José Ballivián was born in La Paz in 1805, and came from an upper-class family, his uncle being Sebastián de Segurola, the royal official who led the suppression of the Tupac Amaru rebellion. But he himself was relatively uneducated, having entered into a military career at the age of twelve. An important leader in the independence armies, he was to rise to the highest ranks in the armies of Santa Cruz. Although much involved in the complex political intrigues before coming to power, the Ballivián era from 1841 to the end of 1847 was a calm period of rule for Bolivia and is considered the last stable regime of the early caudillo period. Under Ballivián, Congress was active, and many able civilians came into the central government. Slowly, population and government income began to rise as the nation no longer was involved in major international conflicts.