton, B, Fish, J. Pulmonary disease in pregnancy. In The Global Library of Women’s Medicine. www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Pulmonary%20Disease%20in%20Pregnancy/item/170Google Scholar
LoMauro, A, Aliverti, A. Respiratory physiology of pregnancy. Breathe. 2015;11:297301.Google Scholar
Bhatia, P, Bhatia, K. Pregnancy and the lungs. Postgrad Med J. 2000 Nov 1;76(901):683.Google Scholar
Weinberger, S, Weiss, S, Cohen, W, Weiss, J, Johnson, T. Pregnancy and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980;121:559–81.Google Scholar
Gilroy, R, Mangura, B, Lavietes, M. Rib cage and abdominal volume displacements during breathing in pregnancy. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:668–72.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F, Leveno, K, Bloom, S, eds. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2005.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C. Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 4th ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2010.Google Scholar
Williams, D, Kenyon, A, Adamson, D. Physiology. In Bennett, P, Williamson, C, eds. Basic Science in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. pp. 173230.Google Scholar
Milne, J, Howie, A, Pack, A. Dyspnoea during normal pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;85:260.Google Scholar
Stone, S, Nelson-Piercy, C. Respiratory disease in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2012;22(10):290–8.Google Scholar
Skadhauge, L, Baelum, J, Siersted, H. The occurrence of asthma among young adults. A population-based study in five west Danish countries. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005;167(6):648–51.Google Scholar
Kwon, H, Triche, E, Belanger, K, Bracken, M. The epidemiology of asthma during pregnancy: prevalence, diagnosis and symptoms. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26(1):2962.Google Scholar
Ali, Z, Suppli Urik, C. Incidence and risk factors for exacerbations of asthma during pregnancy. J Asthma Allergy. 2013;6:5360.Google Scholar
Rejno, G, Lundholm, C, Gong, T, et al. Asthma during pregnancy in a population-based study – pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e104755.Google Scholar
Murphy, V, Namazy, J, Powell, H, et al. A meta-analysis of adverse perinatal outcomes in women with asthma. BJOG. 2011;118:1314–23.Google Scholar
Schatz, M, Harden, K, Forsythe, A. The course of asthma during pregnancy, post partum and with successive pregnancies: a prospective analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81:509–17.Google Scholar
Juniper, E, Newhouse, M. Effect of pregnancy on asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. In Schatz, M, Zeiger, RS, Claman, HN, eds. Asthma and Immunological Diseases in Pregnancy and Early Infancy. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993. pp. 223–50.Google Scholar
Grosso, A, Locatelli, F, Gini, E, et al. The course of asthma during pregnancy in a recent, multicase-control study on respiratory health. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2018 Apr 17;(14):16.Google Scholar
Wankhende, U, Wadate, A. Bronchial asthma in pregnancy. Princ Crit Care Obstet. 2016;II:3-n7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schatz, M, Zeiger, R, Falkoff, R, Chambers, C, Mellon, M. Asthma and allergic diseases during pregnancy. In Burks, AW, Holgate, ST, O’Hehir, RE, et al, eds. Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice, 9th ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2019. pp. 951–69.Google Scholar
Sawicki, E, Stewart, K, Wong, S, et al. Management of asthma by pregnant women attending an Australian maternity hospital. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;52(2):183–8.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C. Asthma in pregnancy. Thorax. 2001;56:32.Google Scholar
Geake, J, Tay, G, Callaway, L, Bell, S. Pregnancy and cystic fibrosis: approach to contemporary management. Obstet Med. 2014;7(4):147–55.Google Scholar
Burden, C, Ion, R, Chung, Y, Henry, A, Downey, D, Trinder, J. Current pregnancy outcomes in women with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;164:142–5.Google Scholar
Thorpe-Beeston, J, Madge, S, Gyi, K, Hodson, M, Bilton, D. The outcome of pregnancies in women with cystic fibrosis – single centre experience 1998–2011. BJOG. 2013;120:354–61.Google Scholar
Siegel, B, Siegel, S. Pregnancy and delivery in a patient with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Obstet Gynecol. 1960;16:438–40.Google Scholar
Dodge, J, Lewis, P, Stanton, M, Wilsher, J. Cystic fibrosis mortality and survival in the UK: 1947–2003. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:522–6.Google Scholar
Cystic Fibrosis in Pregnancy. UK Obstetric Surveillance System. www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/ukoss/current-surveillance/cfipGoogle Scholar
Renton, M, Priestley, L, Bennett, L, Mackillop, L, Chapman, S. Pregnancy outcomes in cystic fibrosis: a 10-year experience from a UK centre. Obstet Med. 2015;8(2):99101.Google Scholar
Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. About Cystic Fibrosis. www.cff.org/What-is-CF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/Google Scholar
Gyi, K, Hodson, M, Yacoub, M. Pregnancy in cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipients. Case series and review. J Cyst Fibros. 2006;5:171–5.Google Scholar
Lau, E, Moriarty, C, Ogle, R, Bye, P. Pregnancy and cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2010;11:90–4.Google Scholar
Edenborough, FP, Borgo, G, Knoop, C, et al. Guidelines for the management of pregnancy in women with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2008 Jan 1;7:S232.Google Scholar
Michel, S, Mueller, D. Nutrition for pregnant women who have cystic fibrosis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(12):1943–8.Google Scholar
Whitty, J. Cystic fibrosis in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53(2):369–76.Google Scholar
Goddard, J, Bourke, S. Cystic fibrosis and pregnancy. TOG. 2009;11:1924.Google Scholar
Alpert, S, Cormier, A. Normal electrolyte and protein content in milk from mothers with cystic fibrosis: an explanation for the initial report of elevated milk sodium concentration. J Pediatr. 1983;102:7780.Google Scholar
Hadid, V, Patenaude, V, Oddy, L, Abenhaim, H. Sarcoidosis and pregnancy: obstetric and neonatal outcomes in a population-based cohort of 7 million births. J Perinat Med. 2015;43(2):201–7.Google Scholar
Subramanian, P, Chinthalapalli, H, Krishnan, M, et al. Pregnancy and sarcoidosis. An insight into the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria. Chest. 2004;126(3):995–8.Google Scholar
Rurak, D, Cooper, C, Taylor, M. Fetal oxygen consumption and PO2 during hypercapnia in pregnant sheep. J Dev Physiol. 1986;8(6):447–59.Google Scholar
Lapinsky, S, Tram, C, Mehta, S, Maxwell, C. Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy. Chest. 2014;145(2):394–8.Google Scholar
Boggess, K, Easterling, T, Raghu, G. Management and outcome of pregnant women with interstitial and restrictive lung disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(4):1007–14.Google Scholar
King, TJ. Restrictive lung disease in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 1992;13(4):607–22.Google Scholar
Say, L, Chou, D, Gemmill, A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Jun 1;2(6):e323–33.Google Scholar
Sugarman, J, Colvin, C, Moran, AC, Oxlade, O. Tuberculosis in pregnancy: an estimate of the global burden of disease. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Dec 1;2(12):e710–6.Google Scholar
Knight, M, Kurinczuk, J, Nelson-Piercy, C, Spark, P, Brocklehurst, P. Tuberculosis in pregnancy in the UK. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Mar 1;116(4):584–8.Google Scholar
Sobhy, S, Babiker, Z, Zamora, J, Khan, K, Kunst, H. Maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with tuberculosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Apr 1;124(5):727–33.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Treatment of Tuberculosis Guidelines. World Health Organization; 2010.Google Scholar
Nhan-Chang, C, Jones, T. Tuberculosis in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53:311–21.Google Scholar

References

Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al, eds., on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2018.Google Scholar
Bain, E, Wilson, A, Tooher, R, et al. Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 11;(2):CD001689.Google Scholar
Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium, Green-top Guideline No 37a. London: RCOG, 2015.Google Scholar
Wong, E, Chaudhry, S. Venous thromboembolism (VTE). McMaster Pathophysiology Review. Ontario, Canada: McMaster University; 20122018. www.pathophys.org/vte/Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists practice bulletin no. 196: thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):243–8. doi: 10.1097/aog.0000000000002707Google Scholar
Institute of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. Venous Thromboprophylaxis in Pregnancy. Clinical Practice Guideline. RCPI, 2013.Google Scholar
Croles, FN, Nasserinejad, K, Duvekot, JJ, et al. Pregnancy, thrombophilia, and the risk of a first venous thrombosis: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017;359:j4452. Review.Google Scholar
Warwick, R, Hutton, RA, Goff, L, Letsky, E, Heard, M. Changes in protein C and free protein S during pregnancy and following hysterectomy. J R Soc Med. 1989 Oct;82(10):591–4.Google Scholar
The Acute Management of Thrombosis and Embolism during Pregnancy and Puerperium, Green-top Guideline No 37b. London: RCOG, 2015.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C. Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, chapter 3. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2010.Google Scholar
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Regional Anaesthesia UK. Regional anesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:966–72.Google Scholar
Alshawabkeh, L, Economy, KE, Valente, AM. Anticoagulation during pregnancy: evolving strategies with a focus on mechanical valves. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(16):18041813. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.076Google Scholar
González-Mesa, E, Azumendi, P, Marsac, A, et al. Use of a temporary inferior vena cava filter during pregnancy in patients with thromboembolic events. J Obst Gynaecol. 2015;35:8, 771–6, doi: 10.3109/01443615.2015.1007928Google Scholar

References

Johnston, TA. Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;7:149–57.Google Scholar
Rappaport, VJ, Valazquez, M, Williams, K. Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2004;31:287317.Google Scholar
Executive Board, 118. Thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies: report by the Secretariat. World Health Organization. 2006.Google Scholar
Carlberg, KT, Singer, ST, Vichinsky, EP. Fertility and pregnancy in women with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2018 Apr;32(2):297315.Google Scholar
ACOG Committee on Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 78: hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(1):229–37.Google Scholar
Huntsman, RG. Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. J Clin Path (R Coll Pathol). 1976;10:4253.Google Scholar
Davies, SC, Cronin, E, Gill, M, et al. Screening for sickle cell disease and thalassemia: a systematic review with supplementary research. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4:iv,199. (Level III)Google Scholar
Yaster, M, Kost-Byerly, S, Maxwell, LG. The management of pain in sickle cell disease. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2000;47:699710.Google Scholar
Krafft, A, Breymann, C. Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Diagnosis and treatment, Curr Clin Med. 2004;11:2903–9.Google Scholar
Bergstrome, JA, Poon, A. Evaluation of a single-tube multiplex polymerase chain reaction screen for detection of common alpha-thalassemia genotypes in a clinical laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118:1824.Google Scholar
Ko, TM, Tseng, LH, Hsu, PM, et al. Ultrasonographic scanning of placental thickness and the prenatal diagnosis of homozygous alpha-thalassaemia 1 in the second trimester. Prenat Diagn. 1995;15:711.Google Scholar
Wang, X, Seaman, C, Paik, M, et al. Experience with 500 prenatal diagnoses of sickle cell diseases: the effect of gestational age on affected pregnancy outcome. Prenat Diagn. 1994;14:851–7.Google Scholar
Xu, K, Shi, ZM, Veeck, LL, Hughes, MR, Rosenwaks, Z. First unaffected pregnancy using preimplantation genetic diagnosis for sickle cell anemia. JAMA. 1999;281:1701–6.Google Scholar
Skordis, N, Christou, S, Koliou, M, et al. Fertility in female patients with thalassemia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1998;11(Suppl 3):935–43.Google Scholar
Tsironi, M, Karagiorga, M, Aessopos, A. Iron overload, cardiac and other factors affecting pregnancy in thalassemia major. Hemoglobin. 2010;34(3):240–50.Google Scholar
Lao, TT. Obstetric care for women with thalassemia. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;39:89100.Google Scholar
Leung, TY, Lao, TT. Thalassaemia in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;26(1):3751.Google Scholar
Ambroggio, S, Peris, C, Picardo, E, et al. beta-thalassemia patients and gynecological approach: review and clinical experience. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016;32(3):171–6.Google Scholar
Petrakos, G, Andriopoulos, P, Tsironi, M. Pregnancy in women with thalassemia: challenges and solutions. Int J Womens Health. 2016;8:441–51.Google Scholar
Vogiatzi, MG, Macklin, EA, Fung, EB, et al. Bone disease in thalassemia: a frequent and still unresolved problem. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(3):543–57.Google Scholar
Triunfo, S, Lanzone, A, Lindqvist, PG. Low maternal circulating levels of vitamin D as potential determinant in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40:1049–59.Google Scholar
Cassinerio, E, Baldini, IM, Alameddine, RS, et al. Pregnancy in patients with thalassemia major: a cohort study and conclusions for an adequate care management approach. Ann Hematol. 2017;96(6):1015–21.Google Scholar
Aessopos, A, Karabatsos, F, Farmakis, D, et al. Pregnancy in patients with well-treated b-thalassemia: outcome for mothers and newborn infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:360–5.Google Scholar
Dale, DC. Hematopoiesis. In Dale, DC, ed. Scientific American Medicine. Seattle: University of Washington Medical Center; 1995.Google Scholar
Ismai, KMK, Kilby, MD. Human parvovirus B19 infection and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;5:49.Google Scholar
Resende Cardoso, PS, Pessoa de Aguiar, AL, Viana, MB. Clinical complications in pregnant women with sickle cell disease: prospective study of factors predicting maternal death or near miss. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2014;36(4):256–63.Google Scholar
Pantanowitz, L, Schwartz, R, Balogh, K. The placenta in sickle cell disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1565.Google Scholar
Sun, PM, Wilburn, W, Raynor, BD, Jamieson, D. Sickle cell disease in pregnancy: twenty years of experience at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 May;184(6):1127–30.Google Scholar
Giorgio, E, De Oronzo, MA, Iozza, E, et al. Parvovirus B19 during pregnancy: a review. J Prenat Med. 2010 Oct-Dec; 4(4):63–6.Google Scholar
Koshy, M, Burd, L, Wallace, D, et al. Prophylactic red-cell transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease: a randomized cooperative study. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1447–52.Google Scholar
Morrison, JC, Schneider, JM, Whybrew, WD, Bucovaz, ET, Menzel, DM. Prophylactic transfusions in pregnant patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: benefit versus risk. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;56:274–80.Google Scholar
Origa, R, Piga, A, Quarta, G, et al. Pregnancy and β-thalassemia: an Italian multicenter experience. Haematologica. 2010;95:376–81.Google Scholar
Lekawanvijit, S, Chattipakorn, N. Iron overload thalassemic cardiomyopathy: iron status assessment and mechanisms of mechanical and electrical disturbance due to iron toxicity. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:213–18.Google Scholar

References

A Lecture ON THE ALBUMINURIA OF PREGNANCY AND THE KIDNEY OF PREGNANCY. Delivered at University College Hospital on Nov. 8th, 1905, BY G. F. BLACKER, M.D. LOND., F.R.C.P. LOND, F.R.C.S. ENG., OBSTETRIC PHYSICIAN TO THE HOSPITAL AND TO THE GREAT NORTHERN HOSPITAL. Lancet. 1905;166(4295):1819–22.Google Scholar
[No authors listed] Pregnancy and renal disease. Lancet. 1975 Oct 25;2(7939):801–2.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Attini, R, Vasario, E, et al. Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease: a challenge in all CKD stages. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 May;5(5):844–55.Google Scholar
Hladunewich, MA, Hou, S, Odutayo, A, et al. Intensive hemodialysis associates with improved pregnancy outcomes: a Canadian and United States cohort comparison. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 May;25(5):1103–9.Google Scholar
Tong, A, Jesudason, S, Craig, JC, Winkelmayer, WC. Perspectives on pregnancy in women with chronic kidney disease: systematic review of qualitative studies. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015 Apr;30(4):652–61.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Zakharova, E, Attini, R, et al. Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: need for higher awareness. a pragmatic review focused on what could be improved in the different CKD stages and phases. J Clin Med. 2018 Nov 5;7(11).pii: E415.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Zakharova, E, Attini, R, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy: the need for higher awareness. A pragmatic review focused on what could be improved in the prevention and care of pregnancy-related AKI, in the year dedicated to women and kidney diseases. J Clin Med. 2018 Oct 1;7(10).Google Scholar
Williams, D, Davison, J. Chronic kidney disease in pregnancy. BMJ. 2008 Jan 26;336(7637):211–15.Google Scholar
August, P. Obstetric nephrology: pregnancy and the kidney–inextricably linked. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Dec;7(12):2071–2.Google Scholar
Wiles, K, Bramham, K, Seed, PT, Nelson-Piercy, C, Lightstone, L, Chappell, LC. Serum creatinine in pregnancy: a systematic review. Kidney Int Reports. 2019;4;408–19Google Scholar
Zhang, JJ, Ma, XX, Hao, L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes of pregnancy in CKD and CKD outcomes in pregnancy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Nov 6;10(11):1964–78.Google Scholar
Ibarra-Hernández, M, Orozco-Guillén, OA, de la Alcantar-Vallín, ML, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy and the role of underlying CKD: a point of view from México. J Nephrol. 2017 Dec;30(6):773–80.Google Scholar
Chehade, H, Simeoni, U, Guignard, JP, Boubred, F. Preterm birth: long term cardiovascular and renal consequences. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2018;14(4):219–26.Google Scholar
Luyckx, VA. Preterm birth and its impact on renal health. Semin Nephrol. 2017 Jul;37(4):311–19.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Holt, JL, Mangos, GJ, et al. Microscopic hematuria in pregnancy: relevance to pregnancy outcome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Apr;45(4):667–73.Google Scholar
Blom, K, Odutayo, A, Bramham, K, Hladunewich, MA. Pregnancy and glomerular disease: a systematic review of the literature with management guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Nov 7;12(11):1862–72.Google Scholar
Sammaritano, LR. Management of systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy. Ann Rev Med. 2017 Jan 14;68:271–85.Google Scholar
Machen, L, Clowse, ME. Vasculitis and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017 May;43(2):239–47.Google Scholar
Spotti, D. Pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy. J Nephrol. 2018 Nov 15;32(3):379–88. doi: 10.1007/s40620-018-0553-8. [Epub ahead of print]Google Scholar
Wu, M, Wang, D, Zand, L, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Mar;29(5):807–12.Google Scholar
Attini, R, Kooij, I, Montersino, B, et al. Reflux nephropathy and the risk of preeclampsia and of other adverse pregnancy-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case series and reports in the new millennium. J Nephrol. 2018 Dec;31(6):833–46.Google Scholar
Imbasciati, E, Gregorini, G, Cabiddu, G, et al. Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Jun;49(6):753–62.Google Scholar
Cabiddu, G, Castellino, S, Gernone, G, et al. Best practices on pregnancy on dialysis: the Italian Study Group on Kidney and Pregnancy. J Nephrol. 2015 Jun;28(3):279–88.Google Scholar
Cabiddu, G, Castellino, S, Gernone, G, et al. A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the Italian Study Group on Kidney and Pregnancy. J Nephrol. 2016 Jun;29(3):277303.Google Scholar
Piccoli, GB, Cabiddu, G, Attini, R, et al. Hypertension in CKD pregnancy: a question of cause and effect (cause or effect? this is the question). Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016 Apr;18(5):35.Google Scholar
Attini, R, Leone, F, Parisi, S, et al. Vegan-vegetarian low-protein supplemented diets in pregnant CKD patients: fifteen years of experience. BMC Nephrol. 2016 Sep 20;17(1):132.Google Scholar
Tangren, J, Nadel, M, Hladunewich, MA. Pregnancy and end-stage renal disease. Blood Purif. 2018;45(1–3):194200. doi: 10.1159/000485157. Epub 2018 Jan 26.Google Scholar
Murray, JE, Reid, DE, Harrison, JH, Merrill, JP. Successful pregnancies after human renal transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1963 Aug 15;269:341–3.Google Scholar
Deshpande, NA, James, NT, Kucirka, LM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2011 Nov;11(11):2388–404.Google Scholar
Rolfo, A, Attini, R, Nuzzo, AM, et al. Chronic kidney disease may be differentially diagnosed from preeclampsia by serum biomarkers. Kidney Int. 2013 Jan;83(1):177–81.Google Scholar
Zeisler, H, Llurba, E, Chantraine, F, et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 7;374(1):1322.Google Scholar
Vikse, BE, Irgens, LM, Leivestad, T, Skjaerven, R, Iversen, BM. Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 21;359(8):800–9.Google Scholar

References

Frise, C, Williamson, C. Gastrointestinal and liver disease in pregnancy. Clin. Med. 2013;13:269–74.Google Scholar
Tran, TT, Ahn, J, Reau, NS. ACG clinical guideline: Liver disease and pregnancy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2016;111:176–94.Google Scholar
EASL Clinical Practice. Guidelines: Management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2009;51:237–67.Google Scholar
Obstetric Cholestasis, Green-top Guideline No 43. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2011.Google Scholar
Debbs, RH. Cholestasis of pregnancy. BMJ Best Pract. 2017. Available online.Google Scholar
Westbrook, RH, Dusheiko, G, Williamson, C. Pregnancy and liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2016;64:933–45.Google Scholar
Sibai, B. Diagnosis, controversies and management of the syndrome of haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. Obs. Gynaecol. 2014;123:618–27.Google Scholar
Martin, JN Jr, Brewer, JM, Wallace, K, et al. HELLP syndrome and composite major maternal morbidity: importance of Mississippi Classification system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013 Aug;26(12):1201–6. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2013.773308Google Scholar
Haram, K, Svendsen, E, Abildgaard, U. The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:115.Google Scholar
Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;122:1122–31.Google Scholar
Boregowda, G, Shehata, HA. Gastrointestinal and liver disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27:835–53.Google Scholar
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Dionne-Odom, J, Tita, A, Silverman, NS. #38: Hepatitis B in pregnancy-screening, treatment and prevention of vertical transmission. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214:614.Google Scholar
Redddik, K, Jhaveri, R, Gandhi, M et al. Pregnancy outcomes associated with viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18:e394–8.Google Scholar
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus. Hepatology. 2015;62:932–54.Google Scholar
Esposti, S. Pregnancy in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 2014;4:62–8.Google Scholar
Garcia-Tsao, G, Sanyal, A, Grace, N et al. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922–38.Google Scholar
Keller, J, Frederking, D, Layer, P. The spectrum and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5:430–43.Google Scholar
Cullen, G, O’Donoghue, D. Constipation and pregnancy. Best Pr Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21:807–18.Google Scholar
Mowat, C, Cole, A, Windsor, A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011;60:571607.Google Scholar
Vermeire, S Carbonnel, F, Coulie, PG, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:811–23.Google Scholar
Kalla, R, Ventham, N, Satsangi, J et al. Crohn’s disease. BMJ. 2014;349:g6670.Google Scholar
Nguyen, G, Seow, C, Maxwell, C. The Toronto consensus statements for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:734–57.Google Scholar

Suggested Reading

Cauldwell, M, Nelson-Piercy, C. Maternal and fetal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;14:167–74.Google Scholar
Recommended for patient information. [accessed online 6th December 2019]Google Scholar
RCOG online StratOG learning resource: Connective tissue, bone and joint disorders tutorial.Google Scholar
Lateef, A, Petri, M. Managing lupus patients during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):435–47. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.005Google Scholar

References

Cauldwell, M, Nelson-Piercy, C. Maternal and fetal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;14:167–74.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C, ed. Chapter 8. In Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 4th ed. London: Informa Healthcare;2010.Google Scholar
Lateef, A, Petri, M. Managing lupus patients during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):435–47. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.0057Google Scholar
Andreoli, L, Bertsias, GK, Agmon-Levin, N, et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:476–85.Google Scholar
Gladman, DD, Urowitz, MB, Esdaile, , et al. Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(9):1785–96.Google Scholar
American College of Rheumatology. ACR‐endorsed criteria for rheumatic diseases. www.rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/Criteria/ACR-Endorsed-Criteria [accessed online 11th Dec 2019]Google Scholar
Grygiel-Górniak, B, Rogacka, N, Puszczewicz, M. Antinuclear antibodies in healthy people and non-rheumatic diseases – diagnostic and clinical implications. Reumatologia. 2018;56(4),243–8. doi: 10.5114/reum.2018.77976Google Scholar
Gordon, C, Amissah-Arthur, MB, Gayed, M, et al., for the British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group. The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. Rheumatology. 2018;57(1):e1e45, https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kex286Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019) Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management (NICE Guideline 133).Google Scholar
Levy, RA, Vilela, VS, Cataldo, MJ, et al. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in lupus pregnancy: double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Lupus. 2001;10:401–4.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C, ed. Section B, Differential diagnosis of medical problems in pregnancy – Proteinuria. In Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 4th ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2010. p. 294.Google Scholar
Kapur, A, Dey, M, Tangri, M, Bandhu, HC. Maternal anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies and fetal congenital heart block. J Obstet Gynaecol India.2015;65(3):193–95. doi: 10.1007/s13224-014-0608-2Google Scholar

References

Østensen, M. Sexual and reproductive health in rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13:485–93.Google Scholar
Østensen, M. Preconception counseling. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017;43:189–99.Google Scholar
Andreoli, L, Lazzaroni, MG, Carini, C, et al. ‘Disease knowledge index’ and perspectives on reproductive issues: a nationwide study on 398 women with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Joint Bone Spine. 2019 Jul;86(4):475–81.Google Scholar
Clowse, MEB, Eudy, AM, Revels, J, Neil, L, Sanders, GD. Provider perceptions on the management of lupus during pregnancy: barriers to improved care. Lupus. 2019 Jan;28(1):8698. doi: 10.1177/0961203318815594Google Scholar
Eudy, AM, McDaniel, G, Hurd, WW, Clowse, MEB. Fertility and ovarian reserve among women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2019 May;46(5):455–9.Google Scholar
Reggia, R, Andreoli, L, Sebbar, H, et al. An observational multicentre study on the efficacy and safety of assisted reproductive technologies in women with rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2019;3(1):rkz005.Google Scholar
Nørgård, BM, Larsen, MD, Friedman, S, Knudsen, T, Fedder, J. Decreased chance of a live born child in women with rheumatoid arthritis after assisted reproduction treatment: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Mar;78(3):328–34. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214619Google Scholar
Orquevaux, P, Masseau, A, Le Guern, V, et al. In vitro fertilization in 37 women with systemic lupus erythematosus or antiphospholipid syndrome: a series of 97 procedures. J Rheumatol. 2017;44:613–18.Google Scholar
Jethwa, H, Lam, S, Smith, C, Giles, I. Does rheumatoid arthritis really improve during pregnancy? a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Rheumatol. 2019 Mar;46(3):245–50. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.180226Google Scholar
Lateef, A, Petri, M. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 43:215226.Google Scholar
Betelli, M, Breda, S, Ramoni, V, et al. Pregnancy in systemic sclerosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2018;3:21–9.Google Scholar
Machen, L, Clowse, MEB. Vasculitis and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2017;43:239–47.Google Scholar
Clowse, MEB, Eudy, AM, Kiernan, E, et al. The prevention, screening and treatment of congenital heart block from neonatal lupus: a survey of provider practices. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57:v9-v17.Google Scholar
Brucato, A, Tincani, A, Fredi, M, et al. Should we treat congenital heart block with fluorinated corticosteroids? Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16:1115–18.Google Scholar
Chighizola, CB, Andreoli, L, Gerosa, M, et al. The treatment of anti-phospolipid syndrome; a comprehensive clinical approach. J Autoimmun. 2018; 90:127.Google Scholar
Eudy, AM, Jayasundara, M, Haroun, T, et al. Reasons for cesarean and medically indicated deliveries in pregnancies in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27:351–6.Google Scholar
Fredi, M, Lazzaroni, MG, Tani, C, et al. Systemic vasculitis and pregnancy: a multicenter study on maternal and neonatal outcome of 65 prospectively followed pregnancies. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14:686–91.Google Scholar
Clowse, ME, Eudy, AM, Revels, J, Sanders, GD, Criscione-Schreiber, L. Rheumatologists’ knowledge of contraception, teratogens, and pregnancy risks. Obstet Med. 2018;11:182–5.Google Scholar
Birru Talabi, M, Clowse, MEB, Blalock, SJ, et al. Contraception use among reproductive-age women with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019 Aug;71(8):1132–40. 14. doi: 10.1002/acr.23724.Google Scholar
Sammaritano, LR. Contraception in patients with rheumatic disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017;43:173–88.Google Scholar
Andreoli, L, Bertsias, GK, Agmon-Levin, N, et al. EULAR recommendations for women’s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:476–85.Google Scholar
Zbinden, A, van den Brandt, S, Østensen, M, Villiger, PM, Förger, F. Risk for adverse pregnancy outcome in axial spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: disease activity matters. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Jul1;57(7):1235–42. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key053Google Scholar
Smith, CJF, Förger, F, Bandoli, G, Chambers, CD. Factors associated with preterm delivery among women with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019 Aug;71(8):1019–27. doi: 10.1002/acr.23730.Google Scholar
Flint, J, Panchal, S, Hurrell, A, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding – Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:1693–702.Google Scholar
Flint, J, Panchal, S, Hurrell, A, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding – Part II: analgesics and other drugs used in rheumatology practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:1698–702.Google Scholar
Skorpen, CG, Hoeltzenbein, M, Tincani, A, et al. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:795810.Google Scholar
Andreoli, L, Crisafulli, F, Tincani, A. Pregnancy and reproductive aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017;29:473–9.Google Scholar
van den Brandt, S, Zbinden, A, Baeten, D, et al. Risk factors for flare and treatment of disease flares during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19:64.Google Scholar
Østensen, M. The use of biologics in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10:661–9.Google Scholar
Mariette, X, Förger, F, Abraham, B, et al. Lack of placental transfer of certolizumab pegol during pregnancy: results from CRIB, a prospective, postmarketing, pharmacokinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:228–33.Google Scholar
Clowse, ME, Förger, F, Hwang, C, et al. Minimal to no transfer of certolizumab pegol into breast milk: results from CRADLE, a prospective, postmarketing, multicentre, pharmacokinetic study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:1890–6.Google Scholar
Vinet, É, De Moura, C, Pineau, CA, et al. Serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis offspring exposed to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: a cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70:1565–71.Google Scholar

References

Vanderpump, MPJ. The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br Med Bull. 2011;99:3951.Google Scholar
Klein, RZ, Haddow, JE, Faix, JD, et al. Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford). 1991;35:41–6.Google Scholar
Schussler, GC. The thyroxine-binding proteins. Thyroid. 2000;10(2):141–9.Google Scholar
Stathatos, N. Thyroid physiology. Med Clin North Am. 2012 Mar;96(2):165–73.Google Scholar
Shahid, MA, Sharma, S. Physiology, thyroid hormone. In StatPearls Internet. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan–. Updated 2018 Oct 27.Google Scholar
Hershman, JM. Physiological and pathological aspects of the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:249-65.Google Scholar
Powrie, RO, Greene, MF, Camman, W. De Swiet’s Medical Disorders in Obstetric Practice, 5th ed. London: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. pp. 322–34Google Scholar
Lazarus, J. Thyroid regulation and dysfunction in the pregnant patient. In De Groot, LJ, Chrousos, G, Dungan, K, et al., eds. Endotext Internet. South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc.; 2000–. Updated 2016 Jul 21.Google Scholar
Liberman, CS, Pino, SC, Fang, SL, Braverman, LE, Emerson, CH. Circulating iodide concentrations during and after pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3545–9.Google Scholar
Delange, FM, Dunn, JT. Iodine deficiency. In Braverman, LE, Utiger, RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2005. pp 264–88.Google Scholar
World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders/United Nations Children’s Fund (WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF) Assessment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination. Geneva:World Health Organization;2007.Google Scholar
Alexander, EK, Pearce, EN, Brent, GA, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315–89.Google Scholar
Stagnaro-Green, A, Abalovich, M, Alexander, E, et al., American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011;21:10811125.Google Scholar
Tingi, E, Syed, AA, Kyriacou, A, Mastorakos, G, Kyriacou, A. Benign thyroid disease in pregnancy: a state of the art review. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;6:3749.Google Scholar
van den Boogaard, E, Vissenberg, R, Land, JA, et al. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update.2011;17:605–19.Google Scholar
Smith, A, Eccles-Smith, J, D’Emden, M, Lust, K. Thyroid disorders in pregnancy and postpartum. Aust Prescr. 2017;40(6):214–19.Google Scholar
Lazarus, J, Brown, RS, Daumerie, C, et al. European Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3:7694.Google Scholar
Yassa, L, Marqusee, E, Fawcett, R, Alexander, EK. Thyroid hormone early adjustment in pregnancy (the THERAPY) trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3234–41.Google Scholar
Chan, S, Boelaert, K. Optimal management of hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinaemia and euthyroid TPO antibody positivity preconception and in pregnancy. Clin. Endocrinol (Oxford). 2015;82:313–26.Google Scholar
Liu, H, Shan, Z, Li, C, et al. Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid autoimmunity, and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Thyroid. 2014;24:1642–9.Google Scholar
Moleti, M, Trimarchi, F, Vermiglio, F. Doubts and concerns about isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia. J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011:463029.Google Scholar
Marx, H, Amin, P, Lazarus, JH. Hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. Brit Med J. 2008;336:663–7.Google Scholar
Hershman, JM. Human chorionic gonadotropin and the thyroid: hyperemesis gravidarum and trophoblastic tumors. Thyroid. 1999;9:653–7.Google Scholar
Davis, LE, Lucas, MJ, Hankins, GD, Roark, ML, Cunningham, FG. Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;160:6370.Google Scholar
Yoshihara, A, Noh, J, Yamaguchi, T, et al. Treatment of Graves’ disease with antithyroid drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital malformation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:23962403.Google Scholar
Andersen, SL, Olsen, J, Wu, CS, Laurberg, P. Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:4373–81.Google Scholar
Patil-Sisodia, K, Mestman, JH. Graves hyperthyroidism and pregnancy: a clinical update. Endocr Pract. 2010;16:118–29.Google Scholar
Alamdari, S, Azizi, F, Delshad, H, et al. Management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: comparison of recommendations of american thyroid association and endocrine society. J Thyroid Res. 2013;2013:878467.Google Scholar
Bouillon, R, Naesens, M, Van Assche, FA, et al. Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;143:922–6.Google Scholar
Ross, DS, Burch, HB, Cooper, DS, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343–421.Google Scholar
Muller, AF, Drexhage, HA, Berghout, A. Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:605–30.Google Scholar
Nicholson, WK, Robinson, KA, Smallridge, RC, Ladenson, PW, Powe, NR. Prevalence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: a quantitative review. Thyroid. 2006;16:573–82.Google Scholar
Kung, AW, Chau, MT, Lao, TT, Tam, SC, Low, LC. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1010–14.Google Scholar
Smith, LH, Danielsen, B, Allen, ME, Cress, R. Cancer associated with obstetric delivery: results of linkage with the California cancer registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1128–35.Google Scholar

References

Knight, M, Nair, M, Tuffnell, D, et al., eds. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2012–14 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009–14. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2016.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Statement on Maternal Sepsis. 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254608/WHO-RHR-17.02-eng.pdf?sequence=1[accessed online 30Nov 2019]Google Scholar
Rhodes, A, Evans, LE, Alhazzani, W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):486552.Google Scholar
Stegman, BJ, Carey, JC. TORCH Infections. Toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes infections. Curr Womens Health Rep. 2002;2(4):253–83.Google Scholar
British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women. HIV Medicine. 2012;13(2):87157.Google Scholar
NICE. Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. Clinical Guideline 62. Guidance issued March 2008; last modified December 2014.Google Scholar
Palmeira, P, Quinello, C, LuciaSilveira-Lessa, A, AugustaZago, C, Carneiro-Sampaio, M. IgG placental transfer in healthy and pathological pregnancies. J Immun Res. 2012;2012, Article ID 985646. doi: 10.1155/2012/985646Google Scholar
Schnarr, J, Smaill, F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008;38(2):50–7.Google Scholar
Vazquez, JC, Abalos, E. Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;2011(1):CD002256.Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN 88 – Management of Suspected Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection in Adults: A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2012.Google Scholar
Lee, M, Bozzo, P, Einarson, A, Koren, G. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2008;54(6),853–84.Google Scholar
The Prevention of Early-onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease, Green-top Guideline No 36. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2017.Google Scholar
NICE. Mastitis and Breast Abscess. Clinical Knowledge Summaries. 2015. http://cks.nice.org.uk/mastitis-and-breast-abscessGoogle Scholar
BASHH and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Management of Genital Herpes in pregnancy, London: RCOG; 2014.Google Scholar
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). SIGN 109 – Management of Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: A National Clinical Guideline. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2012.Google Scholar
Chicken Pox in Pregnancy, Green-top Guideline No 13. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2015.Google Scholar
NICE. Parvovirus B19 Infection Scenario: Suspected Parvovirus B19 or Possible Exposure – Pregnant Women. Clinical Knowledge Summaries. 2010. http://cks.nice.org.uk/parvovirus-b19-infection#!scenario:2Google Scholar
Brochot, C, Collinet, P, Provost, N, Subtil, D. Mirror syndrome due to parvovirus B19 hydrops complicated by severe maternal pulmonary effusion. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26:179–80. doi: 10.1002/pd.1342.Google Scholar
Carlson, A, Norwitz, ER, Stiller, RJ. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: should all women be screened? Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010;3(4):172–9.Google Scholar
Puder, KS, Treadwell, MC, Gonik, B. Ultrasound characteristics of in utero infection. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1997;5:262–70.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C. ed. Chapter 15. In Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 4th ed. London: Informa Healthcare;2010.Google Scholar
Paquet, C, Yudin, MH. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013 Jan;35(1):7881.Google Scholar
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy, Green-top Guideline No 54b. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2010.Google Scholar
The Prevention of Malaria in Pregnancy, Green-top Guideline 54a. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2010.Google Scholar
Gitau, G, Eldred, J. Malaria in pregnancy: clinical, therapeutic and prophylactic considerations. Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;7:511Google Scholar
Rogerson, S, Desai, M, Mayor, A, et al. Burden, pathology and costs of malaria in pregnancy: new developments for an old problem. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:e107e118.Google Scholar
Pregnancy Management in the Context of Zika Virus Infection. World Health Organisation Interim Guidance Update. 13 May 2016. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204520/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.2_eng.pdf;jsessionid=B3164F862927FBB741B7F84B4E5DC74 C?sequence=1Google Scholar
Meaney-Delman, D, Rasmussen, S, Staples, J, et al. Zika virus and pregnancy. What obstetric healthcare providers need to know. Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;127(4):642–8. https//doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001378Google Scholar
Oeser, C, Aarons, E, Heath, PT, et al. Surveillance of congenital Zika syndrome in England and Wales: methods and results of laboratory, obstetric and paediatric surveillance. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e262.Google Scholar
RCOG/RCM/PHE/HPS Clinical Guidelines. Zika Virus Infection and Pregnancy: Information for Healthcare Professionals. 17 June 2016, updated 27 February 2019. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/zika-virus-rcog-feb-2019.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Zika Virus. 20 July 2018. www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virusGoogle Scholar
Leonard, A, Wright, A, Saavedra-Campos, M, et al. Severe group A streptococcal infections in mothers and their newborns in London and the South East, 2010–2016: assessment of risk and audit of public health management. BJOG. 2018;126(1):4453 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471–0528.15415Google Scholar
Hughes, BL. Group A streptococcus puerperal sepsis: an emerging obstetric infection? BJOG.2018;126(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1471–0528.15485Google Scholar
Bacterial Sepsis in Pregnancy, Green-top Guideline No 64a. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2012.Google Scholar
Semmelweis, I. (1861) Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. [The etiology, concept and prophylaxis of childbed fever]. Pest, Wien und Leipzig: Hartleben’s Verlag–Expedition.Google Scholar

References

Barre-Sinoussi, F, Chermann, JC, Rey, F, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220:868–71.Google Scholar
Hahn, BH, Shaw, GM, De Cock, KM, Sharp, PM. AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science. 2000;287(5453):607–14.Google Scholar
Magder, LS, Mofenson, L, Paul, ME. Risk factors for in utero and intrapartum transmission of HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38:8795.Google Scholar
Cavarelli, M., Scarlatti, G. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mother-to-child transmission and prevention: successes and controversies (Symposium). J Intern Med. 2011;270:561–79.Google Scholar
Navér, L, Albert, J, Carlander, C, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV-1 infection in pregnancy – Swedish Recommendations 2017. Infect Dis. 2018;50(7):495506.Google Scholar
Czikk, MJ, McCarthy, FP, Murphy, KE. Chorioamnionitis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(9):1304–11.Google Scholar
Aho, I, Kaijomaa, M, Kivelä, P, et al. Most women living with HIV can deliver vaginally – national data from Finland 1993–2013. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0194370.Google Scholar
Townsend, CL, Cortina-Borja, M, Peckham, CS, et al. Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000–2006. AIDS. 2008;22:973–81.Google Scholar

References

Singer, M, Deutschman, CS, Seymour, CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801–10Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). Statement of Maternal Sepsis. 2017. WHO/RHR/17.02Google Scholar
Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al, eds., on behalf of MBRRACE-UK.Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2018.Google Scholar
Stearns-Kurosawa, D, Osuchowski, M, Valentine, C, Kurosawa, S, Remick, DG. The pathogenesis of sepsis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6(1):1948.Google Scholar
Bacterial Sepsis in Pregnancy and Bacterial Sepsis Following Pregnancy, Green-top Guidelines Nos 64a and 64b. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, April 2012.Google Scholar
Prevention of Early-onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease, Green-top Guideline No 36. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, September 2017.Google Scholar
Zuarez-Easton, S, Zafran, N, Garmi, G, Salim, R. Postcesarean wound infection: prevalence, impact, prevention, and management challenges. Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:81–8.Google Scholar
Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS): Standardising the Assessment of Acute‐Illness Severity in the NHS. London: RCP; 2012Google Scholar
Protection of Pregnant Patients during Diagnostic Medical Exposures to Ionising Radiation. Health Protection Agency and Royal College of Radiologists; 2009. www.rcr.ac.uk/publication/protection-pregnant-patients-during-diagnostic-medical-exposures-ionising-radiationGoogle Scholar
Doyle, L, Crowther, CA, Middleton, P, Marret, S. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD004661Google Scholar
NICE. Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Initial Management. Clinical Guideline 154. 2012. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG154Google Scholar
Public Health England. Hand Hygiene Audit Tool for Care Homes. www.infectionpreventioncontrol.co.uk/resources/hand-hygiene/Google Scholar
Kenyon, S, Pike, K, Jones, DR. Childhood outcomes following prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with preterm rupture of the membranes: 7-year follow-up of the Oracle I trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1310–18.Google Scholar
Kenyon, S, Pike, K, Jones, DR. Childhood outcomes following prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7-year follow-up of the Oracle II trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1319–27.Google Scholar
NICE. Inducing Labour. Clinical Guideline 70. 2008. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg70/chapter/1-guidanceGoogle Scholar
Royal College of Emergency Medicine and the UK Sepsis Trust. Sepsis: A Toolkit for Emergency Departments. 2014. www.rcem.ac.uk/docs/Sepsis/Sepsis%20Toolkit.pdfGoogle Scholar
Dellinger, RP, Levy, MM, Rhodes, A, et al; Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee Including the Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(2):580637.Google Scholar

References

Steel, Z, Marnane, C, Iranpour, C, et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980–2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(2):476–93.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Ustun, TB, eds. The WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010.Google Scholar
Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Lozano, R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197–223.Google Scholar
O’Hara, M. Postpartum depression: what we know. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65(12):1258–69.Google Scholar
O’Hara, MW, Wisner, KL. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):312.Google Scholar
Wallwiener, S, Goetz, M, Lanfer, A, et al. Epidemiology of mental disorders during pregnancy and link to birth outcome: a large-scale retrospective observational database study including 38,000 pregnancies. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2019;299(3):755–63.Google Scholar
Bennett, HA, Einarson, A, Taddio, A, et al. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):698709.Google Scholar
Gaynes, BN, Gavin, N, Meltzer-Brody, S, et al. Perinatal depression: prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. AHRQ Evidence Report Summary, 2005(119):18.Google Scholar
NICE. Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Management and Service Guidance, Clinical Guideline 192. 17 December 2014. Updated 11 February 2020.Google Scholar
Heron, J, O’Connor, TG, Evans, J, et al. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(1):6573.Google Scholar
Yonkers, KA, Vigod, S, Ross, LE. Diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of mood disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(4):961–77.Google Scholar
Alder, J, Fink, N, Urech, C, et al. Identification of antenatal depression in obstetric care. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(6):1403–9.Google Scholar
Evans, J, Heron, J, Patel, R, et al. Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and low birth weight at term: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:84–5.Google Scholar
Grigoriadis, S., VonderPorten, EH, Mamisashvili, L, et al. The impact of maternal depression during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(4):e321–41.Google Scholar
Kelly, RH, Russo, J, Katon, W. Somatic complaints among pregnant women cared for in obstetrics: normal pregnancy or depressive and anxiety symptom amplification revisited? Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2001;23(3):107–13.Google Scholar
Field, T. Prenatal depression effects on early development: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2011;34(1):114.Google Scholar
Vesga-Lopez, O, Blanco, C, Keyes, K, et al. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(7):805–15.Google Scholar
Lydsdottir, LB, Howard, LM, Olafsdottir, H, et al. The mental health characteristics of pregnant women with depressive symptoms identified by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(4):393–8.Google Scholar
Wisner, KL, Sit, DKY, McShea, MC, et al. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(5):490–8.Google Scholar
Grekin, R, O’Hara, MW. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychology Rev. 2014;34(5):389401.Google Scholar
Turton, P, Hughes, P, Evans, CD, Fainman, D. Incidence, correlates and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in the pregnancy after stillbirth. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178: 556–60.Google Scholar
Micali, N. Size at birth and preterm birth in women with lifetime eating disorders: a prospective population-based study. BJOG. 2016;123(8):1301–10.Google Scholar
Micali, N., Simonoff, E, Treasure, J. Pregnancy and post-partum depression and anxiety in a longitudinal general population cohort: the effect of eating disorders and past depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):150–7.Google Scholar
Viguera, AC. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(12):1817–24; quiz 1923.Google Scholar
Munk-Olsen, T. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(2):189–95.Google Scholar
Goettler, SM, Tschudin, S. Care of drug-addicted pregnant women: current concepts and future strategies – an overview. Womens Health (Lond). 2014;10(2):167–77.Google Scholar
Cox, JL, Holden, JM, Sagovsky, R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150:782–6.Google Scholar
Gibson, J, McKenzie-McHarg, K, Shakespeare, J, Price, J, Gray, R. A systematic review of studies validating the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in antepartum and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009;119(5):350–64.Google Scholar
James, L, Brody, D, Hamilton, Z. Risk factors for domestic violence during pregnancy: a meta-analytic review. Violence Victims. 2013;28(3):359–80.Google Scholar
Chisolm, MS, Payne, JL. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ. 2016;532:h5918.Google Scholar

References

Schjenken, JE, Zhang, B, Chan, HY, et al. miRNA regulation of immune tolerance in early pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2016;75:272–80.Google Scholar
Brosens, I, Pijnenborg, R, Vercruysse, L, Romero, R. The ‘Great Obstetrical Syndromes’ are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:193201.Google Scholar
Murray, JE, Merrill, JP, Dammin, GJ, et al. Study of transplantation immunity after total body irradiation: clinical and experimental investigation. Surgery. 1960;48:272–84.Google Scholar
Murray, JE, Reid, DE, Harrison, JH, Merrill, JP. Successful pregnancies after human renal transplantation. New Engl J Med. 1963;269:341e3.Google Scholar
Castro, LA, Baltzer, U, Hillebrand, G, et al. Pregnancy in juvenile diabetes mellitus under cyclosporine treatment after combined kidney and pancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1986;18:1780–1.Google Scholar
Löwenstein, BR, Vain, NW, Perrone, SV, et al. Successful pregnancy and vaginal delivery after heart transplantation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158:589–90.Google Scholar
Wagoner, LE, Taylor, DO, Olsen, SL, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy, management, and outcome of heart transplant recipients during pregnancy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;12:993–9.Google Scholar
Donaldson, S, Novotny, D, Paradowski, L, Aris, R. Acute and chronic lung allograft rejection during pregnancy. Chest. 1996;110:293–6.Google Scholar
Brännström, M, Johannesson, L, Bokström, H, et al. Livebirth after uterus transplantation. Lancet. 2015;385(9968):607–16.Google Scholar
Ejzenberg, D, Andraus, W, Baratelli Carelli Mendes, LR, et al. Livebirth after uterus transplantation from a deceased donor in a recipient with uterine infertility. Lancet. 2018;392(10165):2697–704.Google Scholar
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Pregnancy after kidney transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(Suppl. 2):S117e25.Google Scholar
Brosens, I, Benagiano, G. Pregnancy and reproductive health after solid organ transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:1113.Google Scholar
Shah, M, Sauer, MV. Fertility and reproductive disorders in female solid organ transplant recipients.Semin Perinatol. 2007;31:332–8.Google Scholar
Lessan-Pezeshki, M, Ghazizadeh, S, Khatami, MR, et al. Fertility and contraceptive issues after kidney transplantation in women. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:1405–6.Google Scholar
Viner, RM, Forton, JT, Cole, TJ, et al. Growth of long-term survivors of liver transplantation. Arch Dis Child. 1999;80:235–40.Google Scholar
French, VA, Davis, JS, Sayles, HS, Wu, SS. Contraception and fertility awareness among women with solid organ transplants. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:809–14.Google Scholar
Rupley, DM, Janda, AM, Kapeles, SR, et al. Preconception counseling, fertility, and pregnancy complications after abdominal organ transplantation: a survey and cohort study of 532 recipients. Clin Transplant. 2014;28:937–45.Google Scholar
Rafie, S, Lai, S, Garcia, JE, Mody, SK. Contraceptive use in female recipients of a solid-organ transplant. Prog Transplant. 2014;24:344–8.Google Scholar
Gomez, F de la Cueva, R, Wauters, JP, Lemarchand-Béraud, T. Endocrine abnormalities in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The role of prolactin. Am J Med. 1980;68:522–30.Google Scholar
Lim, VS, Henriquez, C, Sievertsen, G, Frohman, LA. Ovarian function in chronic renal failure: evidence suggesting hypothalamic anovulation. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93:21–7.Google Scholar
Zingraff, J, Jungers, P, Pélissier, C, et al. Pituitary and ovarian dysfunctions in women on haemodialysis. Nephron. 1982;30:149–53.Google Scholar
Handelsman, DJ, Dong, Q. Hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis in chronic renal failure. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1993;22:145–61.Google Scholar
Kim JH Chun, CJ, Kang, CM, Kwak, JY. Kidney transplantation and menstrual changes. Transplant Proc. 1998;30:3057–9.Google Scholar
De Pinho, JC, Sauer, MV. Infertility and ART after transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:1235–50.Google Scholar
Cundy, TF, Butler, J, Pope, RM, et al. Amenorrhoea in women with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease. Gut. 1991;32:202–6.Google Scholar
Christopher, V, Al-Chalabi, T, Richardson, PD, et al. Pregnancy outcome after liver transplantation: A single-center experience of 71 pregnancies in 45 recipients. Liver Transplant. 2006;12:1138–43.Google Scholar
Coscia, LA, Constantinescu, S, Moritz, MJ, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2010:65e85.Google Scholar
The Gift of Life Institute. The Transplant Pregnancy Registry International. www.transplantpregnancyregistry.org/Google Scholar
Sibanda, N, Briggs, JD, Davison, JM, Johnson, RJ, Rudge, CJ. Pregnancy after organ transplantation: a report from the UK Transplant Pregnancy Registry. Transplantation 2007;83:1301e7.Google Scholar
Shahir, AK, Briggs, N, Katsoulis, J, Levidiotis, V. An observational outcomes study from 1966–2008, examining pregnancy and neonatal outcomes from dialysed women using data from the ANZDATA Registry. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic). 2013;18:276e84.Google Scholar
McDonald, SP, Russ, GR. Australian registries-ANZDATA and ANZOD. Transpl Rev (Orlando, Fla). 2013;27:46e9.Google Scholar
Nordio, M, Limido, A, Conte, F, et al. Il Registro Italiano Dialisi e trapianti 2011–2013 [Italian Registry Dialysis and Transplant 2011–2013]. G Ital Nefrol. 2016;33.Google Scholar
Strang, WN, Tuppin, P, Atinault, A, Jacquelinet, C. The French organ transplant data system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2005;116:7782.Google Scholar
Nashan, B, Hugo, C, Strassburg, CP, et al. Transplantation in Germany. Transplantation. 2017;101:213–18.Google Scholar
Gerlei, Z, Wettstein, D, Rigó, J, Asztalos, L, Langer, RM. Childbirth after organ transplantation in Hungary. Transplant Proc. 2011;43:1223–4.Google Scholar
Källén, B, Westgren, M, Åberg, A, Otterblad Olausson, P. Pregnancy outcome after maternal organ transplantation in Sweden. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005; 112:904–9.Google Scholar
López, V, Martínez, D, Viñolo, C, et al. Pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients: effects on mother and newborn. Transplant Proc. 2011;43:2177–8.Google Scholar
Deshpande, NA, James, NT, Kucirka, LM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:2388e404.Google Scholar
Wyld, ML, Clayton, PA, Jesudason, S, Chadban, SJ, Alexander, SI. Pregnancy outcomes for kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:3173e82.Google Scholar
Norrman, E, Bergh, C, Wennerholm, UB. Pregnancy outcome and long-term follow-up after in vitro fertilization in women with renal transplantation. Hum Reprod. 2015;30:205–13.Google Scholar
Svetitsky, S, Baruch, R, Schwartz, IF, et al. Long-term effects of pregnancy on renal graft function in women after kidney transplantation compared with matched controls. Transplant Proc. 2018;50:1461–5.Google Scholar
Cabiddu, G, Spotti, D, Gernone, G, et al.; The Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology.A best-practice position statement on pregnancy after kidney transplantation: focusing on the unsolved questions. The Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology. J Nephrol. 2018;31:665681.Google Scholar
Barrou, BM, Gruessner, AC, Sutherland, DE, Gruessner, RW. Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporine era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation. 1998;65:524–7.Google Scholar
Van Winter, JT, Ogburn, PL Jr, Ramin, KD, Evans, MP, Velosa, JA. Pregnancy after pancreatic-renal transplantation because of diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72:1044–7.Google Scholar
Smyth, A, Gaffney, G, Hickey, D, et al. Successful pregnancy after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2011;2011:983592.Google Scholar
Marcus, EA, Wozniak, LJ, Venick, RS, et al. Successful term pregnancy in an intestine-pancreas transplant recipient with chronic graft dysfunction and parenteral nutrition dependence: a case report. Transplant Proc. 2015;47:863–7.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, S, Nelander, M. Ectopic pregnancy in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;28:152–4.Google Scholar
Bösmüller, C, Pratschke, J, Ollinger, R. Successful management of six pregnancies resulting in live births after simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Int. 2014;27:e129-31.Google Scholar
Braun-Parvez, L, Charlin, E, Caillard, S, et al. Gestational choriocarcinoma transmission following multiorgan donation. Am J Transpl. 2010;10:2541–6.Google Scholar
Deshpande, NA, James, NT, Kucirka, LM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes of liver transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl. 2012;18:621e9.Google Scholar
Kubo, S, Uemoto, S, Furukawa, H, Umeshita, K, Tachibana, D; Japanese Liver Transplantation Society. Pregnancy outcomes after living donor liver transplantation: results from a Japanese survey. Liver Transpl. 2014;20:576–83.Google Scholar
Kanzaki, Y, Kondoh, E, Kawasaki, K, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in liver transplant recipients: a 15-year single-center experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42:1476–82.Google Scholar
Akarsu, M, Unek, T, Avcu, A, et al. Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2016;48:3373–7.Google Scholar
Mattila, M, Kemppainen, H, Isoniemi, H, Polo-Kantola, P. Pregnancy outcomes after liver transplantation in Finland. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96:1106–11.Google Scholar
Zaffar, N, Soete, E, Gandhi, S, et al. Pregnancy outcomes following single and repeat liver transplantation: An international 2-center cohort. Liver Transpl. 2018;24:769–78.Google Scholar
Kamarajah, SK, Arntdz, K, Bundred, J, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in recipients of liver transplants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;27(7):1398–1404.e1.Google Scholar
Lim, TY, Gonsalkorala, E, Cannon, MD, et al. Successful pregnancy outcomes following liver transplantation is predicted by renal function. Liver Transpl. 2018;24:606–15.Google Scholar
Kimmich, N, Dutkowski, P, Krähenmann, F, et al. Liver transplantation during pregnancy for acute liver failure due to HBV infection: a case report. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:356560Google Scholar
Macera, F, Occhi, L, Masciocco, G, Varrenti, M, Frigerio, M. A new life: motherhood after heart transplantation. A single center experience and review of literature. Transplantation. 2018;102:1538–44.Google Scholar
Lisonkova, S, Joseph, KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: risk factors and outcomes associated with early- versus late-onset disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;209:544.e1e544.e12.Google Scholar
Cowan, SW, Davison, JM, Doria, C, et al. Pregnancy after cardiac transplantation. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30:441e52.Google Scholar
Tran, DD, Kobashigawa, J. A review of the management of pregnancy after cardiac transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2015;31:151–61.Google Scholar
Potena, L, Moriconi, V, Presta, E. Pregnancy and heart transplantation: giving birth after a new life. Transplantation. 2018;102:1411–12.Google Scholar
Parry, D, Hextall, A, Robinson, VP, Banner, NR, Yacoub, MH. Pregnancy following a single lung transplant. Thorax. 1996;51:1162–4.Google Scholar
Shaner, J, Coscia, LA, Constantinescu, S, et al. Pregnancy after lung transplant. Prog Transplant. 2012;22:134e40.Google Scholar
Wu, DW, Wilt, J, Restaino, S. Pregnancy after thoracic organ transplantation. Sem Perinatol. 2007;31:354e62.Google Scholar
Estensen, M, Gude, E, Ekmehag, B, et al. Pregnancy in heart- and heart/lung recipients can be problematic. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2011;45:349–53.Google Scholar
Lund, LH, Edwards, LB, Kucheryavaya, AY, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-first official adult heart transplant report – 2014; focus theme: retransplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33:9961008.Google Scholar
Vos, R, Ruttens, D, Verleden, SE, et al. Pregnancy after heart and lung transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:1146–62.Google Scholar
Thakrar, MV, Morley, K, Lordan, JL, et al. Pregnancy after lung and heart-lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33:593–8.Google Scholar
Wielgos, M, Szpotanska-Sikorska, M, Mazanowska, N, et al. Pregnancy risk in female kidney and liver recipients: a retrospective comparative study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:1090e5.Google Scholar
Milliez, J. Uterine transplantation FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women’s Health. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2009;106:270.Google Scholar
Benagiano, G, Landeweerd, L, Brosens, I. Medical and ethical considerations in uterus transplantation. Int J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;123:173–7.Google Scholar
Fageeh, W, Raffa, H, Jabbad, H, Marzouki, A. Transplantation of the human uterus. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2002;76:245–51.Google Scholar
Kandela, P. Uterine transplantation failure causes Saudi Arabian government clampdown. Lancet. 2000;356(9232):838.Google Scholar
Hansen, A. Swedish surgeons report world’s first uterus transplantations from mother to daughter. BMJ. 2012;345:e6357.Google Scholar
Ozkan, O, Akar, ME, Ozkan, O, et al. Preliminary results of the first human uterus transplantation from a multiorgan donor. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:470–6.Google Scholar
Brännström, M, Bokström, H, Dahm-Kähler, P, et al. One uterus bridging three generations: first live birth after mother-to-daughter uterus transplantation. Fertil Steril. 2016;106:261–6.Google Scholar
Brännström, M. Current status and future direction of uterus transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2018;23:592–7.Google Scholar
Brännström, M, Diaz-Garcia, C, Olausson, M, Tzakis, A. Uterus transplantation: animal research and human possibilities. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:1269–6.Google Scholar
Brännström, M, Johannesson, L, Dahm-Kähler, P, et al. The first clinical uterus transplantation trial: a six months report. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:1228–36.Google Scholar
Testa, G, McKenna, GJ, Gunby, RT Jr, et al. First live birth after uterus transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2018;18:1270–4.Google Scholar
Wei, L, Xue, T, Tao, KS, et al. Modified human uterus transplantation using ovarian veins for venous drainage: the first report of surgically successful robotic-assisted uterus procurement and follow-up for 12 months. Fertil Steril. 2017;108:346–56.Google Scholar
Ozkan, O, Erman Akar, M, Ozkan, O, et al. Preliminary results of the first human uterus transplantation from multiorgan donor. Fertil Steril. 2013;99:470–6.Google Scholar
Flyckt, RL, Farrell, RM, Perni, UC, Tzakis, AG, Falcone, T. Deceased donor uterine transplantation: innovation and adaptation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:837–42.Google Scholar
Dixon, HG, Robertson, WB. A study of the vessels of the placental bed in normotensive and hypertensive women. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1958;65:803e9.Google Scholar
Brosens, I, Robertson, WB, Dixon, HG. The physiological response of the vessels of the placental bed to normal pregnancy. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1967;93:569e79.Google Scholar
Brosens, JJ, Pijnenborg, R, Brosens, IA. The myometrial junctional zone spiral arteries in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1416e23.Google Scholar
Brosens, JJ, Salker, MS, Teklenburg, G, et al. Uterine selection of human embryos at implantation. Sci Rep. 2014;6:3894.Google Scholar
Salker, M, Teklenburg, G, Molokhia, M, et al. Natural selection of human embryos: impaired decidualization of endometrium disables embryo-maternal interactions and causes recurrent pregnancy loss. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e10287.Google Scholar
Salker, MS, Christian, M, Steel, JH, et al. Deregulation of the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1 in the endometrium causes reproductive failure. Nat Med. 2011;17:1509e13.Google Scholar
Salker, MS, Nautiyal, J, Steel, JH, et al. Disordered IL-33/ST2 activation in decidualizing stromal cells prolongs uterine receptivity in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e52252.Google Scholar
Burton, GJ, Jaunaiux, E. Maternal vascularisation of the human placenta: does the embryo develop in a hypoxic environment? Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2003;29:503e8.Google Scholar
Browne, JC, Veall, N. The maternal placental blood flow in normotensive and hypertensive women. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1953;60:141e7.Google Scholar
Ma, KK, Petroff, MG, Coscia, LA, Armenti, VT, Adams Waldorf, KM. Complex chimerism: pregnancy after solid organ transplantation. Chimerism. 2013;4:71–7.Google Scholar
Benagiano, G., Brosens, I. The multidisciplinary approach. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:1114–22.Google Scholar
McKay, DB, Josephson, MA. Reproduction and transplantation: report on the AST consensus conference on reproductive issues and transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2005;5:1592e9.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. The fetal origins of adult disease: no longer just a hypothesis and may be critically important in south Asia. BMJ. 2001;322(7283):375e6.Google Scholar
Armenti, VT, Daller, JA, Constantinescu, S, et al. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry: outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transplants. 2006:57e70.Google Scholar
Ogge, G, Chaiworapongsa, T, Romero, R, et al. Placental lesions associated with maternal underperfusion are more frequent in early-onset than in late-onset preeclampsia. J Perinat Med. 2011;39:641e52.Google Scholar
Soto, E, Romero, R, Kusanovic, JP, et al. Late-onset preeclampsia is associated with an imbalance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in patients with and without placental lesions consistent with maternal underperfusion. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:498e507.Google Scholar
Sharp, AN, Alfirevic, Z. First trimester screening can predict adverse pregnancy outcomes. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34:660e7.Google Scholar
Khong, TY, Sawyer, IH, Heryet, AR. An immunohistologic study of endothelialization of uteroplacental vessels in human pregnancy - evidence that endothelium is focally disrupted by trophoblast in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167:751e6.Google Scholar
Ferris, TF. Preeclampsia and postpartum renal failure: examples of pregnancy-induced microangiopathy. Am J Med. 1995;99:343e7.Google Scholar
Karahasanovic, A, Sørensen, S, Nilas, L. First trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein a and human chorionic gonadotropin-beta in early and late pre-eclampsia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2014;52:521e5.Google Scholar
Åsvold, BO, Vatten, LJ, Tanbo, TG, et al. Concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin in very early pregnancy and subsequent pre-eclampsia: a cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:1153e60.Google Scholar
Jaddoe, VWV, De Jonge, LL, Hofman, A, et al. First trimester fetal growth restriction and cardiovascular risk factors in school age children: population based cohort study. BMJ (Online). 2014;348:g14.Google Scholar
Sananes, N, Meyer, N, Gaudineau, A, et al. Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in the first trimester of pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;171:18e22.Google Scholar
Beta, J, Akolekar, R, Ventura, W. Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery form maternal factors, obstetric history and placental perfusion and function at 11–13 weeks. Prenat Diagn. 2011;31:75e83.Google Scholar
Parra-Cordero, M, Sepulveda-Martinez, A, Rencoret, G, et al. Is there a role for cervical assessment and uterine artery Doppler in the first trimester of pregnancy as a screening test for spontaneous preterm delivery? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43:291e6.Google Scholar
Candido, C, Cristelli, MP, Fernandes, AR, et al. Pregnancy after kidney transplantation: high rates of maternal complications. J Bras Nefrol. 2016;38:421–6.Google Scholar
Rao, S, Ghanta, M, Moritz, MJ, Constantinescu, S. Long-term functional recovery, quality of life, and pregnancy after solid organ transplantation. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100:613–29.Google Scholar

References

Pihlstrom, BL, Michalowicz, BS, Johnson, NW. Periodontal diseases. Lancet. 2005;366:1809–20.Google Scholar
Manegold-Brauer, G, Hoesli, I, Brauer, HU, Beikler, T. Periodontal diseases – a review on the association between maternal periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcome. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2014;218:248–53.Google Scholar
Papapanou, P, Sanz, M, Buduneli, N, et.al Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S173182.Google Scholar
Laine, MA. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002;60:257–64.Google Scholar
Kamal, R, Dahiya, P, Puri, A. Oral pyogenic granuloma: Various concepts of etiopathogenesis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2012;16:7982.Google Scholar
Sills, ES, Zegarelli, DJ, Hoschander, MM, Strider, WE. Clinical diagnosis and management of hormonally responsive oral pregnancy tumor (pyogenic granuloma). J Reprod Med. 1996;41:467–70.Google Scholar
Durairaj, J, Balasubramanian, K, Rani, PR, Sagili, Pramya N. Giant lingual granuloma gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaeco.l 2011;31:769–70.Google Scholar
Manegold-Brauer, G, Brauer, HU. Oral pregnancy tumour: an update. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;34:187–8.Google Scholar
Wang, PH, Chao, HT, Lee, Wl, Yuan, CC, Ng, HT. Severe bleeding from a pregnancy tumor. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1997;42:359–62.Google Scholar
Daley, TD, Nartey, NO, Wysocki, GP. Pregnancy tumor: an analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;72:196–9.Google Scholar
Offenbacher, S, Katz, V, Fertik, G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight. J Periodontol. 1996;67:1103–13.Google Scholar
Brauer, HU, Manegold-Brauer, G, Hoesli, I, Beikler, T. Parodontitis und negative Schwangerschaftsoutcomes. ZWR. 2015;124:160–1.Google Scholar
Ide, M, Papapanou, PN. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes – systematic review. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S181–94.Google Scholar
Gogeneni, H, Buduneli, N, Ceyhan-Öztürk, B, et al. Increased infection with key periodontal pathogens during gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(6):506–12.Google Scholar
Daalderop, LA, Wieland, BV, Tomsin, K, et al. Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes: overview of systematic reviews. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2018;3:1027.Google Scholar
Komine-Aizawa, S, Aizawa, S, Hayakawa, S. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45:512.Google Scholar
Michalowicz, BS, Gustafsson, A, Thumbigere-Math, V, Buhlin, K. The effects of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S195208.Google Scholar
Sanz, M, Kornman, K; Working Group 3 of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S164–9.Google Scholar
Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z, Middleton, P, Esposito, M, Glenny, AM. Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 12;6:CD005297.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×