References

Michael A. Witt

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488627.010

Abernathy, Frederick H., Dunlop, John T., Hammond, Janice H., and Weil, David 1999. A stitch in time: Lean retailing and the transformation of manufacturing – Lessons from the apparel and textile industries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Abernathy, W. J., and Utterback, James M. 1978. “Patterns of industrial innovation,” Technology Review 80: 40–7.Google Scholar

Abrahamson, Eric 1996. “Management fashion,” Academy of Management Review 21: 254–85.CrossRef Google Scholar

Abrahamson, Eric, and Fairchild, Gregory 1999. “Management fashion: lifecycles, triggers, and collective learning processes,” Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 708–40.CrossRef Google Scholar

Adler, Paul S., and Kwon, Seok-Woo 2002. “Social capital: Prospects for a new concept,” Academy of Management Review 27: 17–40.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ahmadjian, Christina L., and Lincoln, James R. 2001. “Keiretsu, governance, and learning: Case studies in change from the Japanese automotive industry,” Organization Science 12: 683–701.CrossRef Google Scholar

Albert, Michel 1993. Capitalism vs. capitalism: How America's obsession with individual achievement and short-term profit has led it to the brink of collapse. Translated by Haviland, Paul. New York: Four Wall Eight Windows.Google Scholar

Aldrich, Howard E., and Sasaki, Toshihiro 1995. “R&D consortia in the United States and Japan,” Research Policy 24: 301–16.CrossRef Google Scholar

Allinson, Gary D. 1993. “Citizenship, fragmentation, and the negotiated polity,” in Allinson, Gary D. and Sone, Yasunori (eds.), Political dynamics in contemporary Japan, pp. 17–49. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Amable, Bruno 2003. The diversity of modern capitalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Amsden, Alice H. 1989. Asia's next giant: South Korea and late industrialization. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Amsden, Alice H., and Hikino, Takashi 1994. “Project execution capability, organizational know-how, and conglomerate corporate growth in late industrialization,” Industrial and Corporate Change 3: 111–48.CrossRef Google Scholar

Amyx, Jennifer 2004. Japan's financial crisis: Institutional rigidity and reluctant change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Philip 1999. “Complexity theory and organization science,” Organization Science 10: 216–32.CrossRef Google Scholar

Aoki, Masahiko 1988. Information, incentives, and bargaining in the Japanese economy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Aoki, Masahiko 2003. Toward a comparative institutional analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Arthur, W. Brian 1994a. Increasing returns and path dependence in the economy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Arthur, W. Brian 1994b. “On the evolution of complexity,” in Cowen, G. A., Pines, D. and Meltzer, D. (eds.), Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality, pp. New York: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Asanuma, Banri 1994. “Co-ordination between production and distribution in a globalizing network of firms: Assessing flexibility achieved in the Japanese automobile industry,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, Ronald Philip (eds.), The Japanese firm: Sources of competitive strength, pp. 117–53. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Axelrod, Robert M. 1984. The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Baker, Wayne E. 1992. “The network organization in theory and practice,” in Nohria, Nitin and Eccles, Robert G. (eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action, pp. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

Bandura, Albert 1977. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Barley, Stephen R., and Tolbert, Pamela S. 1997. “Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution,” Organization Studies 18: 93–117.CrossRef Google Scholar

Barr, Pamela S., and Huff, Anne S. 1997. “Seeing isn't believing: Understanding diversity in the timing of strategic response,” Journal of Management Studies 34: 337–70.CrossRef Google Scholar

Baum, J. A., and Oliver, Christine 1992. “Institutional embeddedness and the dynamics of organizational populations,” American Sociological Review 57: 540–59.CrossRef Google Scholar

Baumgartner, Frank R., and Jones, Bryan D. 2002. “Positive and negative feedback in politics,” in Baumgartner, Frank R. and Jones, Bryan D. (eds.), Policy dynamics, pp. 3–28. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar

Beason, Richard, and Weinstein, David E. 1996. “Growth, economies of scale, and targeting in Japan (1955–1990),” Review of Economics and Statistics 78: 286–95.CrossRef Google Scholar

Beckert, Jens 1999. “Agency, entrepreneurs, and institutional change. The role of strategic choice and institutionalized practices in organizations,” Organization Studies 20: 777–99.CrossRef Google Scholar

Berg, David M., and Guisinger, Stephen E. 2001. “Capital flows, capital controls, and international business risk,” in Rugman, Alan M. and Brewer, Thomas L. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of international business, pp. 259–81. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Berger, Suzanne (ed.) 1981. Organizing interests in Western Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bhide, A. 1999. The origin and evolution of new businesses. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Blanchard, Olivier, and Wolfers, Justin 2000. “The role of shocks and institutions in the rise of European unemployment: The aggregate evidence,” The Economic Journal 110: C1–C33.CrossRef Google Scholar

Bolino, Mark C., Turnley, William H., and Bloodgood, James H. 2002. “Citizenship behavior and the creation of social capital in organizations,” Academy of Management Review 27: 505–22.CrossRef Google Scholar

Borgatti, Stephen P., Everett, M. G., and Freeman, L. C. 2002. UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Analytic Technologies.Google Scholar

Bouty, Isabelle 2000. “Interpersonal and interaction influences on informal resource exchanges between R&D researchers across organizational boundaries,” Academy of Management Journal 43: 50–65.Google Scholar

Boyer, Robert 1997. “French statism at the crossroads,” in Crouch, Colin and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), Political economy of modern capitalism: Mapping convergence and diversity, pp. 71–101. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Branscomb, Lewis M., Kodama, Fumio, and Florida, Richard (eds.) 1999. Industrializing knowledge: University-industry linkages in Japan and the United States. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Branstetter, Lee G., and Sakakibara, Mariko 1998. “Japanese research consortia: A microeconometric analysis of industrial policy,” Journal of Industrial Economics 46: 207–33.CrossRef Google Scholar

Branstetter, Lee G., and Sakakibara, Mariko 2002. “When do research consortia work well and why? Evidence from Japanese panel data,” American Economic Review 92: 143–59.CrossRef Google Scholar

Brehm, John, and Rahn, Wendy 1997. “Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital,” American Journal of Political Science 41: 999–1023.CrossRef Google Scholar

Browning, Larry D., Beyer, Janice M., and Shetler, Judy C. 1995. “Building cooperation in a competitive industry: SEMATECH and the semiconductor industry,” Academy of Management Journal 38: 113–51.Google Scholar

Buchanan, James M., and Tullock, Gordon 1962. The calculus of consent. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Calder, Kent E. 1993. Strategic capitalism: Private business and public response in Japanese industrial finance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Callon, Scott 1995. Divided sun: MITI and the breakdown of Japanese high-tech industrial policy, 1975–1993. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Caves, Richard E., and Uekusa, Masu 1976. Industrial organization in Japan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Churchill, N. C., and Lewis, V. L. 1983. “The five stages of small business growth,” Harvard Business Review 61: 30–50.Google Scholar

Cohen, J. 1960. “A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales,” Educational and Psychological Measurement 20: 37–46.CrossRef Google Scholar

Cohen, Michael D., March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P. 1972. “A garbage can model of organizational choice,” Administrative Science Quarterly 17: 1–25.CrossRef Google Scholar

Commons, John Rogers 1950. The economics of collective action. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Contractor, Farok J., and Lorange, Peter 1988. “Why should firms cooperate? The strategy and economic basis for cooperative ventures,” in Contractor, Farok, J. and Lorange, Peter (eds.), Cooperative strategies in international business, pp. 3–30. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company.Google Scholar

Conway, Paul, Janod, Véronique, and Nicoletti, Giuseppe. 2005. Product market regulation in OECD countries: 1998 to 2003. Paris: OECD.CrossRef Google Scholar

Curtis, Gerald L. 1988. The Japanese way of politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Curtis, Gerald L. 1999. The logic of Japanese politics: Leaders, institutions, and the limits of change. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Cyert, Richard M., and March, James G. 1963. A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

d'Aspremont, Claude, and Jacquemin, Alexis 1988. “Cooperative and noncooperative R&D in duopoly with spillovers,” American Economic Review 78: 1133–1137.Google Scholar

David, Paul 1985. “Clio and the economics of QWERTY,” American Economic Review 75: 332–7.Google Scholar

Deutsches Verbändeforum 2005. Statistische Hintergrundinformationen [Statistical background information]. http://www.lobbyist.de/files/ueber_verbaende/897F29ECB68C4C1FA99E0E6C6FD00D6E.htm, accessed on 30 April 2005.

DeWit, Andrew. 1999. Saying no to “socialism:” The new politics of the income tax in Japan. Washington, DC: Japan Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar

DiMaggio, Paul J. 1988. “Interest and agency in institutional theory,” in Zucker, Lynn G. (ed.) Institutional patterns and organizations: Culture and environment, pp. 3–21. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar

DiMaggio, Paul J., and Powell, Walter W. 1983. “The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields,” American Sociological Review 48: 147–60.CrossRef Google Scholar

Doner, Richard F. 1997. “Japan in East Asia: Institutions and regional leadership,” in Katzenstein, Peter J. and Shiraishi, Takashi (eds.), Network power: Japan and Asia, pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Dooley, Kevin J., and Ven, Andrew H. 1999. “Explaining complex organizational dynamics,” Organization Science 10: 358–72.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dore, Ronald Philip 1983. “Goodwill and the spirit of market capitalism,” The British Journal of Sociology 34: 459–82.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dore, Ronald Philip 1986. Flexible rigidities: Industrial policy and structural adjustment in the Japanese economy, 1970–1980. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Dore, Ronald Philip 2000. Stock market capitalism: welfare capitalism: Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Dore, Ronald Philip, and Sako, Mari 1989. How the Japanese learn to work. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Dowding, Keith, John, Peter, Mergoupis, Thanos, and Vugt, Mark 2000. “Exit, voice and loyalty: Analytic and empirical developments,” European Journal of Political Research, 37: 469–495.CrossRef Google Scholar

Eccles, Robert G., and Crane, Dwight D. 1987. “Managing through networks in investment banking,” California Management Review30.Google Scholar

Economist 2000. “A new golden age,” Economist, 9 March 2000.

Economist 2001. “Japanese corporate raiders: Ever so polite,” Economist, 15 February 2001.

Economist 2004. “Tiger, tiger, burning bright,” Economist, 14 October 2004.

Economist 2005. “From t-shirts to T-bonds,” Economist, 28 July 2005.

Enste, Dominik H. 2003. “Ursachen der Schattenwirtschaft in den OECD-Staaten [Causes of the shadow economy in the OECD countries],” IW-Trends 31: 1–19.Google Scholar

Estevez-Abe, Margarita, Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David 2001. “Social protection and the formation of skills: A reinterpretatio of the welfare state,” in Hall, Peter A. and Soskice, David (eds.), Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage, pp. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Evans, Peter B. 1995. Embedded autonomy: States and industrial transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Fiss, Peer C., and Zajac, Edward J. 2004. “The diffusion of ideas over contested terrain: The (non)adoption of a shareholder value orientation among German firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly 49: 501–34.Google Scholar

Flamm, Kenneth 1996. Mismanaged trade? Strategic policy and the semiconductor industry. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Fountain, Jane E. 1998. “Social capital: A key enabler of innovation in science and technology,” in Branscomb, Lewis M. and Keller, James H. (eds.), Investing in innovation: Toward a consensus strategy for federal technology policy, pp. 85–111. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Friedland, Roger, and Robertson, A. F. 1990. “Beyond the marketplace,” in Roger, Friedland and Robertson, A. F. (eds.), Beyond the marketplace: Rethinking economy and society, pp. 3–49. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Friedman, David 1988. The misunderstood miracle: Industrial development and political change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Friedman, George, and LeBard, Meredith 1991. The coming war with Japan. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Fruin, W. Mark 1992. The Japanese enterprise system: Competitive strategies and cooperative structures. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis 1995. Trust: The social virtues & the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Fulk, Janet, and DeSanctis, Gerardine 1995. “Electronic communication and changing organizational forms,” Organization Science 6: 1–13.CrossRef Google Scholar

Galaskiewicz, Joseph, and Wasserman, Stanley 1989. “Leadership and networking among neighborhood human service organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 26: 434–48.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gargiulo, Martin, and Benassi, Mario 2000. “Trapped in your own net? Network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital,” Organization Science 11: 183–96.CrossRef Google Scholar

Gargiulo, Martin, and Ertug, Gokhan 2006. “The dark side of trust,” in Bachmann, Reinhard and Zaheer, Akbar (eds.), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Gell-Mann, M. 1994. The quark and the jaguar. New York: Freeman & Co.Google Scholar

Gerlach, Michael L. 1992. Alliance capitalism: The social organization of Japanese business. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Goldstone, Jack A., Gurr, Ted Robert, and Moshiri, Farrokh (eds.) 1991. Revolutions of the late twentieth century. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Goodman, Roger 2005. “W(h)ither the Japanese university? An introduction to the 2004 higher education reforms in Japan,” in Eades, J. S., Goodman, Roger and Hada, Yumiko (eds.), The “Big Bang” in Japanese higher education: The 2004 reforms and the dynamics of change, pp. Victoria, Australia: Trans Pacific Press.Google Scholar

Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The strength of weak ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80.CrossRef Google Scholar

Granovetter, Mark S. 1985. “Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness,” American Journal of Sociology 91: 481–10.CrossRef Google Scholar

Granovetter, Mark S. 1994. “Business groups,” in Smelser, Neil J. and Swedberg, Richard (eds.), The handbook of economic sociology, pp. 453–76. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Grant, Wyn, Paterson, William, and Whitston, Colin 1987. “Government-industry relations in the chemical industry: An Anglo-German comparison,” in Wilks, Stephen and Wright, Maurice (eds.), Comparative government-industry relations: Western Europe, the United States, and Japan, pp. 35–60. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Greenwood, Royston, and Hinings, C. R. 1996. “Understanding radical organizational change: Bringing together the old and the new institutionalism,” Academy of Management Review 21: 1022–54.CrossRef Google Scholar

Greenwood, Royston, Suddaby, Roy, and Hinings, C. R. 2002. “Theorizing change: The role of professional associations in the transformation of institutionalized fields,” Academy of Management Journal 45: 58–80.Google Scholar

Greif, Avner 1993. “Contract enforceability and economic institutions in eary trade: The Maghribi traders' coalition,” American Economic Review 83: 525–48.Google Scholar

Greif, Avner 1994. “Trading institutions and the commercial revolution in medieval Europe,” in Abanbegyan, Abel, Bogomolov, Oleg and Kaser, Michael (eds.), Economics in a changing world, vol. 1: System tranformation: Eastern and Western assessments, pp. 115–25. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Gulati, Ranjay 1995. “Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances,” Academy of Management Journal 38: 85–112.Google Scholar

Gulati, Ranjay 1998. “Alliances and networks,” Strategic Management Journal 19: 293–317.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRef Google Scholar

Gurr, Ted Robert 1973. “The revolution-social change nexus,” Comparative Politics 5: 359–92.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hage, Jerald, and Alter, Catherine 1997. “A typology of interorganizational relationships and networks,” in Hollingsworth, J. Rogers and Boyer, Robert (eds.), Contemporary capitalism: The embeddedness of institutions, pp. 94–126. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., and Gingerich, Daniel W. 2004. Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the macroeconomy: An empirical analysis. In MPIfG Discussion Paper 04/5. Cologne.Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., and Soskice, David 2001. “An introduction to varieties of capitalism,” in Hall, Peter A. and Soskice, David (eds.), Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage, pp. 1–68. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hall, Peter A., and Taylor, Rosemary C. R. 1996. “Political science and the three new institutionalisms,” Political Studies 44: 936–57.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hambrick, Donald C., and Lei, David 1985. “Toward an empirical prioritization of contingency variables for business strategy,” Academy of Management Journal 28: 763–88.Google Scholar

Hamel, G. 1991. “Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances,” Strategic Management Journal 9: 361–74.Google Scholar

Harrison, Lawrence E. 1992. Who prospers? How cultural values shape economic and political success. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Harrison, Lawrence E. 1997. The pan-American dream: Do Latin American cultural values discourage true partnership with the United States and Canada?New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Hayek, Friedrich Anton 1945. “The use of knowledge in society,” American Economic Review 35: 519–30.Google Scholar

Henisz, Witold J. 2002. Politics and international investment: Measuring risks and protecting profits. London: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar

Henisz, Witold J., and Zelner, Bennet A. 2005. “Legitimacy, interest group pressures, and change in emergent institutions: The case of foreign investors and host country governments,” Academy of Management Review 30: 361–82.CrossRef Google Scholar

Henry, E. Keith. 1992. Shougai katsudou (external relations) and the foreign firm, Institute of Comparative Culture, Sophia University, Tokyo.

Hicks, Diana 1993. “University-industry research links in Japan,” Policy Sciences 26: 361–95.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hite, Julie M., and Hesterly, William S. 2001. “The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm,” Strategic Management Journal 22: 275–86.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hofer, C. W. 1977. Conceptual constructs for formulating corporate and business strategy. Boston: Harvard Intercollegiate Case Clearing House.Google Scholar

Hofstede, Geert H. 1997. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Hoshi, Takeo 1994. “The economic role of corporate grouping and the main bank system,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, Ronald Philip (eds.), The Japanese firm: Sources of competitive strength, pp. 285–309. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hoshi, Takeo, Kashyap, Anil, and Scharfstein, David 1991. “The role of banks in reducing the cost of financial distress in Japan,” Journal of Financial Economics 27: 67–88.CrossRef Google Scholar

House, Robert J., Hanges, Paul J., Javidan, Mansour, Dorfman, Peter W., and Gupta, Vipin (eds.) 2004. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Imai, Ken'ichi 1982. “Japan's industrial structure and United States-Japan industrial relations,” in Yamamura, Kozo (ed.) Policy and trade issues of the Japanese economy: American and Japanese perspectives, pp. 47–75. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Imai, Ken'ichi 1988. “Industrial policy and technological innovation,” in Komiya, Ryutaro, Okuno, Masahiro and Suzumura, Kotaru (eds.), Industrial policy of Japan, pp. 205–29. Tokyo: Academic Press Japan.Google Scholar

Imai, Ken'ichi 1992. “Japan's corporate networks,” in Kumon, Shumpei and Rosovsky, Henry (eds.), The political economy of Japan, volume 3: Cultural and social dynamics, pp. 198–230. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Imai, Ken'ichi 1994. “Enterprise groups,” in Imai, Ken'ichi and Komiya, Ryutaro (eds.), Business enterprise in Japan: Views of leading Japanese economists, pp. 117–40. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Imai, Ken'ichi, Nonaka, Ikujiro, and Takeuchi, Hirotaka 1985. “Managing the new product development process: How Japanese companies learn and unlearn,” in Clark, Kim B., Hayes, Robert H. and Lorenz, Christopher (eds.), The uneasy alliance: Managing the productivity-technology dilemma, pp. 337–76. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

Inagami, Takeshi, and Whittaker, D. Hugh 2005. The new community firm: Employment, governance and management reform in Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Inkpen, Andrew C., and Tsang, Eric W. K. 2005. “Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer,” Academy of Management Review 30: 146–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Institute of Statistical Mathematics. 2004. A study of the Japanese national character: The eleventh nationwide survey. Tokyo: Institute of Statistical Mathematics.

Ito, Takatoshi 1992. The Japanese economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Jackman, Robert W., and Miller, Ross A. 1998. “Social capital and politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 47–73.CrossRef Google Scholar

Jackson, Gregory 2003a. “Corporate governance in Germany and Japan: Liberalization pressures and responses during the 1990s,” in Yamamura, Kozo and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism, pp. 261–305. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, Gregory 2003b. “Corporate governance in Germany and JapanL Liberalization pressures and responses during the 1990s,” in Yamamura, Kozo and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism, pp. 261–305. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Jackson, Gregory, and Miyajima, Hideaki. 2004. Corporate governance in Japan: Institutional change and organizational diversity. Paper read at RIETI Symposium “Corporate Governance in Japan: Converging to Any Particular New Model?” at United Nations University, Tokyo.

Janis, Irving Lester 1982. Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Japan Fair Trade Commission. 2001. [Concerning the actual state of business groups: Report on the seventh survey]: Japan Fair Trade Commission.

Johnson, Chalmers 1982. MITI and the Japanese miracle: The growth of industrial policy 1925–1975. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, Gerry 1988. “Rethinking incrementalism,” Strategic Management Journal 9: 75–91.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kato, Takao 2001. “The end of lifetime employment in Japan?: Evidence from national surveys and field research,” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 15: 489–514.CrossRef Google Scholar

Katz, Michael L. 1986. “An analysis of cooperative research and development,” RAND Journal of Economics 17: 527–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Katz, Richard 2002. Japanese phoenix: The long road to economic revival. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira 2003. “Periodization and preferences: Reflections on purposive action in comparative historical social science,” in Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (eds.), Comparative historical analysis in the social sciences, pp. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kauffman, S. 1995. At home in the universe. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kawanishi, Hirosuke 1992. Enterprise unions in Japan. Translated by Mouer, Ross E.London: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar

Keddie, Nikki 1995. Debating revolutions. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kingdon, John W. 1984. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert 2003. “Competitive party democracy and political-economic reform in Germany and Japan: Do party systems make a difference?,” in Yamamura, Kozo and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism, pp. 334–63. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Klepper, Steven 1997. “Industry life cycles,” Industrial and Corporate Change 6: 145–81.CrossRef Google Scholar

Knight, Jack 1992. Institutions and social conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kobrin, Stephen J. 1982. Managing political risk assessment: Strategic response to environmental change. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Kogut, Bruce 1988. “Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives,” Strategic Management Journal 9: 319–32.CrossRef Google Scholar

Komiya, Ryutaro 1988. “Introduction,” in Komiya, Ryutaro, Okuno, Masahiro and Suzumura, Kotaru (eds.), Industrial policy in Japan, pp. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Krasner, Stephen 1976. “State power and the structure of foreign trade,” World Politics 28: 317–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kreps, David M. 1990. Game theory and economic modelling. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kume, Ikuo 1998. Disparaged success. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Kumon, Shumpei 1992. “Japan as a network society,” in Kumon, Shumpei and Rosovsky, Henry (eds.), The political economy of Japan, volume 3: Cultural and social dynamics, pp. 109–41. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Kunkel, S. W. 1991. The impact of strategy and industry structure on new venture performance. doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia.

Kuroki, Fumio. 2003. The relationship of companies and banks as cross-shareholdings unwind: Fiscal 2002 cross-shareholding survey. Tokyo: NLI Research Institute.Google Scholar

Kurosu, Masahi (ed.) 2003. Japan Almanac 2004. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun.Google Scholar

Lebra, Takie Sugiyama 1976. Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar

Lewin, Arie Y., and Kim, Jisung 2004. “The nation state and culture as influences on organizational change and innovation,” in Poole, Marshal Scott (ed.) Handbook of organizational change and development, pp. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lewin, Arie Y., Long, Chris P., and Carroll, Timothy N. 1999. “The coevolution of new organizational forms,” Organization Science 10: 535–50.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lewin, Arie Y., and Stephens, Carroll U. 1993. “Designing post-industrial organizations: Combining theory and practice,” in Huber, George P. and Glick, William H. (eds.), Organizational change and redesign, pp. 393–410. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lewin, Arie Y., and Volberda, Henk W. 1999. “Prolegomena on coevolution: A framework for research on strategy and new organizational forms,” Organization Science 10: 519–34.CrossRef Google Scholar

Liebeskind, Julia Porter, Oliver, Amalya Lumerman, Zucker, Lynne G., and Brewer, Marilynn B. 1995. Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lincoln, Edward J. 1990a. Japan's unequal trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Lincoln, Edward J. 1999. Troubled times: U.S.-Japan trade relations in the 1990s. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Lincoln, Edward J. 2001. Arthritic Japan: The slow pace of economic reform. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Lincoln, James R. 1990b. “Japanese organization and organization theory,” Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 255–94.Google Scholar

Lincoln, James R., and Gerlach, Michael L. 2004. Japan's network economy: Structure, persistence, and change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lincoln, James R., Gerlach, Michael L., and Ahmadjian, Christina L. 1996. “Keiretsu networks and corporate performance in Japan,” American Sociological Review 61: 67–88.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lincoln, James R., and McBride, Kerry 1987. “Japanese industrial organization in comparative perspective,” Annual Review of Sociology 13: 289–312.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lynn, Leonard H., and McKeown, Timothy J. 1988. Organizing business: Trade associations in American and Japan. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar

March, James G., and Olsen, Johan P. 1989. Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

March, James G., and Simon, Herbert A. 1958. Organizations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Martin, Michael O., Mullis, Ina V. S., Gonzalez, Eugenio J., and Chrostowski, Steven J. 2004. TIMSS 2003 international science report: Findings from IEA's trends in international mathematics and science study at the fourth and eighth grades. Boston: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.Google Scholar

Marsh, Robert M. 1992. “A research note: Centralization of decision-making in Japanese factories,” Organization Studies 13: 261–74.CrossRef Google Scholar

Martinez, Jon I., and Jarillo, J. Carlos 1989. “The evolution of research on coordination mechanisms in multinational corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies 20: 489–514.CrossRef Google Scholar

McGuire, Jean, and Dow, Sandra 2005. “Keiretsu organization in a changing economic context: The evolution of debt and equity ties among keiretsu firms,” in Roehl, Thomas and Bird, Allan (eds.), Japanese firms in transition: Reponding to the globalization challenge, pp. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.Google Scholar

McKean, Margaret A. 1993. “State strength and the public interest,” in Allinson, Gary D. and Sone, Yasunori (eds.), Political dynamics in contemporary Japan, pp. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Meyer, John W., and Rowan, Brian 1977. “Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony,” American Journal of Sociology 83: 340–63.CrossRef Google Scholar

Micromachine Center. 2005a. The national R&D project “Micromachine Technology”. [cited 3 May 2005]. Available from http://www.mmc.or.jp/e/natio-project/natio-project.html.

Micromachine Center. 2005b. What is the Micromachine Center (MMC)? [cited 3 May 2005]. Available from http://www.mmc.or.jp/e/gaiyou-e/gaiyou-e.html.

Miles, Grant, Snow, Charles C., and Sharman, Mark P. 1993. “Industry variety and performance,” Strategic Management Journal 14: 163–77.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 2002a. Japanese government policies in education, culture, sports, science and technology 2002: School in the new era—elementary and secondary education reform in progress. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 2002b. Japanese government policies in education, culture, sports, science and technology 2002. White Paper. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

Miwa, Yoshiro 1994. “Subcontracting relationships: The automobile industry,” in Imai, Ken'ichi and Komiya, Ryutaro (eds.), Business enterprise in Japan: Views of leading Japanese economists, pp. 141–55. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Miwa, Yoshiro, and Ramseyer, J. Mark 2002. “The fable of the keiretsu,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 11: 169–224.CrossRef Google Scholar

Miyawaki, Ko (ed.) 2005. Japan Almanac 2006. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun.Google Scholar

Mullis, Ina V. S., Martin, Michael O., Gonzalez, Eugenio J., and Chrostowski, Steven J. 2004. TIMSS 2003 international mathematics report: Findings from IEA's trends in international mathematics and science study at the fourth and eighth grades. Boston: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College.Google Scholar

Murakami, Yasusuke, and Rohlen, Thomas P. 1992. “Social exchange aspects of the Japanese political economy: Culture, efficiency, and change,” in Kumon, Shumpei and Rosovsky, Henry (eds.), The political economy of Japan, vol. 3: Cultural and social dynamics, pp. 63–108. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Nahapiet, Janine, and Ghoshal, Sumantra 1998. “Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage,” Academy of Management Review 23: 242–66.CrossRef Google Scholar

Nakamura, Takafusa 1995. The postwar Japanese economy: Its development and structure, 1937–1994 (2nd ed.). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar

Nakata, Hiroko 2004. METI considers hostile-takeover defenses: Government fears an increase in foreign acquisitions of Japanese firms. Japan Times, 7 October 2004.Google Scholar

Nakatani, Iwao 1984. “The economic role of financial corporate grouping,” in Aoki, Masahiko (ed.) The economic analysis of the Japanese firm, pp. 227–58. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar

Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar

NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (ed.) 2004. [Mental structure of the present-day Japanese, sixth ed.]. Tokyo: Nihon Housou Shuppan Kyoukai.

Nickell, Stephen, Nunziata, Luca, Ochel, Wolfgang, and Quintini, Glenda 2003. “The Beveridge Curve, unemployment, and wages in the OECD from the 1960s to the 1990s,” in Aghion, Philippe, Frydman, Roman, Stiglitz, Joseph and Woodford, Michael (eds.), Knowledge, information, and expectations in modern macroeconomics: In honor of Edmund S. Phelps, pp. 394–431. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 1989. [Ultra-micro machines for medicine and biotechnology, the mosquito as the ideal micromachine for researchers]. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 20 February.

Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 1990. [New theme for large project is decided by Industrial Technology Council]. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, 24 August 1990.

Niskanen, William A. 1990. “Conditions affecting the survival of constitution rules,” Constitutional Political Economy 1: 53–62.CrossRef Google Scholar

Noble, Gregory William. 1988. Between competition and cooperation: Collective action in the industrial policy of Japan and Taiwan. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

North, Douglass Cecil 1990. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Edited by Alt, James E. and North, Douglass Cecil, Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass Cecil 1994. “Economic Performance Through Time,” American Economic Review 84: 359–68.Google Scholar

OECD 2003. Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow: Further results from PISA 2000. Paris: OECD.

OECD 2004a. Learning for tomorrow's world: First results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD.

OECD 2004b. OECD in figures, 2004 edition: Statistics on the member countries. Paris: OECD.

OECD 2004c. Statistical Compendium. OECD 2004 [cited 20 August 2004].

OECD 2005. Economic policy reforms: Going for growth. Paris: OECD.

Okazaki, Tetsuji 1994. “The Japanese firm under the wartime planned economy,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, Ronald Philip (eds.), The Japanese firm: Sources of competitive strength, pp. 350–78. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Okimoto, Daniel I. 1989. Between MITI and the market: Japanese industrial policy for high technology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Okimoto, Daniel I., and Nishi, Yoshio 1994. “R&D organization in Japanese and American semiconductor firms,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, Ronald Philip (eds.), The Japanese firm: Source of competitive strength, pp. 178–208. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Oliver, Christine 1991. “Strategic responses to institutional processes,” Academy of Management Review 16: 145–79.CrossRef Google Scholar

Oliver, Christine 1992. “The antecedents of deinstitutionalization,” Organization Studies 13: 563–88.CrossRef Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur 1965. The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of goods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Omori, Takashi, and Yonezawa, Akiyoshi. 2002. Measurement of social capital in Japan. Paper read at Social Capital Measurement Conference (OECD and Office of National Statistics), at London.

Orrù, Marco 1997. “Institutional cooperation in Japanese and German capitalism,” in Orrù, Marco, Biggart, Nicole Woolsey and Hamilton, Gary G. (eds.), The economic organization of East Asian capitalism, pp. 297–339. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Orrù, Marco, Biggart, Nicole Woolsey, and Hamilton, Gary G. 1997. The economic organization of East Asian capitalism. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Peck, Merton J., Levin, Richard C., and Goto, Akira 1987. “Picking losers: Public policy toward declining industries in Japan,” Journal of Japanese Studies 13: 79–123.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pekkanen, Saadia M. 2003. Picking winners? From technology catch-up to the space race in Japan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Perez, Carlotta 2002. Technological revolutions and financial capital: The dynamics of bubbles and golden ages. London: Edward Elgar.CrossRef Google Scholar

Pfeffer, Jeffrey, and Salancik, Gerald R. 1978. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Pharr, Susan J. 1990. Losing face: Status politics in Japan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul 2004. Politics in time: History, institutions, and social analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Podolny, Joel M., and Page, Karen L. 1998. “Network forms of organization,” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 57–76.CrossRef Google Scholar

Porter, Michael E., and Takeuchi, Hirotaka 1999. “Fixing what really ails Japan,” Foreign Affairs 78: 66–81.CrossRef Google Scholar

Portes, Alejandro 1998. “Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology,” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 1–24.CrossRef Google Scholar

Portes, Alejandro, and Sensenbrenner, Julia 1993. “Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action,” American Journal of Sociology 96: 626–54.Google Scholar

Powell, Walter W. 1990. “Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organization,” Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295–336.Google Scholar

Powell, Walter W., and Brantley, P. 1992. “Competitive cooperation in biotechnology: Learning through networks?,” in Nohria, Nitin and Eccles, Robert G. (eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action, pp. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

Powell, Walter W., Koput, K. W., and Smith-Doerr, Laurel 1996. “Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology,” Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 116–45.CrossRef Google Scholar

Prestowitz, Clyde V. 1988. Trading places: How we allowed Japan to take the lead. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert D. 1993a. Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert D. 1993b. “The prosperous community: Social capital and public life,” American Prospect 4: 35–42.Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.CrossRef Google Scholar

Redding, Gordon 2005. “The thick description and comparison of societal systems of capitalism,” Journal of International Business Studies.

Redding, S. Gordon 1990. The spirit of Chinese capitalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.CrossRef Google Scholar

Redding, Gordon, and Witt, Michael A. 2004. The role of executive rationale in the comparison of capitalisms: Some preliminary findings. In INSEAD EAC Working Paper Series. Fontainebleau, France.

Robinson, Kennth C., and McDougall, Patricia Phillips 1998. “The impact of alternative operationalizations of industry structural elements on measures of performance for entrepreneurial manufacturing ventures,” Strategic Management Journal 19: 1079–100.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRef Google Scholar

Root, Franklin R. 1988. “Some taxonomies of international cooperative arrangements,” in Contractor, Farok, J. and Lorange, Peter (eds.), Cooperative strategies in international business, pp. 69–80. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company.Google Scholar

Rosenkopf, Lori, Metiu, Anca, and George, Varghese P. 2001. “From the bottom up? Technical committee activity and alliance formation,” Administrative Science Quarterly 46: 748–72.CrossRef Google Scholar

Ruggie, John Gerard 1982. “International regimes, transactions, and change: Embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order,” International Organization 36: 379–415.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sakakibara, Eisuke 2003. Structural reform in Japan: Breaking the Iron Triangle. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Sakakibara, Mariko 1997. “Evaluating government-sponsored R&D cooperatives in Japan: Who benefits and how?,” Research Policy 26: 447–73.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sako, Mari 1992. Price, quality and trust: Inter-firm relations in Britain and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Samuels, Richard J. 1987. The business of the Japanese state: Energy markets in comparative and historical perspective. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Saxonhouse, Gary R. 1986. “Industrial policy and factor markets: Biotechnology in Japan and the United States,” in Patrick, Hugh T. (ed.) Japan's high technology industries: Lessons and limitations of industrial policy, pp. 97–136. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar

Saxonhouse, Gary R. 2000. “R&D consortia, news, and Japanese high-technology policy: Optoelectronics in Japan,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Saxonhouse, Gary R. (eds.), Finance, governance, and competitiveness in Japan, pp. 212–38. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Schaede, Ulrike 2000. Cooperative capitalism: Self-regulation, trade associations, and the Anti-Monopoly Law in Japan. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Schmidt, Vivien A. 2002. The futures of European capitalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmitter, Philippe C., and Lehmbruch, Gerhard (eds.) 1979. Trends toward corporatist intermediation. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Schneider, Friedrich. 2005. Rückläufige Schattenwirtschaft in Deutschland, Österreich und in anderen OECD-Ländern – Fluch oder Segen? [Receding shadow economy in Germany, Austria, and other OECD countries: Curse or blessing?]. Linz, Austria: Universität Linz.

Schneider, Friedrich, and Enste, Dominik H. 2000a. Schattenwirtschaft und Schwarzarbeit: Umfang, Ursachen, Wirkungen und wirtschaftspolitische Empfehlungen [Shadow economy and illegal labor: Extent, causes, effects, and recommendations for economy policy]. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.Google Scholar

Schneider, Friedrich, and Enste, Dominik H. 2000b. “Shadow economies: Size, causes, and consequences,” Journal of Economic Literature 38: 77–114.CrossRef Google Scholar

Schoppa, Leonard J. 1997. Bargaining with Japan: What American pressure can and cannot do. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Frank J. 1998. Advice and consent: The politics of consultation in Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Frank J. 2003. “What is civil society?,” in Schwartz, Frank J. and Pharr, Susan J. (eds.), The state of civil society in Japan, pp. 23–41. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Seo, Myeong-Gu, and Creed, W. E. Douglas 2002. “Institutional contradictions, praxis, and institutional change: A dialectical perspective,” Academy of Management Review 27: 222–47.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sheard, Paul 1989. “The main bank system and corporate monitoring and control in Japan,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11: 339–422.CrossRef Google Scholar

Sheard, Paul 1994. “Interlocking shareholdings and corporate governance,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, , Philip, Ronald (eds.), The Japanese firm: Sources of competitive strength, pp. 310–49. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Shepherd, W. G. 1975. The treatment of market power: Antitrust, regulation, and public enterprise. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Sherif, Muzafer 1961. Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda (ed.) 1994. Social revolutions in the modern world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Smith, Clayton G., and Cooper, Arnold C. 1988. “Established companies diversifying into young industries: A comparison of firms with different levels of performance,” Strategic Management Journal 9: 111–21.CrossRef Google Scholar

Spence, A. Michael 1984. “Cost reduction, competition, and industry performance,” Econometrica 52: 101–21.CrossRef Google Scholar

Stark, David 1996. “Recombinant property in East European capitalism,” American Journal of Sociology 101: 993–1027.CrossRef Google Scholar

StataCorp 1999. Stata statistical software: Release 6. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

StataCorp 2005. Stata statistical software: Release 9. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

Strebel, Paul 1987. “Organizing for innovation over an industry cycle,” Strategic Management Journal 8: 117–24.CrossRef Google Scholar

Streeck, Wolfgang, and Thelen, Kathleen 2005. “Introduction: Institutional change in advanced political economies,” in Streeck, Wolfgang and Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), Beyond continuity: Institutional change in advanced political economies, pp. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Streeck, Wolfgang, and Yamamura, Kozo 2003. “Introduction: Convergence or diversity? Stability and change in German and Japanese capitalism,” in Yamamura, Kozo and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism, pp. 1–50. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Streeck, Wolfgang, and Yamamura, Kozo (eds.) 2001. The origins of nonliberal capitalism: Germany and Japan in comparison. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Stuart, Toby E., Hoang, Ha, and Hybels, Ralph C. 1999. “Internorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures,” Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 315–49.CrossRef Google Scholar

Surowiecki, James 2004. The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, econoimes, societies and nations. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Szulanski, Gabriel, Cappetta, Rossella, and Jensen, Robert J. 2004. “When and how trustworthiness matters: Knowledge transfer and the moderating effect of causal ambiguity,” Organization Science 15: 600–13.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tachibanaki, Toshiaki, and Noda, Tomohiko 2000. The economic effects of trade unions in Japan. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen 2004. How institutions evolve: The political economy of skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tilton, Mark 1996. Restrained trade: Cartels in Japan's basic materials industries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tripsas, Mary 1998. “Accessing external technological knowledge: An evolutionary perspective,” in Frank, Nik (ed.) Innovationsforschung und Technologiemanagement: Gedenkschrift für Stephan Schrader, pp. Heidelberg: Springer Press.CrossRef

Trompenaars, Fons, and Hampden-Turner, Charles 1997. Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George 1995. “Decision-making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, parliamentalism, multicameralism, and multipartyism,” British Journal of Political Science 25: 289–326.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tsujinaka, Yutaka 2003. “From developmentalism to maturity: Japan's civil society organizations in comparative perspective,” in Schwartz, Frank J. and Pharr, Susan J. (eds.), The state of civil society in Japan, pp. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tullock, Gordon, Seldon, Arthur, and Brady, Gordon L. 2002. Government failure: A primer in public choice. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.Google Scholar

Tushman, Michael L., and Anderson, Philip 1986. “Technological discontinuities and organizational environments,” Administrative Science Quarterly 31: 439–65.CrossRef Google Scholar

Upham, Frank K. 1991. “The man who would import: A cautionary tale about bucking the system in Japan,” Journal of Japanese Studies 18: 323–43.CrossRef Google Scholar

Uriu, Robert M. 1996. Troubled industries: Confronting economic change in Japan. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Utterback, James M. 1994. Mastering the dynamics of innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar

Uzzi, Brian 1996. “The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect,” American Sociological Review 61: 674–98.CrossRef Google Scholar

Uzzi, Brian 1997a. “Networks and the paradox of embeddedness,” Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 35–67.CrossRef Google Scholar

Uzzi, Brian 1997b. “Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness,” Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 35–67.CrossRef Google Scholar

Van de Ven, Andrew H., and Hargrave, Timothy J. 2004. “Social, technical, and institutional change: A literature review and synthesis,” in Poole, , Scott, Marshal and Ven, Andrew H. (eds.), Handbook of organizational change and innovation, pp. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ven, Andrew H., and Poole, Marchall Scott 1995. “Explaining development and change in organizations,” Academy of Management Review 20: 510–40.Google Scholar

Vogel, Steven K. 1996. Freer markets, more rules: Regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Vogel, Steven K. 2005. “Routine adjustment and bounded innovation: The changing politial economy of Japan,” in Streeck, Wolfgang and Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), Beyond continuity: Institutional change in advanced political economies, pp. 145–68. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Volberda, Henk W. 1998. Building the flexible firm: How to remain competitive. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Volberda, Henk W., and Lewin, Arie Y. 2003. “Co-evolutionary dynamics within and between firms: From evolution to co-evolution,” Journal of Management Studies 40: 2111–36.CrossRef Google Scholar

Hippel, Eric 1987. “Cooperation between rivals: Informal know-how trading,” Research Policy 16: 291–302.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wasserman, Stanley, and Faust, Katherine 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Watanabe, Chihiro, Irawan, Santoso, and Tjahya, Widayanti 1991. The inducing power of Japanese technological innovation. London: Pinter Publishers.Google Scholar

Weick, Karl E. 1979. The social psychology of organizing. 2nd ed. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Westney, D. Eleanor 1994. “The evolution of Japan's industrial R&D,” in Aoki, Masahiko and Dore, Ronald Philip (eds.), The Japanese firm: Sources of competitive strength, pp. 154–77. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Westney, D. Eleanor 1996. “The Japanese business system: Key features and prospects for changes,” Journal of Asian Business 12: 21–50.Google Scholar

Westney, D. Eleanor 2001. “Japan,” in Rugman, Alan M. and Brewer, Thomas L. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of international business, pp. 623–51. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Westphal, James D., and Zajac, Edward J. 1994. “Substance and symbolism in CEOs' long-term incentive plans,” Administrative Science Quarterly 39: 367–90.CrossRef Google Scholar

Whitley, Richard 1999. Divergent capitalisms: The social structuring and change of business systems. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism: Firms, markets, relational contracting. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Witt, Michael A. 2001a. “City banks,” in Bird, Allan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Japanese business and management, pp. 70–2. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Witt, Michael A. 2001b. “Research cooperatives,” in Bird, Allan (ed.) Encyclopedia of Japanese business and management, pp. 382–3. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

World Bank 1993. The East Asian miracle: Economic growth and public policy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Yamagishi, Toshio 2003. “Trust and social intelligence in Japan,” in Schwartz, Frank J. and Pharr, Susan J. (eds.), The state of civil society in Japan, pp. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Yamamura, Kozo 2003. “Germany and Japan in a new phase of capitalism: Confronting the past and the future,” in Yamamura, Kozo and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.), The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism, pp. 115–46. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Yamamura, Kozo, and Streeck, Wolfgang (eds.) 2003. The end of diversity? Prospects for German and Japanese capitalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Zajac, Edward J., and Westphal, James D. 2004. “The social construction of market value: Institutionalization and learning perspectives on stock market reactions,” American Sociological Review 69: 433–57.CrossRef Google Scholar