Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T02:42:27.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part One - Language Contact and Genetic Linguistics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
, pp. 41 - 186
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Andersen, Henning. 1973. Abductive and deductive change. Language 49.4.765–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 1997. A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1926. A set of postulates for the science of language. Language 2.153–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle. 2004. Historical linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, John. 1976. Michif. A new language. North Dakota English 4.1.310.Google Scholar
Dawson, Hope C. & Joseph, Brian D.. 2019. Andersen 1973 and dichotomies of change. In Perspectives on language structure and language change. Studies in honor of Henning Andersen, ed. by Heltoft, Lars, Igartua, Iván, Joseph, Brian, Jeppesen Kragh, Kirsten, & Schøsler, Lene, 1334. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Edwards, John V. 2004. Foundations of bilingualism. In The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism, ed. by Bhatia, Tej K. & Ritchie, William C., 731. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Everett, C. 2013a. Evidence for direct geographic influences on linguistic sounds: The case of ejectives. PLoS ONE 8.6.e65275.Google Scholar
Everett, C. 2013b. Into thin air: A return to ejectives at high altitude. Ling Buzz/001944. (Available at http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/001944).Google Scholar
Everett, C., Blasi, D.E., & Roberts, S.G.. 2015. Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.1322–7.Google Scholar
Everett, C., Blasi, D.E., & Roberts, S.G.. 2016. Language evolution and climate: The case of desiccation and tone. Journal of Language Evolution 1.3346.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 1986. Turkish influence in Modern Macedonian: The current situation and its general background. In Festschrift für Wolfgang Gesemann, Band 3, Beiträge zur slawischen Sprachwissenschaft und Kulturgeschichte (Slawische Sprachen und Literaturen Band 8), ed. by Schaller, Helmut, 85108. Munich: Hieronymus.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2006. The Balkans as a linguistic area. In Elsevier encyclopedia of language and linguistics, vol. 1, ed. by Brown, Keith, 657–72. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. & Joseph, Brian D.. forthcoming. The Balkan languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1973. Albanian words for “liver.” In Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renée Kahane, ed. by Kachru, Braj B., Lees, Robert B., Malkiel, Yakov, Pietrangeli, A., & Saporta, Sol, 310–18. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1977. On some questions of areal linguistics. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Whistlers, Kenneth et al., 279–82. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Hamp, Eric P. 1989. On signs of health and death. In Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death, ed. by Dorian, Nancy C., 197210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haugen, Einar. 1953. The Norwegian language in America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012. Internally and externally motivated language change. In The handbook of historical sociolinguistics, ed. by Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel & Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo, 401–21. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hockett, Charles. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hockett, Charles. 1965. Sound change. Language 41.185204.Google Scholar
Hoffer, Bates. 1995. Borrowing. In Contact linguistics, ed. by Goebel, Hans, 541–9. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jespersen, Otto. 1922. Language: Its nature, development, and origin. London: G. Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 2000. Textual authenticity: Evidence from Medieval Greek. In Textual parameters in ancient languages, ed. by Herring, Susan, van Reenen, Piet, & Schoesler, Lene, 309–29. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Joseph, Brian D. 2016. Multiple exponence in language contact situations: A case study from the Greek of Southern Albania. In Contact morphology, ed. by Ralli, Angela. Cambridge: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19.273309.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of linguistic change: Internal factors. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change: Social factors. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83.2.344–87.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2010. Principles of linguistic change: Cognitive and cultural factors. Oxford: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinet, André. 1952. Celtic lenition and western Romance consonants. Language 28.192217.Google Scholar
Matushansky, Ora. 1997. Partial pro-drop in Hebrew and Russian. In Langues et grammaire 3, Syntaxe: communications présentées au colloque Langues et grammaire III (Paris 1997), ed. by Sauzet, Patrick, 145–62. Paris: Département SDL, Université Paris 8.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Paul, Hermann. 1880. Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte. Halle: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard. 1977. French Cree: A case of borrowing. In Actes du huitième congrès des algonquinistes, ed. by Cowan, William, 625. Ottawa: Carleton University.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.Google Scholar
Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 1991. Arvanitika. Die Albanischen Sprachreste in Griechenland, vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1915. Cours de linguistique générale. Paris. Payot.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Johannes. 1872. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Weimar: H. Böhlau.Google Scholar
Schuchardt, Hugo. 1979. The ethnography of variation: Selected writings on pidgins and creoles, ed. and trans. by Markey, Thomas L.; introduction by Bickerton, Derek. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
Tsitsipis, Lukas. 1998. A linguistic anthropology of praxis and language shift: Arvanítika (Albanian) and Greek in contact. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, & Herzog, Marvin. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Directions for historical linguistics, ed. by Lehmann, Winfred P. & Malkiel, Yakov, 95195. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

References

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2002. Language contact in Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baron, Stephen P. 1973. The classifier-alone-plus-noun construction: A study in areal diffusion. Paper presented at the 6th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, San Diego, CA.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. 1992. Southeast Asia before history. In The Cambridge history of Southeast Asia, ed. by Tarling, N., 55136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2015. The unseen presence: A theory of the nation-state and its mystifications. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 16.4.548–85.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1974. Linguistic convergence in the Dravido-Munda culture area. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 4.199213.Google Scholar
Bielenstein, Hans. 1959. The Chinese colonization of Fukien until the end of T’ang. In Studia serica Bernhard Karlgren dedicata: Sinological studies dedicated to Bernhard Karlgren on his seventieth birthday, ed. by Egerod, Søren, 98122. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Blust, Robert. 1984/5. The Austronesian homeland: A linguistic perspective. Asian Perspectives 26.4567.Google Scholar
Blust, Robert. 1994. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. Paper presented at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Feb. 28, 1994.Google Scholar
Bradley, David. 1980. Phonological convergence between languages in contact: Mon-Khmer structural borrowing in Burmese. Berkeley Linguistic Society 6.259–67. (Republished in Sino-Tibetan linguistics: Critical concepts in linguistics, vol. 2, ed. by Randy J. LaPolla, 228–36. London & New York: Routledge, 2018.)Google Scholar
Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asian languages. In Encyclopedia of endangered languages, ed. by Moseley, C., 349424. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burling, Robbins. 2012. Where did the question “Where did my tribe come from?” come from? In Origins and migrations in the extended eastern Himalayas, ed. by Huber, Toni & Blackburn, Stuart, 4962. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle, Terrance, Kaufman, & Smith-Stark, Thomas C.. 1986. Meso-America as a linguistic area. Language 62.530–70.Google Scholar
Cao, Guangqu. 1997. Zhuang-Dongyu he Hanyu Min, Yue fangyan de gongtong dian (Commonalities among Zhuang-Dong languages and the Min and Yue dialects of Chinese). Minzu Yuwen 2.5460.Google Scholar
Chang, K.C. 1986. The archeology of ancient China, 4th ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Chappell, Hillary. 2001. Language contact and areal diffusion in Sinitic languages: Problems for typology and genetic affiliation. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 328–57.Google Scholar
Chen, Baoya. 1996. Yuyan jiechu yu yuyan lianmeng (Language contact and language coalescence). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Chen, Naixiong. 1982. Wutunhua chu tan (A preliminary discussion of Wutun). Minzu Yuwen 1.1018.Google Scholar
Chu, J.Y., Huang, W., Kuang, S.Q., Wang, J.M., Xu, J.J., Chu, Z.T., Yang, Z.Q., Lin, K.Q., Li, P., Wu, M., Geng, Z.C., Tan, C.C., Du, R.F., & Jin, L.. 1998. Genetic relationship of populations in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95.11763–8.Google Scholar
Coblin, W. South. 2015. A study of comparative Gàn (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 58). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Coblin, W. South. 2018. Neo-Hakka, Paleo-Hakka, and Early Southern Highlands Chinese. Yǔyán Yánjiù Jíkān 21.175238.Google Scholar
Coblin, W. South. 2019. Common Neo-Hakka: A comparative reconstruction (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 63). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Coblin, W. South. forthcoming. A problem in the application of the comparative method to the reconstruction of earlier forms of Chinese.Google Scholar
Dai, Qingxia, Liu, Juhuang & Fu, Ailan. 1987. Yunnan Mengguzu Gazhuoyu yanjiu (On the Gazhuo language of the Mongolian people of Yunnan). Yuyan Yanjiu 1.151–75.Google Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. 2001. The Australian linguistic area. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 64–104.Google Scholar
Dixon, R.M.W. & Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). 2001. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Case studies in language change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Drinka, Bridget. 2017. Language contact in Europe: The periphrastic perfect through history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Du, Ruofu, Yuan, Yida, Huang, J., Mountain, J., & Cavalli-Sforza, L.L.. 1992. Chinese surnames and the genetic differences between north and south China (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series No. 5). Berkeley, CA: Project on Linguistic Analysis.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Arienne M. 1992. Altaic elements in the Linxia dialect: Contact-induced change on the Yellow River Plateau. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 20.160–78.Google Scholar
Emeneau, Murray B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32.316.Google Scholar
Enfield, Nick. 2001. On genetic and areal linguistics in mainland Southeast Asia: Parallel grammaticalizations of “acquire.” Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 255–90.Google Scholar
Etler, Dennis A. 1992. Recent developments in the study of human biology in China: A review. Human Biology 64.4.567–85.Google Scholar
Fairbank, John K., Reischauer, Edwin O. & Craig, Albert M. 1989. East Asia: Tradition and transformation, rev. ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.Google Scholar
FitzGerald, Charles Patrick. 1961. China: A short cultural history. London: The Cresset Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 1997. One grammar, three lexicons: ideological overtones and underpinnings in the Balkan Sprachbund. In Proceedings of the 33rd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 23–44.Google Scholar
Ge, Jianxiong, Wu, Songdi, & Cao, Shuji. 1997. Zhongguo yi min shi (History of migrations in China). Fuzhou: Fujian Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Grenoble, L.A. & Whaley, L.J.. 1998. Endangered languages: Language loss and community response. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hai, Feng. 2003. Zhongya Donggan yuyan yanjiu (A Study of the Dungan language of Central Asia). Urumchi: Xinjiang University Publishing House.Google Scholar
Hansell, Mark D. 1989. Lexical borrowing in Taiwan. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1976. Language diffusion on the Asian continent. Computational Analyses of Asian and African Languages 3.4963.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1980. Typography of phonotactics and suprasegmentals in languages of the East Asian continent. Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages 13.153–64.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1986. The Altaicization of Northern Chinese. In Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies, ed. by McCoy, J. & Light, Timothy, 7697. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1992. Hakka in Wellentheorie perspective. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 20.148.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2002. The European linguistic area: Standard Average European. In Language typology and language universals: An international handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, M., König, E., Oesterreicher, W., & Raible, W., 1492–510. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
He, Jiren. 1989. Yunnan Mengguzu yuyan ji qi xishu wenti (The language of the Mongols of Yunnan Province and the problem of its geneological classification). Minzu Yuwen 1989.5.2536.Google Scholar
He, Jiren. 1998. Guanyu Yunnan Mengguzu Gazhuoyu de xingcheng (On the formation of the Gazhuo language of the Mongolians of Yunnan). Minzu Yuwen 1998.4.51–4.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huang, Yuanwei. 1990. Zhuangyu yu Yueyu, Wuming Guanhua de xianghu yingxiang (The mutual influence of Zhuang, Cantonese, and Wuming Guanhua). In Hanyu yu shaoshu minzuyu guanxi yanjiu (Studies on the relationships between Chinese and the minority languages), ed. by Zhongyang Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao Bianjibu, 173–8. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Xueyuan.Google Scholar
HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium. 2009. Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia. Science 326.1541–5.Google Scholar
Iredale, Robyn, Bilik, Naran, & Guo, Fei. 2003. China’s minorities on the move: Selected case studies. Armonk, NY & London: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Iwata, Ray. 1995. Linguistic geography of Chinese dialects: Project on Han Dialects (PHD). Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 24.195227.Google Scholar
Jin, Li & Su, Bing. 2000. Natives or immigrants: Modern human origin in East Asia. Nature Reviews Genetics 1.126–33.Google Scholar
Ke, Yuehai, Bing, Su, Song, Xiufeng, Lu, Daru, Chen, Lifeng, Li, Hongyu, Qi, Chunjian, Marzuki, Sangkot, Deka, Ranjan, Underhill, Peter, Xiao, Chunjie, Shriver, Mark, Lell, Jeff, Douglas, Wallace, Spencer Wells, R., Seielstad, Mark, Oefner, Peter, Zhu, Dingliang, Jin, Jianzhong, Huang, Wei, Chakraborty, Ranajit, Chen, Zhu, & Jin, Li. 2001. African origin of modern Humans in East Asia: A tale of 12,000 Y chromosomes. Science 292.1151–3.Google Scholar
Kubler, C.C. 1985. The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: A case study of language contact. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
LaPolla, Randy J. 2001. The role of migration and language contact in the development of the Sino-Tibetan language family. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 225–54.Google Scholar
LaPolla, Randy J. 2005. Di’er yuyan xide dui diyi yuyan de yingxiang (The influence of second language learning on one’s first language). In Papers from the 4th International Conference on Bilingual Studies, ed. by Qingxia, Dai & Yimin, Jia, 50–7. Guangzhou: Jinan University Press.Google Scholar
LaPolla, Randy J. 2009. Causes and effects of substratum, superstratum and adstratum influence, with reference to Tibeto-Burman languages. In Issues in Tibeto-Burman historical linguistics (Senri Ethnological Studies 75), ed. by Nagano, Yasuhiko, 227–37. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.Google Scholar
LaPolla, Randy J. 2015. On the logical necessity of a cultural connection for all aspects of linguistic structure. In Language structure and environment: Social, cultural, and natural factors, ed. by De Busser, Rik & LaPolla, Randy J., 3344. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lee, James. 1978. Migration and expansion in Chinese history. In Human migration: Patterns and policies, ed. by McNeill, William H. & Adams, Ruth S., 2047. Bloomington, IN & London: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, James. 1982. The legacy of immigration in Southwest China, 1250–1850. Annales de Démographie Historique 1982.279–304.Google Scholar
Lee, James & Wong, Bin. 1991. Population movements in Qing China and their linguistic legacy. W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 52–77.Google Scholar
Leong, Sow-Theng. 1997. Migration and ethnicity in Chinese history: Hakkas, Pengmin, and their neighbors. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Jingzhong. 1994. Yuyan yanbian lun (On language change). Guangzhou: Guangzhou Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lim, Lisa. 2015. Singapore: Language situation. In Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics, ed. by Sybesma, Rint. Leiden & New York: Brill. (Available at http://dx.doi.org.ezlibproxy1.ntu.edu.sg/10.1163/2210-7363_ecll_COM_00000384, accessed June 14, 2017.)Google Scholar
Masica, Colin P. 1976. Defining a linguistic area: South Asia. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Matisoff, James A. 1991. Areal and universal dimensions of grammatization in Lahu. In Approaches to grammaticalization, vol. 2, ed. by Traugott, E. C. and Heine, B., 383453. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Matisoff, James A. 2001. Genetic versus contact relationship: Prosodic diffusibility in South-East Asian languages. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 291–327.Google Scholar
Mei, Tsu-lin. 2015. The “Wu dialect” of Southern Dynasties and the origin of Modern Min; Plus an exegesis of Yan Zhitui’s dictum, “The South is tainted by Wu and Yue features, and the North is intermixed with barbaric tongues of Yi and Lu.” Language and Linguistics 16.2.119–38.Google Scholar
Meng, Simu. 1998. Hanyu he Zhuangdongyu de miqie guanxi ji lishi wenhua beijing (The close relationship between Chinese and Zhuang-Dong languages and its historical and cultural background). Minzu Yuwen 4.4350.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2007. Population movements and contacts in language evolution. Journal of Language Contact – THEMA 1.6392.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, Hiroki. 2010. On the genetic affiliation of Shehua. In Diachronic change and language contact (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series 24), ed. by Wang, William S.-Y., 247–67. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press on behalf of the Project on Linguistics Analysis.Google Scholar
Norman, Jerry. 1983. Some ancient Chinese dialect words in the Min dialects. Fangyan 1983.3.202–11.Google Scholar
Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norman, Jerry. 1991. The Min dialects in historical perspective. In W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 325–60.Google Scholar
Norman, Jerry, & Mei, Tsu-lin. 1976. The Austroasiatics in ancient South China: Some lexical evidence. Monumenta Serica 32.274301.Google Scholar
Pelkey, Jamin R. 2011. Dialectology as dialectic: Interpreting Phula variation. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Poa, Dory & LaPolla, Randy J.. 2007. Minority languages of China. In The vanishing languages of the Pacific, ed. by Miyaoka, Osahito & Krauss, Michael E., 337–54. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Prior, Anat & MacWhinney, Brian. 2010. A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13.2.253–62.Google Scholar
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1983. The Chinese and their neighbors in prehistoric and early historic times. In The origins of Chinese civilization, ed. by Keightley, David N., 411–66. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1991. Chinese dialect studies. In W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 431–55.Google Scholar
Qian, Nairong. 1991. The changes in the Shanghai dialect. In W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 377–428.Google Scholar
Qian, Nairong. 1997. Shanghaihua yufa (Grammar of the Shanghai dialect). Shanghai: Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ran, Guangrong & Zhou, Xiyin. 1983. Lun Gan-Qing gu wenhua yu Qiangzu de guanxi (On the relationship between ancient Gan-Qing culture and the Qiang ethnic group). In Xinan minzu yanjiu (Studies on the southwest nationalities), ed. by Zhongguo Xinan Minzu Yanjiu Xuehui, 215–34. Chengdu: Sichuan Minzu Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ran, Guangrong, Li, Shaoming, & Zhou, Xiyin. 1984. Qiangzu shi (History of the Qiang nationality). Chengdu: Sichuan Minzu Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ren, Qiang & Yuan, Xin. 2003. Impacts of migration to Xinjiang since the 1950s. In Iredale, Bilik, & Guo 2003: 89–105.Google Scholar
Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana. 1967. Soviet Dungan: The Chinese language of Central Asia: alphabet, phonology, morphology. Monumenta Serica 26.352421.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm. 2001. Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in North-West Melanesia. In Dixon & Aikhenvald 2001: 134–66.Google Scholar
Sagart, Laurent. 2002. Gan, Hakka and the formation of Chinese dialects. In Dialect variations in Chinese, ed. by Ho, Dah-an, 129–54. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Google Scholar
Shearer, Walter & Sun, Hongkai. 2002. Speakers of the non-Han languages and dialects of China. Lewiston, NY & Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Hongkai. 2001. Guanyu binwei yuyan (On endangered languages). Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu 2001.1.117.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sandra G. & Kaufman, Terrance. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Tian, Jizhou. 1989. Chuguo ji qi minzu (The country of Chu and its nationalities). Zhongguo Minzushi Yanjiu 2.117.Google Scholar
Ting, Pang-Hsin. 1988. Wuyu zhong de Minyu chengfen (A Min substratum in the Wu dialects). Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica 59.1.1322.Google Scholar
Tong, Enzheng. 1998. Gudai de Ba Shu (Ancient Ba and Shu). Chongqing: Chongqing Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Treistman, Judith M. 1972. The prehistory of China. New York: Natural History Press.Google Scholar
Trubetzkoy, Nikolai S. 1939. Gedanken über das Indogermanenproblem. Acta Linguistica 1.81–9.Google Scholar
Wang, Huiyin. 1989. Chunqiu Zhanguo shiqi de minzu yuyan gaikuang he yuyan guanxi shuolue (A brief discussion of the ethnic languages and their relationships in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods). Zhongyang Minzu Xueyuan Xuebao 6.72–5, 79.Google Scholar
Wang, Jun. 1991. Language interaction in China. In W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 161–86.Google Scholar
Wang, Ming-ke. 1992. The Ch’iang of ancient China through the Han dynasty: Ecological frontiers and ethnic boundaries. PhD dissertation, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Wang, Yuanxin. 2000. Lun woguo minzu zajuqu de yuyan shiyong tedian (On the characteristics of the language use in the districts of China with mixed ethnic groups). Minzu Yuwen 2002.2.17.Google Scholar
Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.). 1991. Languages and dialects of China (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, No. 3). Berkeley, CA: Project on Linguistic Analysis.Google Scholar
Wang, William S.-Y. 2017. Theoretical issues in the study of ancestry. International Conference on the Ancestry of the Languages and Peoples of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou, May 30–1, 2017.Google Scholar
Wen, Bo, Li, Hui, Lu, Daru, Song, Xiufeng, Zhang, Feng, He, Yungang, Li, Feng, Yang, Gao, Mao, Xianyun, Liang, Zhang, Qian, Ji, Tan, Jingze, Jin, Jianzhong, Huang, Wei, Deka, Ranjan, Bing, Su, Chakraborty, Ranajit, & Jin, Li. 2004, Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature 431.302–5.Google Scholar
Weng, Zili, Yuan, Yida, & Du, Rufu. 1989. Analysis on genetic structure of human populations in China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 8.3.261–8.Google Scholar
Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1956. Linguistics as an exact science. In Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. by Carroll, John B., 220–32. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Paper originally published in 1940.)Google Scholar
Wiens, Herold J. 1967. Han Chinese expansion in South China. Hamden, CT: Shoe String Press.Google Scholar
Xing, Gongwan. 1996. Han-Zangyu yanjiu he Zhongguo kaoguxue (Sino-Tibetan studies and Chinese archeology). Minzu Yuwen 4.1828.Google Scholar
Xu, Jieshun. 1989. Zhongguo gudai nanbei minzu guanxi shi bijiao yanjiu duanxiang (A comparative study of the histories of the northern and southern nationalities in Ancient China). Sixiang Zhanxian 1.5561.Google Scholar
Xu, Shixuan. 2001. Binwei yuyan yanjiu (Study on language endangerment). Beijing: Central University of Nationalties Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Shixuan. 2003. Lun yuyan de jiechuxing shuaibian (On the decline of language resulting from language contact). Yuyan Kexue 2003.5.97110.Google Scholar
You, Rujie. 1982. Lun Taiyu liangci zai Hanyu nanfang fangyan zhong de diceng de yicun (On the substrata and remnents of Tai classifiers in Chinese southern dialects). Minzu Yuwen 3.3348.Google Scholar
You, Rujie. 1995. Zhongguo nanfang yuyan li de niao chong lei mingci citou ji xiangguan wenti (The prefixes of bird and insect names in the languages of southern China and other questions). In The ancestry of the Chinese language (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, No. 8), ed. by Wang, W.S-Y., 253–68. Berkeley, CA: Project on Linguistic Analysis.Google Scholar
Yuan, Yan. 2001. Yuyan jiechu yu yuyan yanbian (Language contact and language change). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.-K. 1967. Southern Chinese dialects: The Tai connection. Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages 6.19.Google Scholar
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.-K. 1991. The Yue dialect. In W.S.-Y. Wang 1991: 294–324.Google Scholar
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O.-K. 1993. The lexicon in syntactic change: Lexical diffusion in Chinese syntax. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 21.213–53.Google Scholar
Zhang, Haiguo. 1988. The distribution of dermatoglyphics parameters in fifty two Chinese populations. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 7.1.3945.Google Scholar
Zhang, Tianlu & Huang, Rongqing. 1996. Zhongguo shaoshu minzu renkou diaocha yanjiu (Studies on the minority population census of China). Beijing: Gaodeng Jiaoyu Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhang, Zhenbiao. 1988. An analysis of the physical characteristics of Modern Chinese. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 7.4.314–23.Google Scholar
Zhao, Tongmao & Lee, Tsung Dao. 1989. Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: A hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation. Human Genetics 83.101–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhou, Zhenhe & You, Rujie. 1986. Fangyan yu Zhongguo wenhua (Dialects and Chinese culture). Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zhenhe. 1991. Migrations in Chinese history and their legacy on Chinese dialects. In W. S.-Y. Wang 1991: 29–51.Google Scholar
Zuo, Xinxin, Lu, Houyuan, Jiang, Leping, Zhang, Jianping, Yang, Xiaoyan, Huan, Xiujia, He, Keyang, Wang, Can, & Naiqin, Wu. 2017. Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene. PNAS. Published online at www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704304114 before print, May 30, 2017.Google Scholar

References

Abdulaziz, Mohamed H. & Osinde, Ken. 1997. Sheng and Engsh: Development of mixed codes among the urban youth in Kenya. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 125.4363.Google Scholar
Abu-Manga, Al-Amin. 1986. Fulfulde in the Sudan: Process of adaption to Arabic. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Adamu, Mahdi. 1976. The spread of the Hausa culture in West Africa. Savanna: A Journal of the Environmental and Social Sciences (Zaria) 5.314.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Alexander. 2009. Loanwords in Malagasy. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 717–46. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Akumbu, Pius W. & Asonganyi, Esther P.. 2010. Language in contact: The case of the Ful’be dialect of Kejom (Babanki). African Study Monographs 31.4.173–87.Google Scholar
Albaugh, Ericka A. & de Luna, Kathryn M. (eds.). 2018. Tracing language movement in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ameka, Felix K. 2006. Grammars in contact in the Volta Basin (West Africa): On contact induced grammatical change in Likpe. In Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 114–42. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix K. & Essegbey, James. 2017. Divergence and convergence among the Ghana-Togo Mountain languages. STUF – Language Typology and Universals 70.2.245–71.Google Scholar
Appleyard, David. 2015. Ethiopian Semitic and Cushitic: Ancient contact features in Ge’ez and Amharic. In Semitic languages in contact, ed. by Butts, Aaron Michael, 1632. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Awagana, Ari. 2009. Quelques aspects des interférences kanuri-buduma. In When languages meet: Language contact and change in West Africa, ed. by Cyffer, Norbert & Ziegelmeyer, Georg, 4363. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Awagana, Ari, Wolff, H. Ekkehard, & Löhr, Doris. 2009. Loanwords in Hausa, a Chadic language in West Africa. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 142–65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Baldi, Sergio. 2008. Dictionnaire des emprunts arabes dans les langues de l’Afrique de l’ouest et en swahili. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Baldi, Sergio. 2013. The presence of Portuguese in some African languages. In Language, literature & culture in a multilingual society: A festschrift for Abubakar Rasheed, ed. by Ndimele, Ozo-mekuri, Ahmad, Mustapha, & Yakasai, Hafizu Miko, 955–76. Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Communications.Google Scholar
Baldi, Sergio. 2014. On some loans in Fulfulde. In Linguistic, Oriental and Ethiopian studies in memory of Paolo Marrassini, ed. by Bausi, Alessandro, Gori, Alessandro, & Lusini, Gianfrancesco, 3754. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Banti, Giorgio & Vergari, Moreno. 2008. Italianismi lessicali in saho. Ethnorêma 4.6793.Google Scholar
Batibo, Herman M. 2005. Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences and challenges. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne. 1989. Nubier und Kuschiten im Niltal: Sprach- und Kulturkontakte im “no man’s land.” Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, Sondernummer 1989, ed. by Brenzinger, M., Claudi, Ulrike, Hünnemeyer, Friederike, & Kastenholz, Raimund, xyy. Cologne: Institut für Afrikanistik, Universität zu Köln.Google Scholar
Behrens, Peter. 1989. Langues et migrations des premiers pasteurs du Sahara: la formation de la branche berbère. In Libya Antiqua: Documents de travail et compte rendu des débats du colloque organisé par l’Unesco à Paris (16–18 janvier 1984), 3153. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Bendor-Samuel, John, Olsen, Elizabeth J., & White, Ann R.. 1989. Dogon. In The Niger-Congo languages, ed. by Bendor-Samuel, John, 169–77. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Benítez-Torres, Carlos M. & Grant, Anthony P.. 2017. On the origin of some Northern Songhay mixed languages. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 32.2.263303.Google Scholar
Bernander, Rasmus. 2017. Grammar and grammaticalization in Manda: An analysis of the wider TAM domain in a Tanzanian Bantu language. PhD thesis, Göteborgs Universitet, Gothenburg.Google Scholar
Besten, Hans den. 2012. Roots of Afrikaans: Selected writings of Hans den Besten (Creole Language Library, 44), ed. by van der Wouden, Ton. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Besten, Hans den. 2013. South African Khoekhoe in contact with Dutch/Afrikaans. In Handbook of Khoesan languages, ed. by Vossen, Rainer, 449–56. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Beyer, Klaus & Schreiber, Henning. 2013. Intermingling speech groups: Morpho-syntactic outcomes of language contact in a linguistic area in Burkina Faso, West Africa. In The interplay of variation and change in contact settings, ed. by Léglise, Isabelle & Chamoreau, Claudine, 107–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter. 2006. Linguistic areas, language contact and typology: Some implications from the case of Ethiopia as a linguistic area. In Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective, ed. by Matras, Yaron, McMahon, April, & Vincent, Nigel, 7598. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Blanchon, Jean Alain. 1988. Une langue mixte en voie de disparition: le geviya. Pholia 3.5370.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, language and the African past. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2007. Further evidence for a Niger-Saharan macrophylum. In Proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22–25, 2001, ed. by Reh, Mechthild & Payne, Doris L., 1124. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2014. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations south of Lake Chad. In Les échanges et la communications dans le bassin du lac tchad: Actes du colloque de Naples du réseau Megatchad, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale,” Naples 13–15 septembre 2012, ed. by Baldi, Sergio & Magrin, Geraud, 395420. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale.”Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2016. Interdisciplinary approaches to stratifying the peopling of Madagascar. Paper submitted for the proceedings of the Indian Ocean Conference, Madison, WI, 23–24 October 2015.Google Scholar
Bøegh, Kristoffer Friis, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, & Bakker, Peter. 2016. A phylogenetic analysis of stable structural features in West African languages. Studies in African Linguistics 45.1/2.6194.Google Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1977. The impact of multilingualism on language structure: The case of central Africa. Anthropological Linguistics 19.5.181202.Google Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba G. 2014. Multilingualism as a sociolinguistic phenomenon: Evidence from Africa. In Languages in Africa: Multilingualism, language policy, and education, ed. by Zsiga, Elizabeth C., Boyer, One Tlale, & Kramer, Ruth, 2648. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice. 2015. Linguistic innovation, political centralization and economic integration in the Kongo kingdom: Reconstructing the spread of prefix reduction. Diachronica 32.2.139–85.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Donzo, Jean-Pierre. 2013. Bantu-Ubangi language contact and the origin of labial-velar stops in Lingombe (Bantu, C41, DRC). Diachronica 30.4.435–68.Google Scholar
Boyd, Raymond. 1978. A propos des ressemblances lexicales entre langues niger-congo et nilo-saharienne. In Études comparatives: Oubanguien et Niger-Congo-Nilo-Saharan, vol. 1, ed. by Boyd, Raymond & Cloarec-Heiss, France, 4394. Paris: Société des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF).Google Scholar
Boyd, Raymond. 1994. Historical perspectives on Chamba Daka. Cologne Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Boyd, Raymond. 1996. Congo-Saharan revisited. In Afrikanische Sprachen zwischen Gestern und Morgen (Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter, 8, Sondernummer), ed. by Seibert, Uwe, 1548. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Braukämper, Ulrich & Mishago, Tilahun. 1999. Praise and teasing: Narrative songs of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia (Sonderschriften des Frobenius-Institutes, 13). Frankfurt am Main: Frobenius-Institut.Google Scholar
Breyer, Francis. 2010. Ägypten und Anatolien. Politische, kulturelle und sprachliche Kontakte zwischen dem Niltal und Kleinasien im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Breyer, Francis. 2014. Einführung in die Meroitistik (Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie, 8). Münster: Lit.Google Scholar
Brindle, Jonathan, Dakubu, Mary Esther Kropp, & Kambon, Ọbádélé. 2015. Kiliji, an unrecorded spiritual language of Eastern Ghana. Journal of West African Languages 42.1.6588.Google Scholar
Bulakarima, S.U. 2010. Emergence, growth & spread of languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Kanembu & Kanuri. In Language policy, planning and management in Nigeria: A festschrift for Ben O. Elugbe, ed. by Ndimele, Ozo-mekuri, 5967. Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Communications.Google Scholar
Caron, Bernard & Zima, Petr (eds.). 2006. Sprachbund in the West African sahel. Louvain: Peeters.Google Scholar
Childs, G. Tucker. 2003. An introduction to African languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Childs, G. Tucker. 2010a. Language contact in Africa, a selected review. In Handbook of language contact, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 695713. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Childs, G. Tucker. 2010b. The Mande and Atlantic groups of Niger-Congo: Prolonged contact with asymmetrical consequences. Journal of Language Contact 3.1546.Google Scholar
Christiansen, Niels & Christiansen, Regula. 2007. Tadaksahak verb morphology with reference to Berber and Songhay origins. In Proceedings of the 8th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, University of Hamburg, August 22–25, 2001, ed. by Reh, Mechthild & Payne, Doris L., 5972. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Clements, Nick & Rialland, Annie. 2008. Africa as a phonological area. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 3685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cloarec-Heiss, France. 1995. Emprunts ou substrat? Analyse des convergences entre le groupe Banda et les langues du Soudan Central. In Actes du cinquième colloque de linguistique Nilo-Saharienne/Proceedings of the Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, 24–29 août 1992/August 24th–29th, 1992, Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, ed. by Nicolaï, Robert & Rottland, Franz, 321–55. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Cloarec-Heiss, France. 1998. Entre Oubanguien et Soudan central: les langues banda. In Language history and linguistic description in Africa, ed. by Maddieson, Ian & Hinnebusch, Thomas J., 116. Trenton, NJ & Asmara: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Cloarec-Heiss, France. 2002. Les modeles de dérivation en banda: regard diachronique. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 23.161–85.Google Scholar
Cobbinah, Alexander. 2010. The Casamance as an area of intense language contact: The case of Baïnouk Gubaher. Journal of Language Contact 3.175201.Google Scholar
Collins, Robert O. & Burns, James McDonald (eds.). 2007. A history of sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Bruce. 2000. The integrity of Mambiloid. In Proceedings of the 2nd world congress of African linguistics Leipzig 1997 [WOCAL 2], ed. by Wolff, Ekkehard H. & Gensler, Orin D., 197213. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Connell, Bruce. 2001. The role of language contact in the development of Usaghade. In Historical language contact in Africa (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 16/17), ed. by Nurse, Derek, 5181. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Connell, Bruce. 2017. Language history and language contact in the Mambiloid region of Cameroon. In Language change under multilingual conditions: Case studies from Africa (Frankfurt African Studies Bulletin, 2012, vol. 24), ed. by Beyer, Klaus & Kramer, Raija, 111–30. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Cooper, Julien. 2020. Egyptian among neighboring African languages. UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 1.1.118.Google Scholar
Cordell, Dennis D. 2003. The myth of inevitability and invincibility: Resistance to slavers and the slave trade in Central Africa, 1850–1910. In Fighting the slave trade: West African strategies, ed. by Diouf, Sylviane A., 3149. Columbus, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Crass, Joachim & Meyer, Ronny. 2008. Ethiopia. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 228–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Creissels, Denis. 1981. De la possibilité de rapprochementes entre le songhay et les langues niger-congo (en particulier mandé). In Nilo-Saharan: Proceedings of the First Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Leiden, September 8–10 (1980), ed. by Schadeberg, Thilo C. & Bender, M. Lionel, 307–27. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Cyffer, Norbert. 2000. Areale Merkmale im TAM-System und in der Syntax der saharanischen Sprachen. In “Mehr als nur Worte…” Afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland, ed. by Vossen, Rainer, Mietzner, Angelika, & Meissner, Antje, 159–82. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Cyffer, Norbert. 2002. The Lake Chad: A new Sprachbund boundary? In Lexical and structural diffusion. Interplay of internal and external factors of language development in the West African Sahel, ed. by Nicolaï, Robert & Zima, Petr, 2743. Nice: Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis.Google Scholar
Cyffer, Norbert. 2006. Kanuri and its neighbours: When Saharan and Chadic languages meet. In West African linguistics: Studies in honor of Russell G. Schuh (Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 11), ed. by Newman, Paul & Hyman, Larry M., 3355. Columbus, OH: Department of Linguistics and the Center for African Studies, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Dahl, Gudrun & Hjort-af-Ornas, Anders. 2006. Precolonial Beja: A periphery at the crossroads. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15.4.473–98.Google Scholar
Dahl, Otto C. 1988. Bantu substratum in Malagasy. Études Océan Indien 9.91132.Google Scholar
Dahlgren, Sonja. 2016. Towards a definition of an Egyptian Greek variety. Papers in Historical Phonology 1.90108.Google Scholar
Dalby, David. 1970. Reflections on the classification of African languages, with special reference to the work of Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle and Malcolm Guthrie. African Language Studies 11.147–71.Google Scholar
Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Bøegh, Kristoffer Friis, & Bakker, Peter. 2017. West African languages and creoles worldwide. In Creole studies: Phylogenetic approaches, ed. by Bakker, Peter, Borchsenius, Finn, Levisen, Carsten, & Sippola, Eeva, 141–74. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
den Besten, Hans (see Besten)Google Scholar
de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice (see Schryver)Google Scholar
Diallo, Abdourahmane. 2014. Language contact in Guinea: The case of Pular and Mande varieties. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Di Carlo, Pierpaolo. 2011. Lower Fungom linguistic diversity and its historical development: Proposals from a multidisciplinary perspective. Africana Linguistica 17.53100.Google Scholar
Di Carlo, Pierpaolo. 2016. Multilingualism, affiliation and spiritual insecurity. From phenomena to processes in language documentation. In African language documentation: New data, methods and approaches (Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication, 10), ed. by Seyfeddinipur, Mandana, 71104. Honolulu, HI: Language Documentation & Conservation.Google Scholar
Di Carlo, Pierpaolo & Good, Jeff (eds.). 2020. African multilingualisms: Rural linguistic and cultural diversity. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 1982. Contacts between eastern Nilotic and Surma groups: Linguistic evidence. In Culture history in the southern Sudan, ed. by Mack, John & Robertshaw, Peter T., 101–10. Nairobi: British Institute in Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 1995. The emergence of tense marking in the Nilotic-Bantu borderland as an instance of areal adaptation. In Time in languages, ed. by Zima, Petr, 2943. Prague: Institute for Advanced Studies, Charles University, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2001a. Language shift and morphological convergence in the Nilotic area. In Historical language contact in Africa (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, vol. 16/17), ed. by Nurse, Derek, 83124. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2001b. Book review: A grammar of Koyra Chiini, by Jeffrey Heath. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22.1.108–12.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2007. Eastern Sudanic and the Wadi Howar and Wadi el Milk diaspora. In Cultural change in the prehistory of arid Africa (Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 18), ed. by Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G., 3767. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2008. Language ecology and linguistic diversity on the African continent. Language and Linguistics Compass 2.5.840–58.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2011. Historical linguistics and the comparative study of African languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2014. Marked nominative systems in Eastern Sudanic and their historical origin. Afrikanistik Online, 2014. (Available at www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2014/3859, accessed October 28, 2017.)Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2015. The leopard’s spots: Essays on language, cognition and culture. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2017. Areal contact in Nilo-Saharan. In The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 446–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2018. A note on the spreading of Afroasiatic. In 5000 Jahre Semitohamitistik / 5000 years Semitohamitic languages in Asia and Africa, ed. by Rainer Voigt, 29–39. Aachen: Shaker Verlag.Google Scholar
Dom, Sebastien & Bostoen, Koen. 2015. Examining variation in the expression of tense/aspect to classify the Kikongo language cluster. Africana Linguistica 21.163211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dombrowsky-Hahn, Klaudia. 1999. Phénomènes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (Sud du Mali). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Donzo, Jean-Pierre. 2015. Langues bantoues de l’entre Congo-Ubangi, RD Congo: documentation, reconstruction, classification et contacts avec les langues oubanguiennes. Doctoral dissertation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels.Google Scholar
Dwyer, David. 1974. Convergence and basic vocabulary: Some interesting findings. Michigan State University Working Papers in Linguistics 1.79108.Google Scholar
Ehret, Christopher & Nurse, Derek. 1981. The Taita Cushites. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 3.125–68.Google Scholar
El-Sayed, Rafed. 2011. Afrikanischstämmiger Lehnwortschatz im älteren Ägyptisch. Untersuchungen zur ägyptisch-afrikanischen lexicalischen Interferenz im dritten und zweiten Jahrtausend v. Chr. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters.Google Scholar
Essegbey, James, Migge, Bettina, & Winford, Donald. 2012. Cross-linguistic influence in language creation: Assessing the role of the Gbe languages in the formation of the Creoles of Suriname. Lingua 129.1.18.Google Scholar
Fallon, Paul D. 2015. Coronal ejectives and EthioSemitic borrowing in Proto-Agaw. In Selected proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics [ACAL 44], ed. by Kramer, Ruth, Zsiga, Elizabeth C., & Boyer, One Tlale, 7183. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Farias, Paulo Fernando de Moraes. 2013. Bentyia (Kukyia): A Songhay-Mande meeting point, and a “missing link” in the archaeology of the West African diasporas of traders, warriors, praise-singers, and clerics. Afriques 4. (Available at http://afriques.revues.org/1174, accessed December 20, 2017.)Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles A. 1970. The Ethiopian language area. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 8.2.6780.Google Scholar
Gerhardt, Ludwig. 1983. Lexical interferences in the Chadic/Benue-Congo border area. In Studies in Chadic and Afroasiatic linguistics: Papers from the International Colloquium on the Chadic Language Family and the Symposium on Chadic within Afroasiatic, at the University of Hamburg, September 14–18, 1981, ed. by Wolff, H. Ekkehard & Meyer-Bahlburg, Hilke, 301–10. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.Google Scholar
Goodchild, Samantha. 2016. “Which language(s) are you for?” “I am for all the languages.” Reflections on breaking through the ancestral code: Trials of sociolinguistic documentation. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 18.7591.Google Scholar
Gottschligg, Peter. 2002. Contact phenomena in the Fula dialects of Northern Benin. In Lexical and structural diffusion. Interplay of internal and external factors of language development in the West African Sahel, ed. by Nicolaï, Robert & Zima, Petr, 4564. Nice: Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. The languages of Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Gregersen, Edgar A. 1972. Kongo-Saharan. Journal of African Languages 11.6989.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 1998. The Kalahari basin as an object of areal typology – a first approach. In Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan, ed. by Schladt, Mathias, 137–69. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2008a. African macro-areas and geography. Paper presented at the Leipzig Spring School on Linguistic Diversity, 28 March.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2008b. The Macro-Sudan belt: Towards identifying a linguistic area in northern Sub-Saharan Africa. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 151–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2018a. Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa. In The languages and linguistics of Africa, ed. by Güldemann, Tom, 58444. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2018b. Language contact and areal linguistics in Africa. In The languages and linguistics of Africa, ed. by Güldemann, Tom, 445545. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom & Fehn, Anne-Maria. 2017. The Kalahari Basin area as a “Sprachbund” before the Bantu expansion. In The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 500–26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gunnink, Hilde. 2018. A grammar of Fwe, a Bantu language of Zambia and Namibia. Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University.Google Scholar
Haberland, Eike. 2015. Notes on the history of the southern Ethiopian peoples. In Colloque international sur les langues couchitiques et les peuples qui les parlent – International conference on Cushitic languages and peoples, Paris, 8–12 Sept. 1975, ed. by Enguehard, François et al. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Hagemeijer, Tjerk. 2011. The Gulf of Guinea creoles: Genetic and typological relations. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26.1.111–54.Google Scholar
Hammarström, Harald, Forkel, Robert, & Haspelmath, Martin. 2017. Glottolog 3.0. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (Available at http://glottolog.org, accessed September 11–December 20, 2017.)Google Scholar
Hansford, Keir & Hansford, Gillian. 1989. Borrowed words in Chumburung. African Languages and Cultures 2.1.3950.Google Scholar
Hantgan, Abbie. 2018. Language endangerment in Southwestern Burkina: A tale of two Tiefo’s. In Selected proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on African Linguistics [ACAL 45], ed. by Jason Kandybowicz, Travis Major, Harold Torrence, & Philip T. Duncan, 117–32. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2015. D-possessives and the origins of Moroccan Arabic. Diachronica 32.1.133.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2018. Vowel-length merger and its consequences in early Moroccan Arabic. Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik 67.1243.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1970. Status and use of African lingua francas. Munich: Weltforum-Verlag.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd, Rottland, Franz, & Vossen, Rainer. 1979. Proto-Baz: Some aspects of early Nilotic-Cushitic contacts. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 1.7591.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Vossen, Rainer. 1983. On the origin of gender in eastern Nilotic. In Nilotic studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples, Cologne, January 4–6, 1982, vol. 2, ed. by Vossen, Rainer & Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne, 245–68. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Hellwig, Birgit. 2012. Lexicalization of property concepts: Evidence for language contact on the southern Jos Plateau (Central Nigeria)? Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 33.1.6795.Google Scholar
Hieda, Osamu. 1991. Koegu vocabulary, with reference to Kara. African Study Monographs, supplementary issue 14.170.Google Scholar
Hoch, James E. 1994. Semitic words in Egyptian texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Carl. 1970. Ancient Benue-Congo loans in Chadic? Africana Marburgensia 3.2.323.Google Scholar
Hohenberger, Johannes. 1975. The nominal and verbal afformatives in Nilo-Hamitic and Hamito-Semitic, with some phonetic observations and a new vocabulary. Wiesbaden: Deutsche morgenländische Gesellschaft.Google Scholar
Hollington, Andrea. 2016. Reflections on Ethiopian youths and Yarada K’wank’wa: Language practices and ideologies. Sociolinguistic Studies 10.1–2.135–52.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1993. Phonological features common to some West African and Atlantic Creole languages. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko S. & Condon, Nancy, 317–27. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John & Intumbo, Incanha. 2009. Quantifying superstrate and substrate influence. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24.2.218–74.Google Scholar
Huttar, George L., Essegbey, James, & Ameka, Felix K.. 2007. Gbe and other West African sources of Suriname creole semantic structures: Implications for creole genesis. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 22.1.5772.Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M., Jenks, Peter, Bacon, Geoffrey, Baier, Nicolas, Clem, Emily, Faytak, Matthew, Lamoureux, Spencer, Lionnet, Florian, Merrill, John, Rolle, Nicholas, & Sande, Hannah. 2015. Areal features and linguistic reconstruction in Africa. Presentation given at the Workshop “Areal Phenomena in Northern Sub-Saharan Africa” at the 8th World Congress of African Linguistics (WOCAL 8), Kyoto, Japan, August 21–24, 2015.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith, 2017. Language and social hierarchy in West Africa. In Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics, ed. by Aronoff, Mark. New York: Oxford University Press. (Available at http://linguistics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-239, accessed December 10, 2017.)Google Scholar
Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1980. Kontakte zwischen Adamawa-Ubangi- und Tschad-Sprachen: Zur Übertragung grammatischer Systeme. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft 130.1.7085.Google Scholar
Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1989. Zur frühen Geschichte des Zentralsudan im Lichte neuerer Sprachforschung. Paideuma 35.155–67.Google Scholar
Jungraithmayr, Herrmann & Leger, Rudolf. 1993. The Benue-Gongola-Chad Basin – Zone of ethnic and linguistic compression. In Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, vol. 2, ed. by Nagel, Günter, 162–72. Frankfurt am Main: Goethe University.Google Scholar
Jungraithmayr, Herrmann, Nicolaï, Robert, & Ibriszimow, Dymitr. 1997. The West-Central Sudan and Savanna “Sprachbund”: Some isoglosses in its favour. In Langues et contacts de langues en zone sahelo-saharienne, ed. by Baldi, Sergio, 109–31. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche su Africa e Paesi Arabi.Google Scholar
Kamei, Nobutaka. 2004. Afurika no shuwa gengo [The Sign Languages of Africa]. Afurika Kenkyū / Journal of African Studies 64.4364.Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 1997. Language contact, code-switching, and I-languages: Evidence from Africa. South African Journal of Linguistics 15.2.4551.Google Scholar
Kasser, Rodolphe. 1991. Vocabulary, Copto-Greek. In The Coptic encyclopedia, vol. 8, ed. by Atiya, Aziz S., 215–22. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kastenholz, Raimund. 2002. “Samogo” language islands, and Mande-Senufo (Gur) interference phenomena. In Lexical and structural diffusion. Interplay of internal and external factors of language development in the West African Sahel, ed. by Nicolaï, Robert & Zima, Petr, 91109. Nice: Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis.Google Scholar
Kießling, Roland & Mous, Maarten. 2005. Urban youth languages in Africa. Anthropological Linguistics 46.3.303–41.Google Scholar
Kießling, Roland, Mous, Maarten, & Nurse, Derek. 2008. The Tanzanian Rift Valley Area. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 186227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kitchen, Andrew, Ehret, Christopher, Assefa, Shiferaw, & Mulligan, Connie J.. 2009. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (Biological Sciences) 276.1668.2703–10.Google Scholar
Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1990. Aspects of vowel harmony in Waja and Tangale-Waja common vocabulary. Frankfurter Afrikanistische Blätter 2.93106.Google Scholar
Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2000. The noun classification of Cala (Bogon): A case of contact-induced change. In Nominal classification in African languages, ed. by Meißner, Antje & Storch, Anne, 3768. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Who are the Waja and where did they come from? A linguistic evaluation of “Labarin Waja,” the unpublished history of Waja by Kwoiranga, the 2nd Sarkin Waja (1927–1936). In Fading delimitations: Multilingual settlements in a convergence area. Case studies from Nigeria, ed. by Storch, Anne, Harnischfeger, Johannes, & Leger, Rudolf, 3773. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Knigge, Carsten. 2004. Sprachkontakte und lexikalische Interferenz im ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausend: Ein Forschungsüberblick. In Das Ägyptische und die Sprachen Vorderasiens, Nordafrikas und der Ägäis: Akten des Basler Kolloquiums zum ägyptisch-nichtsemitischen Sprachkontakt, Basel 9.–11. Juli 2003, ed. by Schneider, Thomas, 3388. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria & Liljegren, Henrik. 2017. Semantic patterns from an areal perspective. In The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics, ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 204–36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2002. Deux emprunts à l’égyptien ancien en berbère. In Articles de linguistique berbère: Mémorial Werner Vycichl, ed. by Naït-Zerrad, Kamal, 245–52. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2005. Berber loanwords in Hausa. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Loanwords in Tarifiyt, a Berber language of Morocco. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 191214. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2010. Parallel system borrowing: Parallel morphological systems due to the borrowing of paradigms. Diachronica 27.3.459–88.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2013. The Arabic influence on northern Berber. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2015. Contact-induced change. In The Oxford handbook of inflection, ed. by Baerman, Matthew, 251–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2017. Berber–Arabic language contact. In Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics, ed. by Aronoff, Mark. New York: Oxford University Press. (Available at http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.232?rskey=qeSuHB&result=51, accessed November 15, 2017.)Google Scholar
Kuteva, Tania. 2000. Areal grammaticalization: The case of the Bantu–Nilotic borderland. Folia Linguistica 34.3–4.267–83.Google Scholar
Lamberti, Marcello. 1988. Kuliak and Cushitic: A comparative study. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.Google Scholar
Leger, Rudolf & Storch, Anne. 1999. Zur Genese komplexer Vokalsysteme in einigen nordostnigerianischen Sprachen. Afrika und Übersee 82.2.161–72.Google Scholar
Lewis, Demola. 2011. Glimpses into Okpamheri prehistory. In Edo north: Field studies of the languages and lands of the northern Edo: Essays in honour of Professor Ben O. Elugbe, ed. by Egbokhare, Francis O., Olatunbosun, Kola, & Emerson, Mathew, 137–56. Bodija: Zenith Book House.Google Scholar
Lewis, Herbert S. 1965. A Galla monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia 1830–1832. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Lipiński, Edward. (2011). Meroitic (review article). Rocznik Orientalistyczny 64.2.87104.Google Scholar
Little, Greta D. 1969. Lexical similarities in Ethiopic and Nubian languages. MA thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Longtau, Selbut R. 2007. An exploration for linguistic evidence of inter-group relations between speakers of Tarok and other East Benue-Congo languages in prehistory. In Convergence: English & Nigerian languages: A festschrift for Munzali A. Jibril, ed. by Ndimele, Ozo-mekuri, 269307. Port Harcourt: M & J Grand Orbit Communications.Google Scholar
Loubser, J.H.N. 1991. The ethnoarchaeology of Venda-speakers in southern Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 7.146–64.Google Scholar
Luffin, Xavier. 2011. Arabic-based pidgins and creoles. In The Semitic languages: An international handbook, ed. by Weninger, Stefan, 9901000. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Lüpke, Friederike. 2016. Pure fiction: The interplay of indexical and essentialist language ideologies and heterogenous practices. A view from Agnack. In African language documentation: New data, methods and approaches (Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication, 10), ed. by Seyfeddinipur, Mandana, 839. Honolulu, HI: Language Documentation & Conservation.Google Scholar
Lüpke, Friederike & Storch, Anne (eds.). 2013. Repertoires and choices in African languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Lusini, Gianfrancesco. 2017. The costs of the linguistic transitions: Traces of disappeared languages in Ethiopia. In Cultural and linguistic transition explored: Proceedings of the ATrA [Aree di transizione linguistiche e culturali in Africa] Closing Workshop Trieste, May 25–26, 2016, ed. by Micheli, Ilaria, 264–73. Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Fiona (ed.). 2009. Languages of urban Africa. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2016. Is radical analyticity normal? Implications of Niger-Congo and Southeast Asia for typology and diachronic theory. In Cyclical change continued, ed. by van Gelderen, Elly, 4992. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Madiba, Mbulungeni Ronald. 1994. A linguistic survey of adoptives in Venda. MA thesis, University of South Africa.Google Scholar
Marchese Zogbo, Lynell. 2019. Central vowels in the Kru language family: Innovation and areal spreading. In Theory and description in African linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics [ACAL 47], ed. by Clem, Emily, Jenks, Peter, & Sande, Hannah, 725–50. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Maritz, Chris. 1996. The Subia and Fwe of Caprivi. Africa Insight 26.2.177–85.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula & Atmore, Anthony. 1970. The problem of the Nguni: An examination of the ethnic and linguistic situation in South Africa before the Mfecane. In Language and history in Africa. Papers presented to the London seminar on language and history in Africa held at the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1967–1969, ed. by Dalby, David, 120–32. New York: Africana Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Mayor, Anne, Huysecom, E., Gallay, A., Rasse, M., & Ballouche, A.. 2005. Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24.2561.Google Scholar
Mekonnen, Teferi. 2014. The Gumuz of Mätäkäl and the Agäw neighbours: A historical survey of ethnic interaction, 1898–1974. In Proceedings of the Second Annual Workshop of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, May 21, 2013, ed. by Teferra, Zelealem, 123. Addis Ababa: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University.Google Scholar
Mohammadou, Eldridge. 1997. Kanuri imprint on Adamawa Fulbe and Fulfulde. In Advances in Kanuri studies, ed. by Cyffer, Norbert & Geider, Thomas, 257311. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Monroe, J. Cameron. 2013. Power and agency in precolonial African states. Annual Review of Anthropology 42.1.1735.Google Scholar
Morgan, Hope E., Gilchrist, Shane K., Burichani, Evans N., & Osome, Jared O.. 2015. Kenyan Sign Language. In Sign languages of the world: A comparative handbook, ed. by Jepsen, Julie Bakken, de Clerck, Goedele, Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam, & McGregor, William B., 529–52. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Motingea Mangulu, André. 2004. The linguistic domain of the central Congo basin: Uniqueness in diversity. In Nature and culture in the Democratic Republic of Congo, ed. by Cornelissen, Els, 93–9. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique centrale.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 2001. Paralexification in language intertwining. In Creolization and contact, ed. by Smith, Norval & Veenstra, Tonjes, 113–23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten. 2003. The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma’a/Mbugu. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mous, Maarten & Qorro, Martha. 2009. Loanwords in Iraqw, a Cushitic language of Tanzania. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 103–23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Mreta, Abel Y. 2000. The nature and effects of Chasu-Kigweno contact. In Lugha za Tanzania/Languages of Tanzania: Studies dedicated to the memory of Prof. Clement Maganga, ed. by Kahigi, Kulikoyela K., Kihore, Yared M., & Mous, Maartens, 177–89. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Leiden University.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1993. African substratum: Possibility and evidence. In Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties, ed. by Mufwene, Salikoko S. & Condon, Nancy, 192208. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1997. Kituba. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 173208. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2003. Contact languages in the Bantu area. In The Bantu languages, ed. by Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard, 195208. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mukarovsky, Hans G. 1987. Mande-Chadic common stock: A study of phonological and lexical evidence. Vienna: Afro-Pub.Google Scholar
Mulaudzi, Phalandwa Abraham. 2004. Tshimbedzi variety: A link between the Venda language and the Kalanga dialect cluster? South African Journal of African Languages 24.2.132–9.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Duelling languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 2007. The grammatical profile of L1 speakers on the stairs of potential language shift. In Language attrition: Theoretical perspectives, ed. by Köpke, Barbara & Schmid, Monika S., 6982. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nassenstein, Nico & Hollington, Andrea (eds.). 2015. Youth language practices in Africa and beyond. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Ngure, Kenneth Kamure. 2015. From Rendille to Samburu: A consequence of compromised linguistic fidelity. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Nicolaï, Robert. 2005. Language processes, theory and description of language change, and building on the past: Lessons from Songhay. In Linguistic diversity and language theories, ed. by Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, Hodges, Adam, & Rood, David S., 81104. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.Google Scholar
Noss, Philip A. 2015. Bible translation, dictionaries, and language development: The case of Gbaya. In Language vitality through Bible translation, ed. by Beerle-Moor, Marianne & Voinov, Vitaly, 5374. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek. 1994. Historical texts from the Swahili Coast. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 37.4785.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek. 2000. Inheritance, contact, and change in two East African languages. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek & Rottland, Franz. 1991/2. Sonjo: Description, classification, history. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 12/13.171289.Google Scholar
Oliver, Roland & Atmore, Anthony. 2005. Africa since 1800, 5th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 1996. Idiomatic structure and the theory of genetic relationship. Diachronica 13.2.283318.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2000. Loanwords in Nigerian Arabic: A quantitative approach. In Arabic as a minority language, ed. by Owens, Jonathan, 259345. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Pasch, Helma. 1997. Sango. In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 209–69. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Philippson, Gérard. 2010. Three thousand years of language contacts in East Africa. In Essais de typologie et de linguistique générale: Mélange offerts à Denis Creissels, ed. by Floricic, Frank, 201–13. Lyon: ENS Éditions.Google Scholar
Pozdniakov, Konstantin, Segerer, Guillaume, & Vydrin, Valentin. 2019. Mande–Atlantic contacts. In Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics, ed. by Aronoff, Mark. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rapold, Christian J. & Zaugg-Coretti, Silvia. 2009. Exploring the periphery of the Central Ethiopian Linguistic Area: Data from Yemsa and Benchnon. In Language contact and language change in Ethiopia, ed. by Crass, Joachim & Meyer, Ronny, 5981. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Reintges, Chris. 2005. Coptic Egyptian as a bilingual language variety. In Lenguas en contacto: el testimonio escrito, ed. by de la Peña, Pedro Bádenas, Tovar, Sofía Torallas, Luján, Eugenio R., & Gallego, María Ángeles, 6986. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas.Google Scholar
Ricquier, Birgit. 2016. A foodie’s guide to Kongo language history: Early events, north versus south, and the innovative west. Africana Linguistica 22.107–46.Google Scholar
Rilly, Claude. 2008. Enemy brothers: Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba). In Between the cataracts: Proceedings of the 11th Conference of Nubian Studies, Warsaw, 27 August–2 September 2006, Part 1: Main Papers, ed. by Godlewski, Włodzimierz & Łajtar, Adam, 211–25. Warsaw: Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean [PAM], Warsaw University.Google Scholar
Rilly, Claude. 2010. Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Louvain & Paris: Peeters.Google Scholar
Rilly, Claude. 2014. Language and ethnicity in ancient Sudan. In The fourth cataract and beyond: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference for Nubian Studies (British Museum Publications on Egypt and Sudan, 1), ed. by Anderson, Julie R. & Welsby, Derek A., 1169–88. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Rose, Sarah R. 2001. Tense and aspect in Kuria. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 67.61100.Google Scholar
Rottland, Franz. 1983. Lexical correspondences between Kuliak and southern Nilotic. In Nilotic studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples, Cologne, January 4–6, 1982, vol. 2, ed. by Vossen, Rainer & Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne, 479–97. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Ruelland, Suzanne. 2014. Les pronoms tupuri: adamawa et tchadique? In Les échanges et la communication dans le bassin du Lac Tchad: actes du colloque de Naples du réseau Mega-Tchad, ed. by Baldi, Sergio & Magrin, Géraud, 547–69. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli: “L’Orientale,” Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche su Africa e Paesi Arabi.Google Scholar
Samarin, William J. 2013. Versions of Kituba’s origin: Historiography and theory. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 34.1.111–81.Google Scholar
Sands, Bonny. 2001. Borrowing and diffusion as a source of lexical similarities in Khoesan. In Khoisan: Syntax, phonetics, phonology, and contact (Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics, 18), ed. by Bell, Arthur & Washburn, Paul, 200–24. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Sands, Bonny. 2009. Africa’s linguistic diversity. Language and Linguistics Compass 3.2.559–80.Google Scholar
Savà, Graziano. 2017. Bayso, Haro and the “paucal” number: History of contact around the Abbaya and C’amo Lakes of South Ethiopia. In Cultural and linguistic transition explored: Proceedings of the ATrA [Aree di transizione linguistiche e culturali in Africa] Closing Workshop Trieste, May 25–26, 2016, ed. by Micheli, Ilaria, 246–56. Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste.Google Scholar
Savà, Graziano & Tosco, Mauro. 2015. The Ongota language – and two ways of looking at the history of the marginal and hunting-gathering peoples of East Africa. Ethnorêma 11.117.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1994. Kimwani at the southern fringe of Kiswahili. In Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining, ed. by Bakker, Peter & Mous, Maarten, 239–44. Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2009. Loanwords in Swahili. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 76102. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Paul. 2015. Hot eyes, white stomach: Emotions and character qualities in Safaliba metaphor. In Language endangerment: Disappearing metaphors and shifting conceptualizations, ed. by Piirainen, Elisabeth & Sherris, Ari, 91110. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Ronald P. 2011. Settlement patterning and linguistic relations among the Northern Edo. In Edo north: Field studies of the languages and lands of the Northern Edo: Essays in honour of Professor Ben O. Elugbe, ed. by Egbokhare, Francis O., Olatunbosun, Kola, & Emerson, Mathew, 7990. Bodija: Zenith Book House.Google Scholar
Schaefer, Ronald P., Egbokhare, Francis, & Lewis, Demola. 2011. Marginalization of Northern Edo vernaculars. In Edo north: Field studies of the languages and lands of the northern Edo: Essays in honour of Professor Ben O. Elugbe, ed. by Egbokhare, Francis O., Olatunbosun, Kola, & Emerson, Mathew, 91108. Bodija: Zenith Book House.Google Scholar
Schneider, Thomas. 2004. Nichtsemitische Lehwörter im Ägyptischen: Umriss eines Forschungsgebietes. In Das Ägyptische und die Sprachen Vorderasiens, Nordafrikas und der Ägäis: Akten des Basler Kolloquiums zum ägyptisch-nichtsemitischen Sprachkontakt, Basel 9.–11. Juli 2003, ed. by Schneider, Thomas, 1131. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2009. (Un)classifying Shabo: Phylogenetic methods and results. In Proceedings of the Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory [LDLT] 2, ed. by Austin, Peter K., Bond, Oliver, Charette, Monik, Nathan, David, & Sells, Peter, 275–84. London: SOAS.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Henning. 2009. Areal features and language contact: The Volta Basin as a linguistic convergence area? In The verb and related areal features in West Africa: Continuity and discontinuity within and across Sprachbund frontiers, ed. by Zima, Petr, in co-operation with Cyffer, Norbert, Holubová, M., Jungraithmayr, Herrmann, Leger, Rudolf, Schreiber, Henning, Storch, Anne, & Zoch, Ullrike, 204–33. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Henning. 2014. Imports and exports in linguistic markets in the West African Sahel. In In and out of Africa: Languages in question in honour of Robert Nicolaï. Vol. 2: Language contact and language change in Africa, ed. by de Féral, Carole, Kossmann, Maarten, & Tosco, Mauro, 251–68. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Schryver, Gilles-Maurice de, Grollemund, Rebecca, Branford, Simon, & Bostoen, Koen. 2015. Introducing a state-of-the-art phylogenetic classification of the Kikongo language cluster. Africana Linguistica 21.87162.Google Scholar
Schuh, Russell G. 2011. Grammatical influences of Kanuri on Chadic languages of Yobe State. In Kanuri, Borno and beyond: Current studies on the Lake Chad region, ed. by Löhr, Doris, Rothmaler, Eva, & Ziegelmeyer, Georg, 137–54. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Simon, Pierre R. 2006. La langue des ancêtres = Ny fitenin-drazana: une périodisation du malgache de l’origine au XVe siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Simons, Gary F. & Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 20th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International. (Available at www.ethnologue.com, accessed September 13, 2017.)Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2010. Grammatical Contact in the Sahara: Arabic, Berber, and Songhay in Tabelbala and Siwa. PhD thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2012. The subclassification of Songhay and its historical implications. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 33.2.181213.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2013a. Sub-Saharan lexical influence in North African Arabic and Berber. In African Arabic: Approaches to dialectology, ed. by Lafkioui, Mena, 211–36. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2013b. Berber and Arabic in Siwa: A study in linguistic contact. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2015a. Non-Tuareg Berber and the genesis of nomadic Northern Songhay. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 36.1.121–43.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2015b. Explaining Korandjé: Language contact, plantations, and the trans-Saharan trade. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 30.2.189224.Google Scholar
Souag, Lameen. 2016. Language contact in the Sahara. In Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics, ed. by Aronoff, Mark. New York: Oxford University Press. (Available at http://linguistics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-141, accessed February 12, 2017.)Google Scholar
Starostin, George. 2017a. Lexicostatistical studies in East Sudanic I: On the genetic unity of Nubian-Nara-Tama. Journal of Language Relationship 15.2.87113.Google Scholar
Starostin, George. 2017b. Macrofamilies and agricultural lexicon: Problems and perspectives. In Language dispersal beyond farming, ed. by Robbeets, Martine & Savelyev, Alexander, 215–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Storch, Anne. 2003a. Layers of language contact in Jukun. In Dynamics of systems: Lexical diffusion, language contacts and creolisation in West Africa, ed. by Zima, Petr, Jeník, Jan, & Tax, Vladimir, 176–96. Prague: SOFIS.Google Scholar
Storch, Anne. 2003b. Dynamics of interacting populations: Language contact in the Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal. Studies in African Linguistics 32.1.6593.Google Scholar
Storch, Anne. 2006. How long do linguistic areas last? Western Nilotic grammars in contact. In Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology, ed. by Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & Dixon, R.M.W., 94113. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Storch, Anne. 2009. Cultured contact: Ritualisation and semantics in Jukun. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 20.297319.Google Scholar
Storch, Anne. 2011. Ritual pathways: Contact in a framework of difference, imitation and alterity. In Geographical typology and linguistic areas: With special reference to Africa, ed. by Hieda, Osamu, König, Christa, & Nakagawa, Hirosi, 213–32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Takács, Gábor. 2013. Nubian lexicon in Later Egyptian. Bibliotheca Orientalis 70.5–6.569–81.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 1996. Ma’a (Mbugu). In Contact languages: A wider perspective, ed. by Thomason, Sarah G., 469–87. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2017. What else happens to languages in contact? Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 43).Google Scholar
Tosco, Mauro. 2009. Loanwords in Gawwada, a Cushitic language of Ethiopia. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri, 124–41. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Traill, Anthony & Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2000. A historical ǃXóõ–Gǀui contact zone: Linguistic and other relations. In The state of Khoesan languages in Botswana, ed. by Batibo, Herman & Tsonope, Joseph, 117. Gaborone: Tasalls Publishing & Books for the Basarwa Languages Project.Google Scholar
Treis, Yvonne. 2012. Switch-reference and Omotic–Cushitic language contact in Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of Language Contact 5.1.80116.Google Scholar
Turkmen, Erkan. 1988. Turkish words in the Libyan dialect of Arabic. Erdem 4.10.227–43.Google Scholar
Vanhove, Martine. 2012. Roots and patterns in Beja (Cushitic): The issue of language contact with Arabic. In Morphologies in contact, ed. by Vanhove, Martine, Stolz, Thomas, Urdze, Aina S., & Otsuka, Hitomi, 311–26. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
Vossen, Rainer & Keuthmann, Klaus. 2006. The notion of language island and the case of Bisa in Burkina Faso (West Africa). In Lexical and structural diffusion. Interplay of internal and external factors of language development in the West African Sahel, ed. by Nicolaï, Robert & Zima, Petr, 215–42. Nice: Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis.Google Scholar
Vydrin, Valentin & Vydrina, Alexandra. 2010. Impact of Pular on the Kakabe language (Futa Jallon, Guinea). Journal of Language Contact 3.1.86105.Google Scholar
Wedekind, Klaus. 1989. Status and dynamics of Ethiopian vowel systems. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22.105–35.Google Scholar
Wedekind, Klaus. 2012. Sociolinguistic developments affecting Beja dialects. In Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics [WOCAL 6], Cologne, 17–21 August 2009, ed. by Brenzinger, Matthias & Fehn, Anne-Maria, 623–33. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Wéga Simeu, Abraham. 2016. Grammaire descriptive du pólri: éléments de phonologie, morphologie et syntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Wentzel, Petrus Johannes. 1981. The relationship between Venda and Western Shona. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa.Google Scholar
Winter, Jürgen Christoph. 1979. Language shift among the Aasáx, a hunter-gatherer tribe in Tanzania. Sprache und Geschicte in Afrika 1.175204.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. Ekkehard & Gerhardt, Ludwig. 1977. Interferenzen zwischen Benue-Kongo- und Tschad-Sprachen. In XIX. Deutscher Orientalistentag vom 28. September bis 4. Oktober 1975 in Freiburg im Breisgau (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft Supplement 3.2), ed. by Voigt, Wolfgang, 1518–43. Wiesbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. Ekkehard & Löhr, Doris. 2005. Convergence in Saharan and Chadic TAM systems. Afrika und Übersee 88.265–99.Google Scholar
Yang, Chul-Joon. 2009. Two centuries of Portuguese presence on the East African Coast: Luso-Swahili historical contacts as mirrored in Portuguese loanwords in Swahili. Han’gug Apeulika Haghoeji [Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies] 30.5398.Google Scholar
Yigezu, Moges. 2015. Is Aroid Nilo-Saharan or Afro-Asiatic? Some evidences from phonological, lexical and morphological reconstructions. In Nilo-Saharan: Models and descriptions, ed. by Mietzner, Angelika & Storch, Anne, 381401. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Yukawa, Yasutoshi. 1987. A tonological study of Lozi verbs. In Studies in Zambian languages, ed. by Yukawa, Yasutoshi, Simooya, Jerome Hachipola, & Kagaya, Ryohei, 73128. Tokyo: ILCAA.Google Scholar
Zaborski, Andrzej. 2015. Notes on Tigre-Beǧa interference. In Tigre studies in the 21st century – Tigre-Studien im 21. Jahrhundert, ed. by Voigt, Rainer M., 137–49. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Zakrzewska, Ewa D. 2017. “A bilingual language variety”: or “the language of the Pharaohs”? Coptic from the perspective of contact linguistics. In Greek influence on Egyptian-Coptic: Contact-induced change in an ancient African language, ed. by Grossman, Eitan, Dils, Peter, Richter, Tonio Sebastian, & Schenkel, Wolfgang, 115–61. Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag.Google Scholar
Zaugg-Coretti, Silvia. 2013. The verbal system of Yemsa (Omotic language of Ethiopia). PhD thesis, University of Zurich.Google Scholar
Zibelius-Chen, Karola. 2011. “Nubisches” Sprachmaterial in hieroglyphischen und hieratischen Texten. Personennamen, Appellativa, Phrasen vom Neuen Reich bis in die napatanische und meroitische Zeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Ziegelmeyer, Georg. 2009. Areal features in northern Nigeria: Towards a linguistic area. In The verb and related areal features in West Africa: Continuity and discontinuity within and across Sprachbund frontiers, ed. by Zima, Petr, in co-operation with Cyffer, Norbert, Holubová, M., Jungraithmayr, Herrmann, Leger, Rudolf, Schreiber, Henning, Storch, Anne, & Zoch, Ullrike, 269306. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Ziegelmeyer, Georg. 2014. Bade between its eastern and western neighbours, past and present – Contact scenarios in northern Yobe State. In Fading delimitations: Multilingual settlements in a convergence area. Case studies from Nigeria, ed. by Storch, Anne, Harnischfeger, Johannes, & Leger, Rudolf, 95112. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Ziegelmeyer, Georg. 2017. A note on contact scenarios in the wider Lake Chad Region. In Language change under multilingual conditions: Case studies from Africa, ed. by Beyer, Klaus & Kramer, Raija, 131–44. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Zima, Petr. 1991. New comparative data from the periphery of African language families. Asian and African Studies 26.183–90.Google Scholar

References

Allentoft, Morten et al. (2015). Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nabure 522.167–72.Google Scholar
Anthony, David. 2007. The horse, the wheel, and language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anthony, David & Ringe, Don. 2015. The Indo-European homeland from linguistic and archaeological perspectives. The Annual Review of Linguistics 1.199219.Google Scholar
Barber, Elizabeth. 1991. Prehistoric textiles: The development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Barber, Elizabeth. 1994. Women’s work. The first 20,000 years: Women, Cloth, and Society in Early Times. New York & London: Norton.Google Scholar
Barber, Elizabeth. 2001. The clues in the clothes: Some independent evidence for the movements of families. In Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite language family, ed. by Drew, R., 114. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Emile. 1969. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press. (Translated by Palmer, F. as Indo-European language and society in 1973.)Google Scholar
Birwé, Robert. 1955. Griechisch-arische Sprachbeziehungen im Verbalsystem. Waldorf-Hessen: Verlag für Orientkunde.Google Scholar
Bonechi, M. 1990. Aleppo in età arcaica; a proposito di un’opera recente. Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 7.1537.Google Scholar
Bouckaert, Remco, Lemey, Philippe, Dunn, Michael, Greenhill, Simon, Alekseyenko, Alexander, Drummond, Alexei, Gray, Russell, Suchard, Marc, & Atkinson, Quentin. 2012. Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family. Science 337.6097.957–60.Google Scholar
Broushaki, Farnaz et al. 2016. Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent. Science 353.499503.Google Scholar
Chang, Will, Cathcart, Chundra, Hall, David, and Garrett, Andrew. 2015. Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis. Language 91.194244.Google Scholar
Chantraine, Pierre. 1927. Histoire du parfait grec. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Clackson, James. 2007. Indo-European linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Damgaard, Barros et al. 2018. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 360.19.Google Scholar
Drinka, Bridget. 1995. The sigmatic aorist in Indo-European: Evidence for the Space-Time Hypothesis (Monograph 13 in the Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series). Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Drinka, Bridget. 2003. The development of the perfect in Indo-European: Stratigraphic evidence for prehistoric areal influence. In Language contacts in prehistory: Studies in stratigraphy, ed. by Andersen, Henning, 77105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Drinka, Bridget. 2013. Phylogenetic and areal models of Indo-European relatedness: The role of contact in reconstruction. Journal of Language Contact 6.379410.Google Scholar
Drinka, Bridget. 2020. Contact and Early Indo-European in Europe. In The handbook of language contact, (2nd. ed.) ed. by Hickey, Raymond, 303–321. Malden, MA & Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Garrett, Andrew. 2006. Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology. In Forster & Renfrew 2006, 139–51.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija. 1970. Proto-Indo-European culture: The Kurgan culture during the 5th to the 3rd millennia B.C. In Endo-European and Indo-Europeans, ed. by Cardona, George et al., 155–98. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Haak, Wolfgang et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522.207–11.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2006. Interdisciplinary indiscipline? Can phylogenetic methods meaningfully be applied to language data – and to dating language? In Renfrew & Forster 2006, 183–94.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2007. Linguistics for archaeologists: Principles, methods, and the case of the Incas. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17.311–40.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2018a. Indo-European and the ancient DNA revolution. In Talking Neolithic: Proceedings of the Workshop on Indo-European Origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2–3, 2013, ed. by Kroonen, Guus, Mallory, James P., and Comrie, Bernard, 121–73. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. 2018b. Why Indo-European? Clarifying cross-disciplinary misconceptions on farming vs. pastoralism. In Talking Neolithic: Proceedings of the Workshop on Indo-European Origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2–3, 2013, ed. by Kroonen, Guus, Mallory, James P., and Comrie, Bernard, 69119. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Klingenschmitt, Gert. 1994. Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. In In Honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. Bis 28. März, 1993 in Kopenhagen, ed. by Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård, 235–51. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, K. 2005. The rise of Bronze Age society: Travels, transmissions and transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus et al. 2018. Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian, and Indo-Iranian. Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. (2018), 1–12.Google Scholar
Laroche, E. 1966. Les noms des Hittites. Paris: C. Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, Iosif et al. 2016. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536.419–24.Google Scholar
Lazaridis, Iosif et al. 2017. Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548.214–18.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. 1989. In search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mallory, James P. & Adams, Douglas Q.. 2006. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mathieson, Iain et al. 2018. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature 555.197203.Google Scholar
Meid, Wolfgang. 1975. Probleme der räumlichen und zeitlichen Gleiderung des Indogermanischen. In Flexion und Wortbildung, ed. by Rix, Helmut, 204–19. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Meillet, Antoine. 1908. Les dialects indo-européens. Paris: Honoré Champion.Google Scholar
Melchert, H. Craig. 2003. Prehistory. In The Luwians, ed. by Melchert, H. Craig. 826. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Melchert, H. Craig. 2017. Anatolian. In The Indo-European languages, ed. by Kapović, M., 2nd ed., 171201. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mittnik, Alissa et al. 2018. The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region. Nature Communications 9.442.111.Google Scholar
Narasimhan, Vagheesh et al. 2018. The genomic formation of South and Central Asia. bioRxiv 292581.132.Google Scholar
Neu, Erich. 1976. Zur Rekonstruktion des indogermanischen Verbalsystems. In Studies in Greek, Italic, and Indo-European linguistics offered to Leonard R. Palmer, ed. by Mopurgo Davies, Anna & Meid, Wolfgang, 239–54. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft.Google Scholar
Neu, Erich. 1985. Das frühindogermanische Diathesensystem. Funktion und Geschichte. In Grammatische Kategorien. Funktion und Geschichte, ed. by Schlerath, Bernfried & Rittner, Veronica, 273–95. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Polomé, Edgar C. 1985. How archaic is Old Indic? In Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica, ed. by Pieper, Ursula & Stickel, Gerhard, 671–83. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Polomé, Edgar C. 1987. Who are the Germanic people? In Proto-Indo-European: The archaeology of a linguistic problem, ed. by Skomal, Susan Nacev & Polomé, Edgar C., 216–44. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Reich, David. 2018. Who we are and how we got here: Ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin. 1987. Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Jonathon Cape.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin & Forster, Peter (eds.). 2006. Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages (McDonald Institute Monographs). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Ricken, E. 2009. Der Archaismus des Hethitischen: Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Incontri Linguistici 32.3752.Google Scholar
Ringe, Donald A. 1988–90. Evidence for the position of Tocharian in the Indo-European family? Die Sprache 34.59123.Google Scholar
Salmons, Joseph. 2018. A methodological challenge for Neolithic linguistics: The search for substrate vocabulary. In Talking Neolithic: Proceedings of the Workshop on Indo-European Origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2–3, 2013, ed. by Kroonen, Guus, Mallory, James P., and Comrie, Bernard, 315–35. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man.Google Scholar
Sherratt, A. 1981. Plough and pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution. In Pattern of the past: Studies in honour of David Clarke, ed. by Hodder, I., Isaac, G., and Ammond, N., 261305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stefanini, Ruggiero. 2002. Toward a diachronic reconstruction of the linguistic map of Ancient Anatolia. In Anatolia Antica: Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imperati, ed. by de Martino, Stefano & Pecchioli-Daddi, Franca, 783806. Florence: LoGisma.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, Edgar. 1926. On the position of Hittite among the Indo-European languages. Language 2.2534.Google Scholar
Szemerényi, Oswald. 1996. Introduction to Indo-European linguistics, translated from Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, 4th ed., 1990, with additional notes and references. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Chuan-Chao et al. 2018. The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus. bioRxiv (May 16, 2018).1–30.Google Scholar
Watkins, Calvert. 2001. An Indo-European linguistic area and its characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal diffusion as a challenge to the Comparative Method? In Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics, ed. by Aikhenvald, A.Y. and Dixon, R.M.W., 4463. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight. 1889. Sanskrit grammar. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

References

Alves, I., Coelho, M., Gignoux, C., Damasceno, A., Prista, A, & Rocha, J.. 2011. Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. Human Biology 83.1338.Google Scholar
Ansari, Pour N., Plaster, C.A., & Bradman, N.. 2013. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. European Journal of Human Genetics 21.423–9.Google Scholar
Ashley, Ceri. 2010. Towards a socialised archaeology of ceramics in Great Lakes Africa. African Archaeological Review 27.135–63.Google Scholar
Bahuchet, Serge. 1989. Les Pygmées Aka et Baka: contribution de l’Ethnolinguistique à l’histoire des populations forestières d’Afrique centrale. Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université René Descartes-Paris V.Google Scholar
Barbieri, Chiara, Butthof, Anne, Bostoen, Koen, & Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2013. Genetic perspectives on the origin of clicks in Bantu languages from southwestern Zambia. European Journal of Human Genetics 21.430–6.Google Scholar
Barbieri, Chiara, Vicente, Mário, Oliveira, Sandra, Bostoen, Koen, Rocha, Jorge, Stoneking, Mark, & Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2014. Migration and interaction in a contact zone: mtDNA variation among Bantu-speakers in Southern Africa. PLoS ONE 9.e99117.Google Scholar
Bastin, Yvonne, Coupez, André, & de Halleux, Bernard. 1979. Statistique lexicale et grammaticale pour la classification des langues bantoues. Bulletin des séances de l’Académie royale des sciences d’Outre-Mer 3.375–87.Google Scholar
Bastin, Yvonne, Coupez, André, & Mann, Michael. 1999. Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: Perspectives from a lexicostatistic study (Annales, Série in-8°, Sciences Humaine). Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.Google Scholar
Bastin, Yvonne & Piron, Pascale. 1999. Classifications lexicostatistiques: bantou, bantou et bantoïde. De l’intérêt des “groupes flottants.” In Bantu historical linguistics: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, ed. by Hombert, Jean Marie & Hyman, Larry M., 149–64. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Batibo, Herman M. 1998. The fate of the Khoesan languages of Botswana. In Endangered languages in Africa, ed. by Brenzinger, Matthias, 267–84. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Batini, Chiara, Lopes, Joao, Behar, Doron M., Calafell, Francesc, Jorde, Lynn B., van der Veen, Lolke, Quintana-Murci, Lluis, Spedini, Gabriella, Destro-Bisol, Giovanni, & Comas, David. 2011. Insights into the demographic history of African Pygmies from complete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28.1099–110.Google Scholar
Berniell-Lee, Gemma, Calafell, Francesc, Bosch, Elena, Heyer, Evelyne, Sica, Lucas, Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick, van der Veen, Lolke, Hombert, Jean-Marie, Quintana-Murci, Lluis, & Comas, David. 2009. Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from human paternal lineages. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.1581–9.Google Scholar
Biebuyck, Daniël P. 1973. Lega culture: Art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA, & London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bisanswa, Justin. 2013. Memory, history and historiography of Congo-Zaïre. In Historial memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context, ed. by Diawara, Mamadou, Lategan, Bernard, & Rüsen, Jörn, 6787. New York & Oxford: Berghahn.Google Scholar
Bleek, Wilhelm. 1851. De nominum generibus linguarum Africae Australia. Bonn: Formis Caroli Georgii.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 1999. Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction? In Central African hunter-gatherers in a multidisciplinary perspective, ed. by Biesbrouck, Karen, Elders, Stefan, & Rossel, Gerda, 4160. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. 2006. Archaeology, language and the African past. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen. 2007a. Bantu plant names as indicators of linguistic stratigraphy in the Western Province of Zambia. In Selected proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by Payne, Doris L. & Peña, Jaime, 1629. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen. 2007b. Pots, words and the Bantu problem: On lexical reconstruction and early African history. Journal of African History 48.173–99.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen. 2009. Shanjo and Fwe as part of Bantu Botatwe: A diachronic phonological approach. In Selected proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of African Linguistics, ed. by Ojo, Akinloye & Moshi, Lioba, 110–30. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen, Clist, Bernard, Doumenge, Charles, Grollemund, Rebecca, Hombert, Jean-Marie, Muluwa, Joseph Koni, & Maley, Jean. 2015. Middle to Late Holocene paleoclimatic change and the early Bantu Expansion in the rain forests of West Central-Africa. Current Anthropology 56.354–84.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Donzo, Jean-Pierre. 2013. Bantu–Ubangi language contact and the origin of labial-velar stops in Lingombe (Bantu, C41, DRC). Diachronica 30.435–68.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Mundeke, Léon. 2011a. The causative/applicative syncretism in Mbuun (Bantu B87, DRC): Semantic split or phonemic merger? Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 32.179218.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Mundeke, Léon. 2011b. Passiveness and inversion in Mbuun (Bantu B87, DRC). Studies in Language 21.72111.Google Scholar
Bostoen, Koen & Sands, Bonny. 2012. Clicks in south-western Bantu languages: Contact-induced vs. language-internal lexical change. In Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, ed. by Brenzinger, Matthias & Fehn, Anne-Maria, 129–40. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Bostoen, K. and Van de Velde, M.. 2019. Introduction. In Van de Velde, M., Bostoen, K., Nurse, D. & Philippson, G. (eds.), The Bantu Languages (Second Edition), 113. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bourquin, W. 1951. Click-words which Xhosa, Zulu and Sotho have in common. African Studies 10.2.5981.Google Scholar
Brenzinger, Matthias. 2007. Language endangerment in southern and eastern Africa. In Language diversity endangered, ed. by Brenzinger, Matthias, 179204. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Brncic, Terry M., Willis, Kathy J., Harris, David J., Telfer, Matt W., & Bailey, Richard M.. 2009. Fire and climate change impacts on lowland forest composition in northern Congo during the last 2580 years from palaeoecological analyses of a seasonally flooded swamp. Holocene 19.7989.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca Luigi. 1986. African Pygmies. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 1985. Les Bantous, de la philologie allemande à l’authenticité africaine. Un mythe racial contemporain. Vingtième siècle 8.4366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, G.N. & Rialland, Annie. 2008. Africa as a phonological area. A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 3685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Clist, Bernard. 1987. A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the early Urewe Iron Age industry. Muntu 6.3562.Google Scholar
Clist, Bernard. 2006a. Coexistences matérielles entre 6000 et 20 cal. BC en Afrique centrale : une mosaïque culturelle. In Normes techniques et pratiques sociales: de la simplicité des outillages pré- et protohistoriques ed. by Astruc, L., Bon, F., Léa, V., Milcent, P.-Y., & Philibert, S., 377–83. Antibes: CNRS.Google Scholar
Clist, Bernard. 2006b. Mais où se sont taillées nos pierres en Afrique Centrale entre 7.000 et 2.000 BP. In Grundlegungen. Beiträge zur europäischen und afrikanischen Archäologie für Manfred K.H. Eggert, ed. by Wotzka, Hans-Peter, 291302. Tübingen: Francke Attempto.Google Scholar
Clist, Bernard. 2012. Vers une réduction des préjugés et la fonte des antagonismes: un bilan de l’expansion de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique sud-saharienne. Journal of African Archaeology 10.7184.Google Scholar
Coelho, Margarida, Sequeira, Fernando, Luiselli, Donata, Beleza, Sandra, & Rocha, Jorge. 2009. On the edge of the Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9.Google Scholar
Collins, Chris & Gruber, Jeff. 2013. A grammar of ǂHȍã with vocabulary, recorded utterances and oral texts (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Crawhall, Nigel. 2004. !Ui–Taa language shift in Gordonia and Postmasburg districts, South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town.Google Scholar
Currie, Thomas E., Meade, Andrew, Guillon, Myrtille, & Mace, Ruth. 2013. Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu languages of sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 280.18.Google Scholar
Daeleman, Jan. 1977. A comparison of some zone B languages in Bantu. Africana Linguistica 7.93144.Google Scholar
de Filippo, Cesare, Bostoen, Koen, Stoneking, Mark, & Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2012. Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 279.3256–63.Google Scholar
de Luna, Kathryn. 2010. Classifying Botatwe: M60 languages and the settlement chronology of south central Africa. Africana Linguistica 16.6596.Google Scholar
de Maret, Pierre. 1992. Sédentarisation, agriculture et métallurgie du Sud-Cameroun: synthèse des recherches depuis 1978. In L’archéologie au Cameroun. Actes du premier Colloque international de Yaoundé, 6–9 janvier 1986, ed. by Essomba, J.-M., 247–62. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
de Maret, Pierre. 1994–5. Pits, pots and the far west streams. Azania 29–30.318–23.Google Scholar
de Maret, Pierre. 2013. Archaeologies of the Bantu Expansion. In Oxford handbook of African archaeology, ed. by Mitchell, Peter & Lane, Paul, 319–28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice, Grollemund, Rebecca, Branford, Simon, & Bostoen, Koen. 2015. Introducing a state-of-the-art phylogenetic classification of the Kikongo Language Cluster. Africana Linguistica 21.87162.Google Scholar
Demolin, Didier & Teston, Bernard. 1997. Phonetic characteristics of double articulations in some Mangbetu-Efe languages. Paper presented at Eurospeech, 1997, Rhodes.Google Scholar
Destro-Bisol, Giovanni, Coia, Valentina, Boschi, Ilaria, Verginelli, Fabio, Caglia, Alessandra, Pascali, Vincenzo, Spedini, Gabriella, & Calafell, Francesc. 2004a. The analysis of variation of mtDNA hypervariable region suggests that Eastern and Western Pygmies diverged before the Bantu Expansion. The American Naturalist 163.212–26.Google Scholar
Destro-Bisol, Giovanni, Donati, Francesco, Coia, Valentina, Boschi, Ilaria, Verginelli, Fabio, Caglià, Alessandra, Tofanelli, Sergio, Spedini, Gabriella, & Capelli, Cristian. 2004b. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: The importance of sociocultural factors. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.1673–82.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared M. 1999. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York & London: Norton.Google Scholar
Doke, C.M. & Mofokeng, S.M.. 1957. Textbook of Southern Sotho grammar. Cape Town: Longmans.Google Scholar
Ehret, Christopher. 1999. Subclassifying Bantu: The evidence of stem morpheme innovations. In Bantu historical linguistics: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, ed. by Hombert, Jean Marie & Hyman, Larry M., 43147. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Esterhuysen, Amanda & Lane, Paul J.. 2013. Archaeology and education. In Oxford handbook of African archaeology, ed. by Mitchell, Peter & Lane, Paul, 239–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fleish, Axel & Möhlig, W.J.G.. 2002. The Kavango peoples in the past. Local historiographies from Northern Namibia. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Fortes-Lima, C., Schlebusch, C., Mundeke, L., Pacchiarotti, S. and Bostoen, K.. 2021. New Genetic Light on Old Linguistic Questions from the West-Coastal Bantu Homeland. Paper presented at “Extracting the Past from the Present”, Interdisciplinary Conference on African Precolonial History, March 1–5, 2021, Brussels, Université libre de Bruxelles, https://www.bantufirst.ugent.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Fortes-Lima-et-al.mp4.Google Scholar
Gramly, R.M. 1978. Expansion on Bantu-speakers versus development of Bantu language in situ. An archaeologist’s perspective. South African Archaeological Bulletin 33.107–12.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph Harold. 1963. The languages of Africa (Publication of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics 25). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph Harold. 1972. Linguistic evidence regarding Bantu origins. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 13.189216.Google Scholar
Grollemund, Rebecca. 2012. Nouvelles approches en classification: application aux langues bantu du Nord-Ouest. Thèse de doctorat, Université Lumière Lyon 2.Google Scholar
Grollemund, Rebecca, Branford, Simon, Bostoen, Koen, Meade, Andrew, Venditti, Chris, & Pagel, Mark. 2015. Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112.43.13296–301.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 1999. Head-initial meets head-final: Nominal suffixes in Eastern and Southern Bantu from a historical perspective. Studies in African Linguistics 28.4991.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2006. Structural isoglosses between Khoekhoe and Tuu: The Cape as a linguistic area. In Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective, ed. by Matras, Yaron, McMahon, April, & Vincent, Nigel, 99134. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2008a. Greenberg’s “case” for Khoisan: The morphological evidence. In Problems of linguistic-historical reconstruction in Africa, ed. by Ibriszimow, Dymitr, 123–53. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2008b. A linguist’s view: Khoe-Kwadi speakers as the earliest food-producers of southern Africa. Southern African Humanities 20.93132.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2008c. The Macro-Sudan belt: Towards identifying a linguistic area in northern sub-Saharan Africa. In A linguistic geography of Africa, ed. by Heine, Bernd & Nurse, Derek, 151–85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2014. “Khoisan” linguistic classification today. In Beyond “Khoisan”: Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin, ed. by Güldemann, Tom & Fehn, Anne-Maria, 140. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom. 2020. Changing profile when encroaching on hunter-gatherer territory: Towards a history of the Khoe-Kwadi family in southern Africa. In Hunter-gatherers and linguistic history: A global perspective, ed. by Güldemann, Tom, McConvell, Patrick, & Rhodes, Richard, 114–46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom & Elderkin, Edward D.. 2010. On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family. In Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, January 4–8, 2003, Riezlern/Kleinwalsertal, ed. by Brenzinger, Matthias & König, Christa, 1552. Cologne: Köppe.Google Scholar
Güldemann, Tom & Stoneking, Mark. 2008. A historical appraisal of clicks: A linguistic and genetic population perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 37.18.Google Scholar
Gunnink, Hilde. 2018. A grammar of Fwe. A Bantu language of Zambia and Namibia. PhD thesis, Ghent University.Google Scholar
Gunnink, Hilde, Sands, Bonny, Pakendorf, Brigitte, & Bostoen, Koen. 2015. Prehistoric language contact in the Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 36.193232.Google Scholar
Gunnink, Hilde. 2020. Language contact between Khoisan and Bantu languages: The case of Setswana. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 38.2745.Google Scholar
Gunnink, Hilde. forthcoming. The early history of clicks in Nguni. Diachronica.Google Scholar
Guthrie, Malcolm. 1948. Bantu word division: A new study of an old problem (Memorandum - International African Institute 22). London & New York: Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guthrie, Malcolm. 1971. Comparative Bantu: An introduction to the comparative linguistics and prehistory of the Bantu languages. Volume 2: Bantu prehistory, inventory and indexes. London: Gregg International.Google Scholar
Hasselbring, Sue. 2000. Where are the Khoesan of Botswana? In Botswana: The future of the minority languages, ed. by Batibo, Herman M. & Smieja, Birgit, 1331. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Honken, Henry. 2010. The Kx’a family. A new Khoisan genealogy. Journal of Asian and African Studies 79.536.Google Scholar
Henn, Brenna M., Gignoux, Christopher, Lin, Alice A., Oefner, Peter J., Shen, Peidong, Scozzari, Rosaria, Cruciani, Fulvio, Tishkoff, Sarah A., Mountain, Joanna L., & Underhill, Peter A.. 2008. Y-chromosomal evidence of pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105.10693–8.Google Scholar
Herbert, Robert K. 1990. The sociohistory of clicks in Bantu. Anthropological Linguistics 32.295315.Google Scholar
Herbert, Robert K. 2002. The sociohistory of clicks in southern Bantu. In Language in South Africa, ed. by Mesthrie, R., 297315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hewlett, Barry. 1996. Cultural diversity among African pygmies. In Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: An African perspective, ed. by Kent, Susan, 215–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holden, Claire Janaki. 2002. Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: A maximum-parsimony analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B (Biological Sciences) 269.793–9.Google Scholar
Holden, Claire Janaki & Gray, Russell D.. 2006. Rapid radiation, borrowing and dialect continua in the Bantu languages. In Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages, ed. by Forster, Peter & Renfrew, Colin, 1931. Cambridge: The MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Holden, Claire Janaki, Meade, Andrew, & Pagel, Mark. 2005. Comparison of maximum parsimony and Bayesian Bantu language trees. In The evolution of cultural diversity: A phylogenetic approach, ed. by Mace, R., Holden, C.J., & Shennan, S., 5365. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Honken, Henry. 2013. Genetic relationships: An overview of the evidence. In The Khoesan languages, ed. by Vossen, R., 1324. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hubau, Wannes, Van den Bulcke, Jan, Van Acker, Joris, & Beeckman, Hans. 2015. Charcoal-inferred Holocene fire and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Global Change Biology 21.2296–308.Google Scholar
Huffman, Thomas. 1970. The Early Iron Age and the spread of the Bantu. South African Archaeological Bulletin 25.321.Google Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. 1999. The historical interpretation of vowel harmony in Bantu. In Bantu historical linguistics: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, ed. by Hombert, Jean Marie & Hyman, Larry M., 235–95. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Ikeya, Kazunobu. 2000. The historical dynamics of the socioeconomic relationships between the nomadic San and the rural Kgalagadi. Botswana Notes and Records 31.1932.Google Scholar
Janson, Tore. 1995. The status, history and future of Sekgalagadi. In The complete linguist. Papers in memory of Patrick J. Dickens, ed. by Traill, A., Vossen, R., & Biesele, M., 399406. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Joiris, Daou Véronique. 1996. A comparative approach to hunting rituals among Baka Pygmies (southeastern Cameroon). In Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers: An African perspective, ed. by Kent, Susan, 245–75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kahlheber, Stefanie, Bostoen, Koen, & Neumann, Katharina. 2009. Early plant cultivation in the Central African rain forest: First millennium BC pearl millet from south Cameroon. Journal of African Archaeology 7.253–72.Google Scholar
Kahlheber, Stefanie, Eggert, Manfred K.H., Seidensticker, Dirk, & Wotzka, Hans-Peter. 2014. Pearl millet and other plant remains from the Early Iron Age site of Boso-Njafo (Inner Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of the Congo). African Archaeologial Review 31.479512.Google Scholar
Kamanda Kola, Roger. 2000. A propos de la bantouisation culturelle en R. D. du Congo. Annales Aequatoria 21.918.Google Scholar
Kilian-Hatz, Christa. 2008. A grammar of modern Khwe (central Khoisan). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Klieman, Kairn A. 2003. “The Pygmies were our compass”: Bantu and Batwa in the history of west central Africa, early times to c. 1900 CE. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Koni Muluwa, Joseph & Bostoen, Koen. 2011. Umlaut in the Bantu B70/80 languages of the Kwilu (DRC): Where did the final vowel go? Paper presented at 41st Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics, Leiden.Google Scholar
Koni Muluwa, Joseph & Bostoen, Koen. 2012. La diphtongaison dans les langues bantu B70–80 (Bandundu, RDC): typologie et classification historique. Africana Linguistica 18.355–86.Google Scholar
Koni Muluwa, Joseph, Eyi Ndong, Hugues Calixte, Degreef, Jérôme, & Bostoen, Koen. 2013. Champignons consommés par les Pygmées du Gabon: analyse linguistique des myconymes baka et kóya. Africana Linguistica 19.109–35.Google Scholar
Lavachery, Philippe. 2001. The Holocene archaeological sequence of Shum Laka rock shelter (Grassfields, Cameroon). African Archaeological Review 18.213–47.Google Scholar
Letouzey, René. 1976. Contribution de la botanique au problème d’une éventuelle language pygmée (Société d’études linguistiques et anthroplogiques de France 57–8). Paris: SELAF.Google Scholar
Lewis, Jerome. 2006. Les Pygmées Batwa du Rwanda: un peuple ignoré du Rwanda. In La marginalisation des pygmées d’Afrique centrale, ed. by Abega, Sévérin Cécile & Logo, Patrice Bigombe, 79105. Paris: Maisonneuve, Larose et Afrédit.Google Scholar
Li, Sen, Schlebusch, Carina, & Jakobsson, Mattias. 2014. Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 281.20141448.Google Scholar
Louw, J.A. 1976. The influence of Khoi on Xhosa morphology. In Gedenkbundel H.J.J.M. van der Merwe, ed. by de Klerk, W.J. & Ponelis, F.A., 8795. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.Google Scholar
Louw, J.A. 1977a. The adaptation of non-click Khoi consonants in Xhosa. In Khoisan linguistic studies, ed. by Traill, Anthony, 7492. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand.Google Scholar
Louw, J.A. 1977b. The linguistic prehistory of the Xhosa. In Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika, ed. by Möhlig, W.J.G., Rottland, F., & Heine, B., 127–51. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Louw, J.A. 1979. A preliminary survey of Khoi and San influence in Zulu. Khoisan Linguistic Studies 5.821.Google Scholar
Louw, J.A. 1986. Some linguistic influence of Khoi and San in the prehistory of the Nguni. In Contemporary studies on Khoisan 2: In honor of Oswin Köhler at the occasion of his 75th birthday, ed. by Vossen, Rainer & Keuthmann, Klaus, 141–69. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.Google Scholar
Lukusa, Stephen T.M. 2000. Shekgalagadi struggle for survival: Aspects of language maintenance and shift. In Botswana: The future of the minority languages, ed. by Batibo, Herman M. & Smieja, Birgit, 5577. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Lukusa, Stephen T.M. & Monaka, Kemmonye C.. 2008. Shekgalagari grammar: A descriptive analysis of the language and its vocabulary (CASAS book series, 47). Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.Google Scholar
Lwanga-Lunyiigo, Samwiri. 1976. The Bantu problem reconsidered. Current Anthropology 17.282–6.Google Scholar
Macholdt, Enrico, Lede, Vera, Barbieri, Chiara, Mpoloka, Sununguko W., Chen, Hua, Slatkin, Montgomery, Pakendorf, Brigitte, & Stoneking, Mark. 2014. Tracing pastoralist migrations to Southern Africa with lactase persistence alleles. Current Biology 24.875–9.Google Scholar
Maley, Jean, Giresse, Pierre, Doumenge, Charles, & Charly, Favier. 2012. Comment “on Intensifying Weathering and Land Use in Iron Age Central Africa.” Science 337.1040.Google Scholar
Marks, Sarah J., Montinaro, Francesco, Levy, Hila, Brisighelli, Francesca, Ferri, Gianmarco, Bertoncini, Stefania, Batini, Chiara, Busby, George B.J., Arthur, Charles, Mitchell, Peter, Stewart, Brian A., Oosthuizen, Ockie, Oosthuizen, Erica, D’Amato, Maria Eugenia, Davison, Sean, Pascali, Vincenzo, & Capelli, Cristian. 2015. Static and moving frontiers: The genetic landscape of Southern African Bantu-speaking populations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32.2943.Google Scholar
Marks, Shula. 1980. South Africa: “The myth of the empty land.” History Today 30.812.Google Scholar
Meeussen, A.E. 1967. Bantu grammatical reconstructions. Africana Linguistica 3.80121.Google Scholar
Meinhof, Carl. 1910. Grundriß einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen nebst einer Anleitung zur Aufnahme von Bantusprachen. Leipzig & Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. 1998. The Tjaube tradition of the Kavango area (Namibia): Truth or fiction? Die heutige Bedeutung oraler Traditionen / The present-day importance of oral traditions: Ihre Archieverung, Publikation un Index-Erschließung / Their preservation, publication and indexing, ed. by Heissig, W. & Schott, R., 363–75. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. 1997. A dialectrometrical analysis of the main Kavango languages: Kwangali, Gciriku and Mbukushu. In Namibian languages: Reports and papers, ed. by Haacke, W.H.G. & Elderkin, E.E., 211–34. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. 1977. Zur frühen Siedlungsgeschichte der Savannen-Bantu aus lauthistorischer Sicht. In Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika, ed. by Möhlig, Wilhelm, Rottland, Franz, & Heine, Bernd, 166–93. Berlin: D. Reimer.Google Scholar
Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. 1981. Stratification in the history of the Bantu Languages. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 3.251317.Google Scholar
Motingea, Mangulu André. 1994. Notes sur le parler des Pygmées d’Itendo (Zone de Kiri). Annales Aequatoria 15.341–82.Google Scholar
Motte, Elisabeth. 1982. Les plantes chez les Pygmées Aka et les Monzombo de la Lobaye (Centrafrique): étude ethnobotanique comparative chez des chasseurs-cueilleurs et des pêcheurs-cultivateurs dans un même milieu végétal. Paris: SELAF.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution (Cambridge approaches to language contact). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2006. How Bantu is Kiyansi? A re-examination of its verbal inflections. In Studies in African linguistic typology, ed. by Voeltz, Erhard F.K., 329–37. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Mukwiza Ndahinda, Felix. 2011. Indigenousness in Africa: A contested legal framework for empowerment of “marginalized” communities. The Hague: Asser Press.Google Scholar
Naumann, Christfried & Bibiko, Hans-Jörg. 2015. Southern Africa as a phonological area. Paper presented at “Speaking (of) Khoisan”, a symposium reviewing Southern African prehistory, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Neumann, Katharina, Bostoen, Koen, Höhn, Alexa, Kahlheber, Stefanie, Ngomanda, Alfred, & Tchiengué, Barthelémy. 2012a. First farmers in the Central African rainforest: A view from southern Cameroon. Quaternary International 249.5362.Google Scholar
Neumann, Katharina, Eggert, Manfred K. H., Oslisly, Richard, Clist, Bernard, Denham, Tom, de Maret, Pierre, Ozainne, Sylvain, Hildebrand, Elisabeth, Bostoen, Koen, Salzmann, Ulrich, Schwartz, Dominique, Eichhorn, Barbara, Tchiengué, Barthelémy, & Höhn, Alexa. 2012b. Comment on “Intensifying Weathering and Land Use in Iron Age Central Africa.” Science 337.1040.Google Scholar
Ngomanda, Alfred, Neumann, Katharina, Schweizer, Astrid, & Maley, Jean. 2009. Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (Central Africa). Quaternary Research 71.307–18.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek & Masele, Balla F.Y.P.. 2003. Stratigraphy and prehistory: Bantu zone F. In Language contacts in prehistory: Studies in stratigraphy, ed. by Andersen, Henning, 115–34. Amsterdam & Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard. 2003a. Introduction. In The Bantu languages ed. by Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard, 113. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard. 2003b. Towards a historical classification of the Bantu languages. In The Bantu languages, ed. by Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard, 164–81. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Olson, Kenneth S. & Hajek, John. 2003. Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap. Linguistic typology 7.157–86.Google Scholar
Oslisly, Richard, White, Lee, Bentaleb, Ilham, Favier, Charly, Fontugne, Michel, Gillet, Jean-François, & Sebag, David. 2013. Climatic and cultural changes in the west Congo Basin forests over the past 5000 years. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 368.20120304.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, S., Chousou-Polydouri, N. and Bostoen, K.. 2019. Untangling the West-Coastal Bantu Mess: Identification, Geography and Phylogeny of the Bantu B50-80 Languages. Africana Linguistica 25: 155229.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, S. and Bostoen, K.. 2020. The Proto-West-Coastal Bantu Velar Merger. Africana Linguistica 26: 139195.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, S. and Bostoen, K.. 2021. Final Vowel Loss in Lower Kasai Bantu (DRC) as a Contact-Induced Change. Journal of Language Contact 14: 437474.Google Scholar
Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2014. Molecular anthropological perspectives on the Kalahari Basin Area. In Beyond “Khoisan.” Historical relations in the Kalahari Basin, ed. by Güldemann, Tom & Fehn, Anne-Maria, 4366. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Pakendorf, Brigitte, Bostoen, Koen, & de Filippo, Cesare. 2011. Molecular perspectives on the Bantu Expansion: A synthesis. Language Dynamics and Change 1.5088.Google Scholar
Pakendorf, Brigitte, Gunnink, Hilde, Sands, Bonny, & Bostoen, Koen. 2017. Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact: A cross-disciplinary approach. Language Dynamics and Change 7.146.Google Scholar
Patin, Etienne, Laval, G., Barreiro, L.B., Salas, A., Semino, O., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S., Kidd, K.K., Kidd, J.R., Van der Veen, L., Hombert, J.M., Gessain, A., Froment, A., Bahuchet, S., Heyer, E., & Quintana-Murci, L.. 2009. Inferring the demographic history of African farmers and pygmy hunter-gatherers using a multilocus resequencing data set. PLoS Genet 5.e1000448.Google Scholar
Patin, Etienne, Siddle, Katherine J., Laval, Guillaume, Quach, Hélène, Harmant, Christine, Becker, Noémie, Froment, Alain, Régnault, Béatrice, Lemée, Laure, Gravel, Simon, Hombert, Jean-Marie, Van der Veen, Lolke, Dominy, Nathaniel J., Perry, George H., Barreiro, Luis B., Verdu, Paul, Heyer, Evelyne, & Quintana-Murci, Lluís. 2014. The impact of agricultural emergence on the genetic history of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. Nature Communications 5.3163.Google Scholar
Philippson, Gérard & Grollemund, Rebecca. 2019. Classifying Bantu languages. In The Bantu languages, 2nd ed., ed. by Van de Velde, Mark, Bostoen, Koen, Nurse, Derek, & Philippson, Gérard (eds.), 335–54. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Phillipson, David W. 1976. Archaeology and Bantu linguistics. World Archaeology 8.6582.Google Scholar
Phillipson, David W. 1985. An archaeological reconsideration of Bantu expansion. Muntu 2.6984.Google Scholar
Pickrell, Joseph K., Patterson, Nick, Barbieri, Chiara, Berthold, Falko, Gerlach, Linda, Güldemann, Tom, Kure, Blesswell, Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata, Nakagawa, Hirosi, Naumann, Christfried, Lipson, Mark, Loh, Po-Ru, Lachance, Joseph, Mountain, Joanna, Bustamante, Carlos D., Berger, Bonnie, Tishkoff, Sarah A., Henn, Brenna M., Stoneking, Mark, Reich, David, & Pakendorf, Brigitte. 2012. The genetic prehistory of southern Africa. Nature Communications 3.16.Google Scholar
Pickrell, Joseph K., Patterson, Nick, Loh, Po-Ru, Lipson, Mark, Berger, Bonnie, Stoneking, Mark, Pakendorf, Brigitte, & Reich, David. 2014. Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111.2632–7.Google Scholar
Piron, Pascale. 1997. Classification interne du groupe bantoïde, 2 vols. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Quintana-Murci, L., Quach, H., Harmant, C., Luca, F., Massonnet, B., Patin, E., Sica, L., Mouguiama-Daouda, P., Comas, D., Tzur, S., Balanovsky, O., Kidd, K.K., Kidd, J.R., van der Veen, L., Hombert, J.M., Gessain, A., Verdu, P., Froment, A., Bahuchet, S., Heyer, E., Dausset, J., Salas, A., & Behar, D.M.. 2008. Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105.1596–601.Google Scholar
Ramachandran, S. & Rosenberg, N.A.. 2011. A test of the influence of continental axes of orientation on patterns of human gene flow. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146.515–29.Google Scholar
Rexová, Katherina, Bastin, Yvonne, & Frynta, Daniel. 2006. Cladistic analysis of Bantu languages: A new tree based on combined lexical and grammatical data. Naturwissenschaften 93.189–94.Google Scholar
Robertson, John H. & Bradley, Rebecca. 2000. A new paradigm: The African Early Iron Age without Bantu migrations. History in Africa 27.287323.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm. 2013. Diagnosing contact processes from their outcomes: The importance of life stages. Journal of Language Contact 6.547.Google Scholar
Rottland, Franz. 1977. Reflexes of Proto-Bantu phonemes in Yanzi (B85). Africana Linguistica 7.375–96.Google Scholar
Sadr, Karim. 2013. The archaeology of herding in southernmost Africa. In Oxford handbook of African archaeology, ed. by Mitchell, Peter & Lane, Paul, 645–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sadr, Karim. 2015. Livestock first reached Southern Africa in two separate events. PLoS ONE 10.e0134215.Google Scholar
Sands, Bonny. 1998. The linguistic relationship between Hadza and Khoesan. In Language, identity, and conceptualization among the Khoisan, ed. by Schladt, Mathias, 265–83. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1999. Batwa: The Bantu name for the invisible people. In Challenging elusiveness: Central-African hunter-gatherers in a multidisciplinary perspective, ed. by Biesbrouck, Karen & Elders, Stefan, 2139. Leiden: CNWS.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2003. Historical linguistics. In The Bantu languages, ed. by Nurse, Derek & Philippson, Gérard, 143–63. London & New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schebesta, Paul. 1949. La langues des Pygmées. Zaire 3.119–28.Google Scholar
Schebesta, Paul. 1952. Das Problem der Pygmäensprache. In Kultur und Sprache, ed. by Koppers, W., Heine-Geldern, R., & Haekel, J., 426–51. Vienna: Institut für Völkerkunde der Universität Wien.Google Scholar
Schepartz, Lynne A. 1988. Who were the later Pleistocene eastern Africans. African Archaeological Review 6.5772.Google Scholar
Schulz, Stephan, Laine, Antti Olavi, Aunio, Lotta, & Philippova, Nailya. 2019. Click variation and reacquisition in two South African Ndebele varieties. In Linguistic diversity research among speakers of Isindebele and Sindebele in South Africa, ed. by Aunio, Lotta & Fleisch, Axel, 213–82. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Dominique. 1992. Assèchement climatique vers 3000 B.P. et expansion Bantu en Afrique centrale atlantique: quelques réflexion. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France 163.353–61.Google Scholar
Seidel, Frank. 2005. The Bantu languages of the Eastern Caprivi: A dialectometrical analysis and its historical and sociolinguistic implications. South African Journal of African Languages 4.207–42.Google Scholar
Seidel, Frank. 2008. A grammar of Yeyi. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Seitz, Stefan. 1970. Die Töpfer-Twa in Ruanda. Freiburg: Krause.Google Scholar
Smieja, Birgit & Batibo, Herman M.. 2000. Language shift tendencies of minority language users in Botswana: Fashion or rule? In Botswana: The future of the minority languages, ed. by Batibo, Herman M. & Smieja, Birgit, 3554. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris. 1952. Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts: With special reference to North American Indians and Eskimos. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96.452–63.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris. 1955. Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21.121–37.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. & Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Traill, A. 2002. The Khoesan languages. In Language in South Africa, ed. by Mesthrie, Rajend, 2749. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trilles, R.P. 1932. Les Pygmées de la forêt équatoriale. Paris: Librairie Bloud & Gay.Google Scholar
Van Coetsem, Frans. 1988. Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Van Coetsem, Frans. 2000. A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag, C. Winter.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1966. Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Vansina, Jan. 1995. New linguistic evidence and the Bantu Expansion. Journal of African History 36.173–95.Google Scholar
Verdu, Paul, Becker, Noemi S.A., Froment, Alain, Georges, Myriam, Grugni, Viola, Quintana-Murci, Lluis, Hombert, Jean-Marie, Van der Veen, Lolke J., Le Bomin, Sylvie, Bahuchet, Serge, Heyer, Evelyne, & Austerlitz, Frédéric. 2013. Sociocultural behavior, sex-biased admixture, and effective population sizes in Central African Pygmies and non-Pygmies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30.918–37.Google Scholar
Visser, Hessel. 2000. Language and cultural empowerment of the Khoesan people: The Naro experience. In Botswana: The future of the minority languages, ed. by Batibo, Herman M. & Smieja, Birgit, 193215. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Visser, Hessel. 2001. Naro dictionary: Naro–English, English–Naro. Gantsi: Naro Language Project.Google Scholar
Voßen, Rainer. 1997. Die Khoe-Sprachen. Ein Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte Afrikas. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Wiesmüller, Birgitt. 1997. Möglichkeiten der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit von Archäologie und Linguistik am Beispiel der frühen Eisenzeit in Afrika. Traditionelles Eisenhandwerk in Afrika: geschichtliche Rolle und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung aus multidisziplinärer Sicht, ed. by Klein-Arendt, Reinhard, 5590. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut für Archäologie und Geschichte Afrikas.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2005. Contact-induced changes: Classification and processes. Diachronica 22.373427.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2007. Some issues in the study of language contact. Journal of Language Contact 1.2239.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2013. On the unity of contact phenomena: The case for imposition. In In and out of Africa: Languages in question. In honour of Robert Nicolai, ed. by de Feral, Carole, 4371. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Wood, Elizabeth T., Stover, Daryn A., Ehret, Christopher, Destro-Bisol, Giovanni, Spedini, Gabriella, McLeod, Howard, Louie, Leslie, Bamshad, Mike, Strassmann, Beverly I., Soodyall, Himla, & Hammer, Michael F.. 2005. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. European Journal of Human Genetics 13.867–76.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. 1997. Indigenous discrimination: The ideological basis for local discrimination against hunter-gatherer minorities in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnic and Racial Studies 20.345–61.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×