Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-rnj55 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-10T15:25:33.444Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part 1: - An Overview of the Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 August 2023

Adam Polnay
Affiliation:
The State Hospital, Carstairs and Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
Victoria Barker
Affiliation:
East London NHS Foundation Trust, London
David Bell
Affiliation:
British Psychoanalytic Society
Allan Beveridge
Affiliation:
Royal College of Psychiatrists, London
Adam Burley
Affiliation:
Rivers Centre, Edinburgh
Allyson Lumsden
Affiliation:
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
C. Susan Mizen
Affiliation:
Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter
Lauren Wilson
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Zilboorg, G.. A History of Medical Psychology. New York, W. W. Norton, 1941.Google Scholar
Shorter, E.. A History of the Asylum. From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac. New York, Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Fulford, K.W.M., Thornton, T. and Graham, G.. Oxford Textbook of Philosophy and Psychiatry. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.. Psychodynamic psychotherapy – rise, decline, revival. In Bloch, S., Green, S.A., Holmes, J., eds. Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014; 383400.Google Scholar
Ellenberger, H.F.. The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1970.Google Scholar
Marks, S.. Psychotherapy in historical perspective. Hist Human Sci 2017; 30 (2): 316.Google Scholar
Tallis, F.. The Act of Living. What the Great Psychologists Can Teach Us About Surviving Discontent in an Age of Anxiety. London, Little Brown, 2021.Google Scholar
Webster, R.. Why Freud Was Wrong. Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. London, Fontana, 1996.Google Scholar
Burns, T., Burns-Lundgren, E.. Psychotherapy. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Foucault, M.. Madness and Civilization. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. (trans: Howard R). Tavistock Publications, London, 1967.Google Scholar
Shamdasani, S.. ‘Psychotherapy’: the invention of a word. Hist Human Sci. 2005; 18 (1): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellenberger, H.F.. The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1970.Google Scholar
Brown, P., Janet, P., 1859–1947. In Freeman, H., ed. A Century of Psychiatry. London, Mosby, 1999; 99103.Google Scholar
Makari, G.. Revolution in the Mind. The Creation of Psychoanalysis. London, Duckworth, 2008.Google Scholar
Gay, P.. Freud. A Life for Our Time. Cambridge, Dent, 1988.Google Scholar
Whitebrook, J.. Freud. An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmundson, M.. The Death of Sigmund Freud. Fascism, Psychoanalysis and the Rise of Fundamentalism. London, Bloomsbury, 2007.Google Scholar
Gay, P.. Freud. A Life for Our Time. Cambridge, Dent, 1988.Google Scholar
Gay, P.. Freud. A Life for Our Time. Cambridge, Dent, 1988.Google Scholar
Freud, S.. Recommendations to Physicians Practising Psycho-Analysis. In Strachey, J. (Ed. & Trans.) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud Volume XII (1911–1913). London: Hogarth Press; 1958. p. 114.Google Scholar
Rycroft, C.. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1972.Google Scholar
Clare, A.. Freud’s cases: the clinical basis of psychoanalysis. In: Bynum, W.F., Porter, R., Shepherd, M., eds. The Anatomy of Madness. Volume 1. London, Tavistock, 1985; 271288.Google Scholar
Gay, P.. Freud. A Life for Our Time. Cambridge, Dent, 1988.Google Scholar
Ellenberger, H.F.. The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1970.Google Scholar
Fisher, S., Greenberg, R.. The Scientific Credibility of Freud’s Theories and Therapies. Columbia, Columbia University Press, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, E.. The Psychoanalytic Movement. The Cunning of Unreason. London, Fontana, 1992.Google Scholar
Torrey, E.R.. Freudian Fraud. The Malignant Effect of Freud’s Theory on American Culture and Thought. New York, Harper Collins, 1992.Google Scholar
Crews, F.C., ed. Unauthorized Freud. Doubters Confront a Legend. New York, Viking Books, 1998.Google Scholar
Rycroft, C.. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1972.Google Scholar
Ellenberger, H.F.. The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1970.Google Scholar
Roazen, P.. Freud and His Followers. London, Allen Lane, 1976.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A.C.. Freud and the Post-Freudians. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1964.Google Scholar
Roazen, P.. Freud and His Followers. London, Allen Lane, 1976.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A.C.. Freud and the Post-Freudians. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1964.Google Scholar
Brown, J.A.C.. Freud and the Post-Freudians. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1964.Google Scholar
Bateman, A., Holmes, J.. Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Contemporary Theory and Practice. London, Routledge, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makari, G.. Revolution in the Mind. The Creation of Psychoanalysis. London, Duckworth, 2008.Google Scholar
Stone, M.. Shellshock and the psychologists. In Bynum, W.F., Porter, R., Shepherd, M., eds. The Anatomy of Madness. Volume 2. London, Tavistock, 1985; 242271.Google Scholar
Shephard, B.. A War of Nerves. Soldiers and Psychiatrists 1914–1994. London, Jonathan Cape, 2000.Google Scholar
Pines, M.. The development of the psychodynamic movement. In Berrios, G.E., Freeman, H., eds. 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1841–1991. London, Gaskell, 1991; 206231.Google Scholar
Stone, M.. Shellshock and the psychologists. In Bynum, W.F., Porter, R., Shepherd, M., eds. The Anatomy of Madness. Volume 2. London, Tavistock, 1985; 242271.Google Scholar
Pines, M.. The development of the psychodynamic movement. In Berrios, G.E., Freeman, H., eds. 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1841–1991. London, Gaskell, 1991; 206231.Google Scholar
Dicks, H.V.. Fifty Years of the Tavistock Clinic. London, Routledge & Keegan, 1970.Google Scholar
Likerman, M., Freud, Anna and Klein, Melanie. In Freeman, H., ed. A Century of Psychiatry. London, Mosby, 1999; 106111.Google Scholar
Rodman, F.R.. Winnicott. Life and Work. Cambridge, MA, Perseus, 2003.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, L.. Mad, Bad and Sad. A History of Women and the Mind Doctors from 1800 to the Present. London, Virago Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J.R. and Mitchell, S.A.. Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Gomez, L.. An Introduction to Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. London, Free Association Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Maddox, B.. Freud’s Wizard. The Enigma of Ernest Jones. London, John Murray, 2006.Google Scholar
Klein, M.. Narrative of a Child Analysis. New York, Basic Books, 1961.Google Scholar
Ray, D.C.. History, rationale, and purpose of play. In Advanced Play Therapy. London, Routledge; 2011; 116.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, L.. Mad, Bad and Sad. A History of Women and the Mind Doctors from 1800 to the Present. London, Virago Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Suttie, I.. The Origins of Love and Hate. London, Routledge, 2014 (originally published in 1935).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J.A.C.. Freud and the Post-Freudians. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1964.Google Scholar
Tantam, D.. Fairbairn. In Freeman, H, Berrios, G.E., eds. 150 Years of British Psychiatry. Volume II. The Aftermath. London, Athlone, 1996; 549–64.Google Scholar
Fairbairn, R.. Freud: the psychoanalytic method and mental health. Br J Ment Psych. 30, 5362.Google Scholar
Gomez, L.. An Introduction to Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. London, Free Association Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Miller, G.. Scottish psychoanalysis. A rational religion. J Hist Behav Sci. 2004.44 (1), 3858.Google Scholar
Burston, D.. The Wing of Madness.Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.. Psychodynamic psychotherapy – rise, decline, revival. In Bloch, S., Green, S.A., Holmes, J., eds. Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014; 383400.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, L.. Mad, Bad and Sad. A History of Women and the Mind Doctors from 1800 to the Present. London, Virago Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.. Psychodynamic psychotherapy – rise, decline, revival. In Bloch, S., Green, S.A., Holmes, J., eds. Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014; 383400.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.. Psychodynamic psychotherapy – rise, decline, revival. In Bloch, S., Green, S.A., Holmes, J., eds. Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014; 383400.Google Scholar
Rodman, F.R.. Winnicott. Life and Work. Cambridge MA, Perseus, 2003.Google Scholar
Phillips, A.. Winnicott. London, Fontana, 1988.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, L.. Mad, Bad and Sad. A History of Women and the Mind Doctors from 1800 to the Present. London, Virago Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Beveridge, A.. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The Early Writings and Work of R. D. Laing, 1927–1960. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Phillips, A.. Winnicott. London, Fontana, 1988.Google Scholar
Phillips, A.. Winnicott. London, Fontana, 1988.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, L.. Mad, Bad and Sad. A History of Women and the Mind Doctors from 1800 to the Present. London, Virago Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Phillips, A.. Winnicott. London, Fontana, 1988.Google Scholar
Shephard, B.. A War of Nerves. Soldiers and Psychiatrists 1914–1994. London, Jonathan Cape, 2000.Google Scholar
Pines, M.. Group psychotherapy. In Freeman, H., ed. A Century of Psychiatry. London, Mosby, 1999; 141–5.Google Scholar
Millard, D.. Therapeutic communities. In Freeman, H., ed. A Century of Psychiatry. London, Mosby, 1999; 155–9.Google Scholar
Frankl, V.. Man’s Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy (4th ed.). Boston, Beacon Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Freud, S.. An Autobiographical Study (trans. J. Strachey). New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 1952.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.. Psychodynamic psychotherapy – rise, decline, revival. In Bloch, S., Green, S. A., Holmes, J., eds. Psychiatry: Past, Present, and Prospect. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014; 383400.Google Scholar
Furedi, F.. Therapy Culture. Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age. London, Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar

References

Hughes, K, Bellis, MA, Hardcastle, KA et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health 2017;2(8):e356–66.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, RK. Refugees, trauma and adversity-activated development. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling 2007;9(3):301–12.Google Scholar
Solms, M. The scientific standing of psychoanalysis. BJPsych Int 2018;15(1):58.Google Scholar
Suttie, I. The Origins of Love and Hate. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Peregrine Books; 1963.Google Scholar
Adshead, G, Sarkar, J. The nature of personality disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2012;18(3):162–72.Google Scholar
Gallese, V. Theshared manifold’ hypothesis. From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2001;8(5–6):3350.Google Scholar
Singer, T, Seymour, B, O’Doherty, J et al. Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 2004;303(5661):1157–62.Google Scholar
Bateman, AW, Fonagy, P. Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice. 1st edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; 2011.Google Scholar
Bion, W. The psycho-analytic study of thinking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1962;43:306–10.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Allison, E. What is mentalization? The concept and its foundations in developmental research. In Minding the Child: Mentalization-Based Interventions with Children, Young People and Their Families. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2012. pp. 1134.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Steele, M, Moran, G et al. Measuring the ghost in the nursery: an empirical study of the relation between parents’ mental representations of childhood experiences and their infants’ security of attachment. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1993;41(4):957–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winnicott, DW. Transitional objects and transitional phenomena; a study of the first not-me possession. Int J Psychoanal 1953;34(2):8997.Google ScholarPubMed
Gabbard, GO. Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Basic Text. Arlington, VA, US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2010.Google Scholar
Gabbard, GO, Westen, D. Rethinking therapeutic action. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2003;84(4):823–41.Google Scholar
Freud, S. Mourning and melancholia. In Strachey, J. (Ed. & Trans.). In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press (original work published 1917); 1957. pp. 237–58.Google Scholar
Rycroft, C. A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin; 1968.Google Scholar
Ogden, TH. The concept of internal object relations. Int J Psychoanal 1983;64 (Pt 2):227–41.Google Scholar
Leiper, R, Maltby, M. The Psychodynamic Approach to Therapeutic Change. London: Sage Publications Ltd; 2004.Google Scholar
Ogden, TH. Instinct, phantasy, and psychological deep structure. Contemporary Psychoanalysis 1984;20(4):500–25.Google Scholar
Operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis OPD-2: Manual of diagnosis and treatment planning. Ashland, OH, US: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2008.Google Scholar
RCPsych. Psychotherapy, counselling, and psychological treatment in the NHS (online leaflet) [Internet]. 2021; Available from www.rcpsych.ac.uk/members/your-faculties/medical-psychotherapy/psychotherapy-counselling-and-psychological-treatment-in-the-nhsGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, MDS, Blehar, MC, Waters, E et al. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. New York: Psychology Press; 2015.Google Scholar
Chopik, WJ, Edelstein, RS, Grimm, KJ. Longitudinal changes in attachment orientation over a 59-year period. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2019;116(4):598611.Google Scholar
Freud, S. The ego and the id. In Strachey, J. (Ed. & Trans.). In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press (original work published 1923); 1961. pp. 366.Google Scholar
Kernberg, OF. Some implications of object relations theory for psychoanalytic technique. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1979;27 Suppl:207–39.Google Scholar
Freud, S. New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis and other works (1932–1936). In Strachey, J. (Ed. & Trans.). In Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press (original work published 1932); 1964.Google Scholar
Di Giuseppe, M, Perry, JC. The hierarchy of defense mechanisms: assessing defensive functioning with the defense mechanisms rating scales Q-sort. Frontiers in Psychology 2021;12:4728.Google Scholar
Cramer, P. Anger and the use of defense mechanisms in college students. Journal of Personality 1991;59(1):3955.Google Scholar
Bateman, A. Defences mechanisms. In Forensic Psychotherapy: Crime, Psychodynamics and the Offender Patient by Christopher Cordess. London: Karnac Books; 1995. pp. 4152.Google Scholar
OPD Task Force, Kernberg, OF, Clarkin, JF, Cierpka, M et al. Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics (OPD), Foundations and Practical Handbook. Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber; 2000.Google Scholar
McWilliams, N. Secondary defensive processes. In Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, Second Edition: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. New York: The Guilford Press; 2011. pp. 126–50.Google Scholar
Vaillant, GE. Involuntary coping mechanisms: a psychodynamic perspective. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011;13(3):366–70.Google Scholar
Lemma, A. Introduction to the Practice of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 2nd ed. West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell; 2016.Google Scholar
Tynan, K. The Life of Kenneth Tynan. Phoenix; 1995.Google Scholar
Cramer, P. Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2015;43(4):523–52.Google Scholar
Glover, E. The Technique of Psycho-Analysis/Edward Glover. London: Baillière, Tindall & Cox; 1955.Google Scholar
Sandler, J, Dare, C, Holder, A et al. The Patient and the Analyst: The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Process. 2nd ed. London: Routledge; 1992.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. The Analytic Attitude. London: Routledge; 1983.Google Scholar
Spillius, B, Milton, J, Garvey, P et al. The New Dictionary of Kleinian Thought. London: Routledge; 2011.Google Scholar
Klein, M. Envy and gratitude. In Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946–1963, Eds. Masud, M., Khan, R.. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis; 1957.Google Scholar
Steiner, J. The equilibrium between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions. In Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion, Eds. Anderson, R, Segal, H. London: Routledge; 1991.Google Scholar
Gay, P. Freud: A Life for Our Time. Cambridge: Dent; 1988.Google Scholar
Perelberg, RJ. Murdered Father, Dead Father: Revisiting the Oedipus Complex. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosz, S. The Examined Life: How We Lose and Find Ourselves. New York, NY, US: W W Norton & Co; 2013.Google Scholar
Hinshelwood, RD. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought. Oxford, England: Free Association Books; 1989.Google Scholar
Projection, McWilliams N. [Internet]. Encyclopedia Britannica [cited 2022 Jan 9]; Available from. www.britannica.com/science/projection-psychologyGoogle Scholar
Hinshelwood, RD. Abusive help – helping abuse: the psychodynamic impact of severe personality disorder on caring institutions. Crim Behav Ment Health 2002;12(2 Suppl):S2030.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Fonagy, P. Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization Based Treatment. First Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009.Google Scholar
Greenson, R. The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press; 1967.Google Scholar
Høglend, P. Exploration of the patient-therapist relationship in psychotherapy. AJP 2014;171(10):1056–66.Google Scholar
Kernberg, OF, Yeomans, FE, Clarkin, JF et al. Transference focused psychotherapy: overview and update. Int J Psychoanal 2008;89(3):601–20.Google Scholar
Freud, A. The widening scope of indications for psychoanalysis: discussion. In The Writings of Anna Freud, vol. 4. New York: International Universities Press; 1954. pp. 356–79.Google Scholar
Heimann, P. On counter-transference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 1950;31:81.Google Scholar
Racker, H. The meanings and uses of countertransference. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 1957;26:303–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casement, P. Learning from the Patient. New edition. New York: Guilford Publications; 1992.Google Scholar
Pine, F. Developmental Theory and Clinical Process. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1985.Google Scholar
O’Shaughnessy, E. Enclaves and excursions. Int J Psychoanal 1992;73 (Pt 4):603–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Bateman, AW. Thick- and thin-skinned organisations and enactment in borderline and narcissistic disorders. Int J Psychoanal 1998;79 (Pt 1):1325.Google Scholar
McWilliams, N. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. 2nd edition. New York: The Guilford Press; 2011.Google Scholar
Russell, GA. Narcissism and the narcissistic personality disorder: a comparison of the theories of Kernberg and Kohut. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1985;58(2):137–48.Google Scholar
Welldon, EV. Mother, Madonna, Whore: The Idealization and Denigration of Motherhood. 1st edition. London: Routledge; 2018.Google Scholar

References

Lorenzo-Luaces, L, DeRubeis, RJ. Miles to go before we sleep: advancing the understanding of psychotherapy by modeling complex processes. Cogn Ther Res 2018;42(2):212–7.Google Scholar
Solms, ML. The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2018;12.Google Scholar
Abbass, AA, Kisely, SR, Town, JM et al. Short‐term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014;(7).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plakun, EM, Shapiro, ER. Psychodynamic psychotherapy for PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(10):787–8.Google Scholar
Sachsse, U, Vogel, C, Leichsenring, F. Results of psychodynamically oriented trauma-focused inpatient treatment for women with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Bull Menninger Clin 2006;70(2):125–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitriol, VG, Ballesteros, ST, Florenzano, RU et al. Evaluation of an outpatient intervention for women with severe depression and a history of childhood trauma. Psychiatr Serv 2009;60(7):936–42.Google Scholar
Keefe, JR, McMain, SF, McCarthy, KS et al. A meta-analysis of psychodynamic treatments for borderline and cluster C personality disorders. Personal Disord 2020;11(3):157–69.Google Scholar
Mullin, ASJ, Hilsenroth, MJ, Gold, J et al. Changes in object relations over the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017;24(2):501–11.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Rost, F, Carlyle, J-A et al. Pragmatic randomized controlled trial of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression: the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). World Psychiatry 2015;14(3):312–21.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Carlyle, J, McPherson, S et al. Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS): a randomised controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for treatment-resistant/treatment-refractory forms of depression. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12(1):60.Google Scholar
Brom, D, Kleber, RJ, Defares, PB. Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989;57(5):607–12.Google Scholar
Levy, KN, Meehan, KB, Kelly, KM et al. Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006;74(6):1027–40.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F, Klein, S, Salzer, S. The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific mental disorders: a 2013 update of empirical evidence. Contemporary Psychoanalysis 2014;50(1–2):89130.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F, Rabung, S. Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis. BJP 2011;199(1):1522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blomberg, J, Lazar, A, Sandell, R. Long-term outcome of long-term psychoanalytically oriented therapies: first findings of the Stockholm Outcome of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis study. Psychotherapy Research 2001;11(4):361–82.Google Scholar
Sandell, R, Blomberg, J, Lazar, A et al. Varieties of long-term outcome among patients in psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy. A review of findings in the Stockholm Outcome of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy Project (STOPP).Int J Psychoanal 2000;81 ( Pt 5):921–42.Google Scholar
Monsen, J, Odland, T, Faugli, A et al. Personality disorders and psychosocial changes after intensive psychotherapy: a prospective follow-up study of an outpatient psychotherapy project, 5 years after end of treatment. Scand J Psychol 1995;36(3):256–68.Google Scholar
Lampe, A, Hofmann, P, Gast, U et al. Long-term course in female survivors of childhood abuse after psychodynamically oriented, trauma-specific inpatient treatment: a naturalistic two-year follow-up. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2014;60(3):267–82.Google Scholar
Knekt, P, Lindfors, O, Laaksonen, MA et al. Quasi-experimental study on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, long-term and short-term psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms, work ability and functional capacity during a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Disord 2011;132(1–2):3747.Google Scholar
Knekt, P, Lindfors, O, Härkänen, T et al. Randomized trial on the effectiveness of long-and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptoms during a 3-year follow-up. Psychol Med 2008;38(5):689703.Google Scholar
Elkjaer, H, Kristensen, E, Mortensen, EL et al. Analytic versus systemic group therapy for women with a history of child sexual abuse: 1-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Psychother 2014;87(2):191208.Google Scholar
Krupnick, JL. Brief psychodynamic treatment of PTSD. J Clin Psychol 2002;58(8):919–32.Google Scholar
Lindy, JD. Focal psychoanalytic psychotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. In Wilson, JP, Raphael, B, eds. International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1993. pp. 803–9.Google Scholar
Blagys, MD, Hilsenroth, MJ. Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy: a review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2000;7(2):167–88.Google Scholar
Jones, EE. Therapeutic Action: A Guide to Psychoanalytic Therapy. Northvale, N.J: Jason Aronson; 2000.Google Scholar
Shedler, J. The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Am Psychol 2010;65(2):98109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ablon, J, Jones, E. How expert clinicians’ prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research 1998;8(1):7183.Google Scholar
Jones, EE, Pulos, SM. Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61(2):306–16.Google Scholar
Castonguay, LG, Goldfried, MR, Wiser, S et al. Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: a study of unique and common factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(3):497504.Google Scholar
Vocisano, C, Klein, DN, Arnow, B et al. Therapist variables that predict symptom change in psychotherapy with chronically depressed outpatients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 2004;41(3):255–65.Google Scholar
Høglend, P. Exploration of the patient-therapist relationship in psychotherapy. AJP 2014;171(10):1056–66.Google Scholar
Høglend, P, Amlo, S, Marble, A et al. Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: an experimental study of transference interpretations. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(10):1739–46.Google Scholar
Amlo, S, Engelstad, V, Fossum, A et al. Interpretations of the patient-therapist relationship in brief dynamic psychotherapy: effects on long-term mode-specific changes. J Psychother Pract Res 1993;2(4):296306.Google Scholar
Gabbard, GO, Horwitz, L, Allen, JG et al. Transference interpretation in the psychotherapy of borderline patients: a high-risk, high-gain phenomenon. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1994;2(2):5969.Google Scholar
Gabbard, GO. When is transference work useful in dynamic psychotherapy? AJP 2006;163(10):1667–9.Google Scholar
Hayes, JA, Owen, J, Bieschke, KJ. Therapist differences in symptom change with racial/ethnic minority clients. Psychotherapy 2015;52(3):308–14.Google Scholar
Barkham, M, Lutz, W, Lambert, MJ, Saxon, D. Therapist effects, effective therapists, and the law of variability. In How and Why Are Some Therapists Better Than Others?: Understanding Therapist Effects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2017. pp. 1336.Google Scholar
Baldwin, S, Imel, Z. Therapist effects: Findings and methods. In Lambert, M, ed. Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons; 2013. pp. 258–97.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, F, Rabung, S. Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: a meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2008;300(13):1551–65.Google Scholar
Cologon, J, Schweitzer, RD, King, R et al. Therapist reflective functioning, therapist attachment style and therapist effectiveness. Adm Policy Ment Health 2017;44(5):614–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nissen-Lie, HA, Rønnestad, MH, Høglend, PA et al. Love yourself as a person, doubt yourself as a therapist? Clin Psychol Psychother 2017;24(1):4860.Google Scholar
Saxon, D, Barkham, M. Patterns of therapist variability: therapist effects and the contribution of patient severity and risk. J Consult Clin Psychol 2012;80(4):535–46.Google Scholar
Hayes, JA, McAleavey, AA, Castonguay, LG et al. Psychotherapists’ outcomes with white and racial/ethnic minority clients: first, the good news. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2016;63(3):261–8.Google Scholar
Knight, ZG. Black client, white therapist: Working with race in psychoanalytic psychotherapy in South Africa. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2013;94(1):1731.Google Scholar
Thomas, LK. Empires of mind: colonial history and its implications for counselling and psychotherapy. Psychodynamic Practice 2013;19(2):117–28.Google Scholar
Morales, K, Keum, BT, Kivlighan, DM et al. Therapist effects due to client racial/ethnic status when examining linear growth for client- and therapist-rated working alliance and real relationship. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2018;55(1):919.Google Scholar
Owen, J, Leach, MM, Wampold, B et al. Client and therapist variability in clients’ perceptions of their therapists’ multicultural competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011;58(1):19.Google Scholar
Soto, A, Smith, TB, Griner, D et al. Cultural adaptations and therapist multicultural competence: Two meta-analytic reviews. J Clin Psychol 2018;74(11):1907–23.Google Scholar
Chang, DF, Yoon, P. Ethnic minority clients’ perceptions of the significance of race in cross-racial therapy relationships. Psychother Res 2011;21(5):567–82.Google Scholar
Zetzel, ER. Current concepts of transference. Int J Psychoanal 1956;37(4–5):369–76.Google Scholar
Freud, S. On the beginning of treatment: further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis. In Strachey, J, ed. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth Press; 1913. pp. 122–44.Google Scholar
Owen, J, Hilsenroth, MJ. Interaction between alliance and technique in predicting patient outcome during psychodynamic psychotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011;199(6):384–9.Google Scholar
Høglend, P, Hersoug, AG, Bøgwald, K-P et al. Effects of transference work in the context of therapeutic alliance and quality of object relations. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011;79(5):697706.Google Scholar
Nienhuis, JB, Owen, J, Valentine, JC et al. Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: a meta-analytic review. Psychother Res 2018;28(4):593605.Google Scholar
Castonguay, LG, Hill, CE, eds. How and Why are Some Therapists Better Than Others?: Understanding Therapist Effects. Illustrated edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2017.Google Scholar
Heinonen, E, Lindfors, O, Härkänen, T et al. Therapists’ professional and personal characteristics as predictors of working alliance in short-term and long-term psychotherapies. Clin Psychol Psychother 2014;21(6):475–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardito, RB, Rabellino, D. Therapeutic alliance and outcome of psychotherapy: historical excursus, measurements, and prospects for research. Front Psychol 2011;2:270.Google Scholar
Samstag, LW, Muran, JC. Ruptures, repairs, and reflections: contributions of Jeremy Safran. Res Psychother 2019;22(1):376.Google Scholar
Safran, JD, Muran, JC. Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance: A Relational Treatment Guide. 1st edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2000.Google Scholar
Stiles, WB, Glick, MJ, Osatuke, K et al. Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis: are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped? Journal of Counseling Psychology 2004;51(1):8192.Google Scholar
Piper, WE, Azim, HF, Joyce, AS et al. Transference interpretations, therapeutic alliance, and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48(10):946–53.Google Scholar
Loughead, JW, Luborsky, L, Weingarten, CP et al. Brain activation during autobiographical relationship episode narratives: a core conflictual relationship theme approach. Psychother Res 2010;20(3):321–36.Google Scholar
Reiss, D, Kirtchuk, G. Interpersonal dynamics and multidisciplinary teamwork. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2009;15(6):462–9.Google Scholar
Betan, E, Heim, AK, Zittel Conklin, C et al. Countertransference phenomena and personality pathology in clinical practice: an empirical investigation. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(5):890–8.Google Scholar
Colli, A, Ferri, M. Patient personality and therapist countertransference. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2015;28(1):4656.Google Scholar
Colson, DB, Allen, JG, Coyne, L et al. An anatomy of countertransference: staff reactions to difficult psychiatric hospital patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1986;37(9):923–8.Google Scholar

References

Messer, SB, Kaslow, NJ. Essential Psychotherapies, Fourth Edition: Theory and Practice. New York: Guilford Publications; 2019.Google Scholar
Messer, SB. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies: long term and short term. In Cautin, RL, Lilienfeld, SO, eds. The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015. pp. 19.Google Scholar
Blagys, MD, Hilsenroth, MJ. Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy: a review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2000;7(2):167–88.Google Scholar
Breuer, J, Freud, S. On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena: preliminary communication from studies on hysteria. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume 2: Studies on Hysteria. London: Hogarth Press; 1893. pp. 117.Google Scholar
Gabbard, GO, Westen, D. Rethinking therapeutic action. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2003;84(4):823–41.Google Scholar
Schafer, R. The Analytic Attitude. London: Routledge; 1983.Google Scholar
Yakeley, J. Psychodynamic psychotherapy: developing the evidence base. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2014;20(4):269–79.Google Scholar
Shedler, J. The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist 2010;65(2):98109.Google Scholar
Freud, S. The Interpretation of Dreams. London: Hogarth Press (original work published 1900); 1953.Google Scholar
Wolitzky, D. Contemporary Freudian psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In Essential Psychotherapies, Fourth Edition: Theory and Practice. New York: Guilford Publications; 2019. pp. 3570.Google Scholar
Curtis, R. Relational psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy. In Essential Psychotherapies, Fourth Edition: Theory and Practice. New York: Guilford Publications; 2019. pp. 71108.Google Scholar
Lemma, A. Introduction to the Practice of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; 2016.Google Scholar
Brenneis, CB. The analytic present in psychoanalytic reconstructions of the historical Past. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Assoc 1999;47(1):187201.Google Scholar
Camina, E, Güell, F. The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017;8.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. Working memory. Science 1992;255(5044):556–9.Google Scholar
Gabbard, GO. Long-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: A Basic Text. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2010.Google Scholar
Hudson, JA, Mayhew, EMY, Prabhakar, J. Chapter 3 – The development of episodic foresight: emerging concepts and methods. In Benson, JB, editor. Advances in Child Development and Behavior. London: Elsevier: 2011.Google Scholar
Schmeing, JB, Kehyayan, A, Kessler, H et al. Can the neural basis of repression be studied in the MRI scanner? New insights from two free association paradigms. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e62358.Google Scholar
McWilliams, N. Secondary defensive processes. In Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, Second Edition: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. New York: The Guilford Press; 2011. pp. 126–50.Google Scholar
Baldwin, SA, Berkeljon, A, Atkins, DC et al. Rates of change in naturalistic psychotherapy: contrasting dose-effect and good-enough level models of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(2):203–11.Google Scholar
Olfson, M, Marcus, SC. National trends in outpatient psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010;167(12):1456–63.Google Scholar
Lambert, MJ, Hansen, NB, Finch, AE. Patient-focused research: using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(2):159–72.Google Scholar
Castonguay, L, Barkham, M, Lutz, W et al. Practice oriented research: approaches and applications. In Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. New York: Wiley; 2013. pp. 83133.Google Scholar
Dewan, MJ, Steenbarger, BN, Greenberg, RP, eds. The Art and Science of Brief Psychotherapies: An Illustrated Guide, 2nd ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2012.Google Scholar
Solms, ML. The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychoanalytic Theory and Therapy. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2018;12.Google Scholar
McQueen, D, Cohen, S, John-Smith, PS et al. Rethinking placebo in psychiatry: the range of placebo effects. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2013;19(3):162–70.Google Scholar
Tutter, A. Medication as object. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 2006;54(3):781804.Google Scholar
McKay, KM, Imel, ZE, Wampold, BE. Psychiatrist effects in the psychopharmacological treatment of depression. Journal of Affect Disorders 2006;92(2–3):287–90.Google Scholar