Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T11:56:35.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 2 - Early Pregnancy Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2021

Tahir Mahmood
Affiliation:
Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy
Charles Savona Ventura
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Ioannis Messinis
Affiliation:
University of Thessaly, Greece
Sambit Mukhopadhyay
Affiliation:
Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, UK
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Obstetrics & Maternal-Fetal Medicine
, pp. 45 - 82
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Sapra, K, Joseph, K, Galea, S, et al. Signs and symptoms of early pregnancy loss: a systematic review. Reprod Sci. 2017;24(4):502–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tommy’s. Miscarriage statistics. 2018. Website. www.tommys.org/our-organisation/charity-research/pregnancy-statistics/miscarriage. Accessed 10 September 2018.Google Scholar
van den Berg, M, van Wely, M, Goddijn, M. Genetics of early miscarriage, Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(12):1951–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Eiben, B, Bartels, I, Bahr-Porsch, D, et al. Cytogenetic analysis of 750 spontaneous abortions with the direct-preparation method of chorionic villi and its implications for studying genetic causes of pregnancy wastage. Am J Hum Genet. 1990;47:656–63.Google Scholar
Nybo Andersen, A, Wohlfahrt, J, Christens, P, Olsen, J, Melbye, M. Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ. 2000;320:1708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gracia, C, Sammel, M, Chittams, J, et al. Risk factors for spontaneous abortion in early symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5):993–9.Google Scholar
Cleary-Goldman, J, Malone, F, Vidaver, J, et al. Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(5):983–90.Google Scholar
Maconochie, N, Doyle, P, Prior, S, Simmons, R. Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage – results from a UK-population-based case-control study. BJOG. 2007;114(2):170–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pineles, B, Park, E, Samet, J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(7):807–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weng, X, Odouli, R, Li, D. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(3):279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avalos, L, Roberts, S, Kaskutas, L, Block, G, Li, D. Volume and type of alcohol during early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(11):1437–45.Google Scholar
Arck, P. Early risk factors for miscarriage: a prospective cohort study in pregnant women. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;17(1):101–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metwally, M, Ong, K, Ledger, W, Li, T. Does high body mass index increase the risk of miscarriage after spontaneous and assisted conception? A meta-analysis of evidence. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(3):714–26.Google Scholar
Giakoumelou, S, Wheelhouse, N, Cuschieri, K, et al. The role of infection in miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(1):116–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la Rochebrochard, E, Thonneau, P. Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage: results of a multicentre European study. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(6):1649–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farquharson, RG, Jauniaux, E, Exalto, N, on behalf of ESHRE Special Interest Group for Early Pregnancy. Updated and revised nomenclature for description of early pregnancy events. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(11):3008–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everett, C. Incidence and outcome of bleeding before 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice. BMJ. 1997;315:32.Google Scholar
Harville, E, Wilcox, A, Baird, D, Weinberg, C. Vaginal bleeding in very early pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(9):1944–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management (Clinical Guideline 154). 2012.Google Scholar
Human Tissue Authority UK (HTA). Guidance on the disposal of pregnancy remains following pregnancy loss or termination. 2015.Google Scholar
Qureshi, H, Massey, E, Kirwan, D, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfus Med. 2014;24(1):820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wierenga-de Waard, M, Hartman, E, Ankum, W, et al. Expectant management versus surgical evacuation in first trimester miscarriage: health-related quality of life in randomised and non-randomised patients. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(6):1638–42.Google Scholar
Luise, C, Jermy, K, May, C, et al. Outcome of expectant management of spontaneous first trimester miscarriage: observational study. BMJ. 2002;324:873.Google Scholar
Nanda, K, Lopez, L,. Grimes, D, Peloggia, A, Nanda, G. Expectant care vs. surgical treatment for miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar; 2012(3).Google Scholar
Trinder, J, Porter, R, Vyas, S. Management of miscarriage: expectant, medical or surgical? Results of randomised controlled trial (miscarriage treatment (MIST) trial). BMJ. 2006;332:1235.Google Scholar
Schreiber, C, Creinin, M, Atrio, J, et al. Mifepristone pretreatment for the medical management of early pregnancy loss. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2161–70.Google Scholar
Saraswat, L, Ashok, P, Mathur, M. Medical management of miscarriage. Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;16:7985.Google Scholar
Pang, M, Lee, T, Chung, T. Incomplete miscarriage: a randomised controlled trial comparing oral with vaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(11):2283–7.Google Scholar
Kim, C, Barnard, S, Neilson, J, et al. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan; 2017(1).Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists (RCOG), Surgical Management of Miscarriage and Removal of Persistent Placental or Fetal Remains (Consent Advice 10. Joint with AEPU). 2018.Google Scholar
Lissauer, D, Wilson, A, Daniels, J, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce pelvic infection in women having miscarriage surgery – the AIMS (Antibiotics in Miscarriage Surgery) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19:245.Google Scholar
Amarin, Z. Badria, L. A survey of uterine perforation following dilatation and curettage or evacuation of retained products of conception. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005;271(3):203–6.Google Scholar
Cameron, S. Recent advances in improving the effectiveness and reducing the complications of abortion. F1000 Research. 2018;7.Google Scholar
Meirik, O, Huong, NTM, Piaggio, G, Bergel, E, von Hertzen, H, on behalf of the WHO Research Group on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation. Complications of first-trimester abortion by vacuum aspiration after cervical preparation with and without misoprostol: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9828):1817–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webber, K, Grivell, R. Cervical ripening before first trimester surgical evacuation for non-viable pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov; 2015(11).Google ScholarPubMed
Hass, D, Hathaway, T, Ramsey, P. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct; 2018(10).Google Scholar

References

Chandraharan, E, Arulkumaran, S. Acute abdomen and abdominal pain in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2008;18(8):205–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivanesaratnam, V. The acute abdomen and the obstetrician. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;14(1):89102.Google Scholar
CEMACH. Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to Make Motherhood Safer – 2003–2005. London: CEMACH; 2007.Google Scholar
Skubic, JJ, Salim, A. Emergency general surgery in pregnancy. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2017;2(1): e000125.Google Scholar
Yeomans, ER, Gilstrap, LC. Physiologic changes in pregnancy and their impact on critical care. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S256–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madhra, M, Otify, M, Horne, AW. Ectopic pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2017;27(8):245–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weston, P, Moroz, P. Appendicitis in pregnancy: how to manage and whether to deliver. Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;17:105–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aggenbach, L, Zeeman, GG, Cantineau, AE, Gordijn, SJ, Hofker, HS. Impact of appendicitis during pregnancy: no delay in accurate diagnosis and treatment. Int J Surg. 2015;15:84–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, C, Hong, MK, Ding, DC. A review of ovary torsion. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;29(3):143–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Elson, CJ, Salim, R, Potdar, N, Chetty, M, Ross, JA, Kirk, EJ, on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BJOG. 2016;123:e15e55.Google Scholar
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: diagnosis and initial management. Clinical guideline [CG154]. U.K.: NICE;2012. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG154.Google Scholar
Sagili, H, Divers, M. Modern management of miscarriage. Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;9:102–8.Google Scholar
Al‐Memar, M, Kirk, E, Bourne, T. The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of early pregnancy complications. Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;17(3):173–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alalade, A, Maraj, H. Management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;19(4):317–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damigos, E, Johns, J, Ross, J. An update on the diagnosis and management of ovarian torsion. Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;14(4):229–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodfield, CA, Lazarus, E, Chen, KC, Mayo-Smith, WW. Abdominal pain in pregnancy: diagnoses and imaging unique to pregnancy – review. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010 194(1):238–44.Google Scholar
Currie, A, Bradley, E, McEwen, M, Al-Shabibi, N, Willson, PD. Laparoscopic approach to fibroid torsion presenting as an acute abdomen in pregnancy. JSLS. 2013;17(4):665–7.Google Scholar
Stone, K. Acute abdominal emergencies associated with pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;45:553.Google Scholar
Dhupar, R, Smaldone, GM, Hamad, GG. Is there a benefit to delaying cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder disease during pregnancy? Surg Endosc. 2010;24:108–12.Google Scholar
Mali, P. Pancreatitis in pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2016;15:434–8.Google Scholar
Longo, SA, Moore, RC, Canzoneri, BJ, Robichaux, A. Gastrointestinal conditions during pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010; 23:80.Google Scholar
Perdue, PW, Johnson, HW, Stafford, PW. Intestinal obstruction complicating pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1992;164:384–8.Google Scholar
Pinas-Carrillo, A, Chandraharan, E. Abdominal pain in pregnancy: a rational approach to management. Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med. 2017;27(4):112–19.Google Scholar
Shervington, JP, Cox, C, Abdominal pain in pregnancy: diagnosis, surgery and anaesthesia. Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;2:1722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casciani, E, De Vincentiis, C, Mazzei, MA, et al. Errors in imaging the pregnant patient with acute abdomen. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Oct;40(7):2112–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groen, RS, Bae, JY, Lim, KJ. Fear of the unknown: ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:456–62.Google Scholar
Jain, C. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 723: Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging During Pregnancy and Lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):186.Google Scholar
Baron, KT, Arleo, EK, Robinson, C, Sanelli, PC. Comparing the diagnostic performance of MRI versus CT in the evaluation of acute nontraumatic abdominal pain during pregnancy. Emerg Radiol. 2012;19:519–25.Google Scholar
Khandelwal, A, Fasih, N, Kielar, A. Imaging of acute abdomen in pregnancy. Radiol Clin North Am. 2013;51(6):1005–22.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, CC, Orejuela, FJ. Management of the acute abdomen in pregnancy: a review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;20(6):534–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Fozan, H, Tulandi, T. Safety and risks of laparoscopy in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;14:375–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilpatrick, CC, Monga, M. Approach to the acute abdomen in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007;34:389402.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Perry, RL. Acute abdomen and pregnancy. eMedicine. 2014. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/195976-overview#a12.Google Scholar

References

Jia, N, Chen, Y, Tao, X, et al. A gestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary diagnosed by DNA polymorphic analysis: a case report and systematic review of the literature. J Ovarian Res. 2017;10:46.Google Scholar
Savage, J, Adams, E, Veras, E, Murphy, KM, Ronnett, BM. Choriocarcinoma in women: analysis of a case series with genotyping. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:15931606.Google Scholar
Seckl, MJ, Sebire, NJ, Berkowitz, RS. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Lancet. 2010;376:717–29.Google Scholar
Seckl, MJ, Fisher, RA, Salerno, G, et al. Choriocarcinoma and partial hydatidiform moles. Lancet. 2000; 356: 36–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassadia, A, Gillespie, A, Tidy, J, et al. Placental site trophoblastic tumour: clinical features and management. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;99:603–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vang, R, Gupta, M, Wu, LSF, et al. Diagnostic reproducibility of hydatidiform moles: ancillary techniques (p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping) improve morphologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36:443–53.Google Scholar
Hoffner, L, Surti, U. The genetics of gestational trophoblastic disease: a rare complication of pregnancy. Cancer Genet. 2012;205:6377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukunaga, M, Ushigome, S. Malignant trophoblastic tumors: immunohistochemical and flow cytometric comparison of choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumors. Hum Pathol. 1993;24:10981106.Google Scholar
Bagshawe, KD, Golding, PR, Orr, AH. Choriocarcinoma after hydatidiform mole. Studies related to effectiveness of follow-up practice after hydatidiform mole. Br Med J. 1969;3(5673):733–7.Google Scholar
Baergen, RN, Rutgers, J, Young, RH. Extrauterine lesions of intermediate trophoblast. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2003;22:362–7.Google Scholar
Fadare, O, Parkash, V, Carcangiu, ML, Hui, P. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour: clinicopathological features with an emphasis on uterine cervical involvement. Mod Pathol. 2006;19:7582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngan, HY, Bender, H, Benedet, JL, et al. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, FIGO 2000 staging and classification. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2003;83:175–7.Google Scholar
Ngan, HY, Seckyl, MJ, Berkowitz, RS, et al. Update on the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2018;143(Suppl 2):7985.Google Scholar
Hancock, BW, Newlands, ES, Berkowitz, RS. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1997.Google Scholar
Mangili, G, Lorusso, D, Brown, J, et al. Trophoblastic disease review for diagnosis and management: a joint report from the International Society for the Study of Trophoblastic Disease, European Organisation for the Treatment of Trophoblastic Disease, and the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2014;24(9 Suppl 3):S109–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConnell, TG, Murphy, KM, Hafez, M, Vang, R, Ronnett, BM. Diagnosis and subclassification of hydatidiform moles using p57 immunohistochemistry and molecular genotyping: validation and prospective analysis in routine and consultation practice settings with development of an algorithm approach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:805–17.Google Scholar
Lewis, GH, DeScipio, C, Murphy, KM, et al. Characterisation of androgenetic/biparental mosaic/chimeric conceptions, including those with a molar component: morphology, p57 immunohistochemistry, molecular genotyping, and risk of persistent gestational disease. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2013;32:199214.Google Scholar
Tidy, JA, Gilliespie, AM, Bright, N, et al. Gestational trophoblastic disease: a study of mode of evacuation and subsequent need for treatment with chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2000;78:309–12.Google Scholar
Cole, LA. hCG, its free subunits and its metabolites. Roles in pregnancy and trophoblastic disease. J Reprod Med. 1998;43:310.Google ScholarPubMed
Sturgeon, CM, Berger, P, Bidart, JM, et al. Differences in recognition of the 1st WHO International Reference Reagents for hCG-related isoforms by diagnostic immunoassays for human chorionic gonadotropin. Clin Chem. 2009;55(8):1484–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lybol, C, Sweep, FC, Ottevanger, PB, Massuger, LF, Thomas, CM. Linear regression of post evacuation serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations predicts postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013;23:1150–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earp, K, Hancock, BW, Short, D, et al. Do we need post-pregnancy human chorionic gonadotrophin screening after previous molar pregnancy to identify patients with recurrent gestational trophoblastic disease? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;234:117–19.Google Scholar
Agarwal, R, Strickland, S, McNeish, IA, et al. Doppler ultrasonography of the uterine artery and the response to chemotherapy in patients with gestational trophoblastic tumours. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:1142–7.Google Scholar
McNeish, IA, Strickland, S, Holden, L, et al. Low-risk persistent gestational trophoblastic disease: outcome after initial treatment with low-dose methotrexate and folinic acid from 1992 to 2000. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1838–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alazzam, M, Tidy, J, Osborne, R, et al. Chemotherapy for resistant or recurrent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(12). DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008891.pub3.Google Scholar
Ghorani, E, Kaur, B, Fisher, RA, et al. Pembrolizumab is effective for drug resistant gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Lancet. 2017;390;2344–5.Google Scholar
Stockton, L, Green, E, Kaur, B, De Winton, E. Non-gestational choriocarcinoma with widespread metastases presenting with type 1 respiratory failure in a 39-year-old female: case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol. 2018;11:151–8.Google Scholar
Osborne, R, Filiaci, V, Schink, JC, et al. Second curettage for low-risk nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Obset Gynecol. 2016;128:535–42.Google Scholar
Chiofalo, B, Palmara, V, Laganà, AS, et al. Fertility sparing strategies in patients affected by placental site trophoblastic tumour. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2017;18:58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebire, NJ, Fisher, RA, Foskett, M, et al. Risk of recurrent hydatidiform mole and subsequent pregnancy outcome following complete or partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy. BJOG. 2003;110:22–6.Google Scholar
Fallahian, M, Sebire, NJ, Savage, PM, Seckl, MJ, Fisher, RA. Mutations in NLRP7 and KHDC3L confer a complete hydatidiform mole phenotype on digynictriploid conceptions. Hum Mutation. 2013;34:301–8.Google Scholar
Sebire, NJ, Foskett, M, Paradinas, FJ, et al. Outcome of twin pregnancies with complete hydatidiform mole and healthy co-twin. Lancet. 2002;359:2165–6.Google Scholar
Seckl, MJ, Sebire, NJ, Fisher, RA, et al. Gestational trophoblastic disease: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(Suppl 6):vi39vi50.Google Scholar

References

Dean, CR, Shemar, M, Ostrowski, GAU, Painter, RC. Management of severe pregnancy sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum. BMJ. 2018 Nov 30;363:k5000.Google Scholar
Vikanes, A, Grjibovski, AM, Vangen, S, Magnus, P. Variations in prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum by country of birth: a study of 900,074 pregnancies in Norway, 1967–2005. Scand J Public Health. 2008 Mar;36(2):135–42.Google Scholar
Fiaschi, L, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gibson, J, Szatkowski, L, Tata, LJ. Adverse maternal and birth outcomes in women admitted to hospital for hyperemesis gravidarum: a population-based cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2018 Jan;32(1):4051.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, A, McParlin, C, Robson, SC, et al. Treatments for hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a systematic review and economic assessment. Health Technol Assess. 2016 Oct;20(74):1268.Google Scholar
Koot, MH, Boelig, RC, Van’t Hooft, J, et al. Variation in hyperemesis gravidarum definition and outcome reporting in randomised clinical trials: a systematic review. BJOG. 2018 Nov;125(12):1514–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koren, G, Piwko, C, Ahn, E, et al. Validation studies of the Pregnancy Unique-Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) scores. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005 Apr;25(3):241–4.Google Scholar
Birkeland, E, Stokke, G, Tangvik, RJ, et al. Norwegian PUQE (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and nausea) identifies patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and poor nutritional intake: a prospective cohort validation study. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0119962.Google Scholar
Niemeijer, MN, Grooten, IJ, Vos, N, et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Aug;211(2):150e115.Google Scholar
Vikanes, A, Grjibovski, AM, Vangen, S, et al. Maternal body composition, smoking, and hyperemesis gravidarum. Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Aug;20(8):592–8.Google Scholar
Vikanes, A, Skjaerven, R, Grjibovski, AM, et al. Recurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum across generations: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c2050.Google Scholar
Fejzo, MS, Sazonova, OV, Sathirapongsasuti, JF, et al. Placenta and appetite genes GDF15 and IGFBP7 are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. Nat Commun. 2018 Mar 21;9(1):1178.Google Scholar
Heitmann, K, Nordeng, H, Havnen, GC, Solheimsnes, A, Holst, L. The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017 Feb 28;17(1):75.Google Scholar
Shehmar, M, Maclean, M, Nelson-Piercy, C, Gadsby, R, O’Hara, M. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum,RCOG Green-top Guideline No 69. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2016.Google Scholar
Bulletins-Obstetrics CoP. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e15-e30.Google Scholar
Vikanes, Å, Trovik, J, Tellum, T, et al. Emesis & hyperemesis gravidarum. In Nordic Guidelines Obstetrics and Gynecology. Copenhagen, Denmark: NFOG; 2014.Google Scholar
Quinlan, JD. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. In BMJ Best Practice. London, UK: BMJ; 2018.Google Scholar
Smith, JA, Fox, KA, Clark, S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: treatment and outcome. In Barss, VA, ed. UpToDate; 2019.Google Scholar
Boelig, RC, Barton, SJ, Saccone, G, et al. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Sep;31(18):2492–505.Google Scholar
Lupattelli, A, Spigset, O, Twigg, MJ, et al. Medication use in pregnancy: a cross-sectional, multinational web-based study. BMJ Open. 2014 Feb 17;4(2):e004365.Google Scholar
Stokke, G, Gjelsvik, BL, Flaatten, KT, et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum, nutritional treatment by nasogastric tube feeding: a 10-year retrospective cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015 Apr;94(4):359–67.Google Scholar
Grooten, IJ, Koot, MH, van der Post, JA, et al. Early enteral tube feeding in optimizing treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: the Maternal and Offspring outcomes after Treatment of HyperEmesis by Refeeding (MOTHER) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Sep;106(3):812–20.Google Scholar
Veenendaal, MV, van Abeelen, AF, Painter, RC, van der Post, JA, Roseboom, TJ. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2011 Oct;118(11):1302–13.Google Scholar
Vandraas, KF, Vikanes, AV, Stoer, NC, et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum and risk of cancer in offspring, a Scandinavian registry-based nested case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2015 May 13;15:398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayyavoo, A, Derraik, JG, Hofman, PL, et al. Severe hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in the offspring in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Aug;98(8):3263–8.Google Scholar
Grooten, I, Painter, R, Pontesilli, M, et al. Weight loss in pregnancy and cardiometabolic profile in childhood: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. BJOG. 2014; 2011(12):22.Google Scholar
Bolin, M, Akerud, H, Cnattingius, S, Stephansson, O, Wikstrom, AK. Hyperemesis gravidarum and risks of placental dysfunction disorders: a population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2013 Apr;120(5):541–7.Google Scholar
Jorgensen, KT, Nielsen, NM, Pedersen, BV, Jacobsen, S, Frisch, M. Hyperemesis, gestational hypertensive disorders, pregnancy losses and risk of autoimmune diseases in a Danish population-based cohort. J Autoimmun. 2012 May;38(2–3):J120–8.Google Scholar
Trogstad, LI, Stoltenberg, C, Magnus, P, Skjaerven, R, Irgens, LM. Recurrence risk in hyperemesis gravidarum. BJOG. 2005 Dec;112(12):1641–5.Google Scholar
Wright, LB, Schoemaker, MJ, Jones, ME, Ashworth, A, Swerdlow, AJ. Breast cancer risk in relation to history of preeclampsia and hyperemesis gravidarum: prospective analysis in the Generations Study. Int J Cancer. 2018 Aug 15;143(4):782–92.Google Scholar
Vandraas, KF, Grjibovski, AM, Stoer, NC, et al. Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a Scandinavian nested case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2015 Sep 1;137(5):1209–16.Google Scholar
Fossum, S, Halvorsen, S, Vikanes, AV, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile at the age of 40–45 in women with previous hyperemesis gravidarum or hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: A population-based study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2018 Apr;12:129–35.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×