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3 - State and Economy

Production, Extraction, and Distribution

from Part I - Before 1000

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2022

By
Richard von Glahn
Edited by
Debin Ma  and
Richard von Glahn
Debin Ma
Affiliation:
Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo
Richard von Glahn
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Summary

The integrity and durability of the Chinese empire over two millennia rested on the strength of its fiscal capacity. From antiquity, sovereignty was linked to the ruler’s duty to provide for the economic as well as moral welfare of his subjects. Rulers of the Bronze Age manifested and reproduced their authority through distribution of wealth among their kinsmen and noble allies. The autocratic monarchs who rose to dominance after 500 bce amassed wealth to buttress their military prowess, but they also strove to protect the independence and livelihood of the smallholder family farmers who undergirded their economic prosperity. The institutional apparatus of the fiscal state – centralized planning of taxation and expenditure to satisfy the state’s commitments to good governance – became a defining feature of the first empires, beginning with the Qin dynasty (221–206 bce). Yet at the same time the rise of a market economy also shaped the relationship between the state and its subjects. Even the command economy instituted by the Qin Empire made accommodations to markets, merchants, and money.

Keywords

political economytaxationland tenurelabor servicefiscal statecommand economysalt monopolyequal-field systemdebtcivil registration
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Economic History of China , pp. 92 - 130
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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References

Further Reading

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