Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-14T14:53:11.543Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Latin Literature and Material Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

By
Michael Squire  and
Jaś Elsner
Edited by
Roy Gibson  and
Christopher Whitton
Roy Gibson
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Christopher Whitton
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

This chapter introduces the rich intersections between Latin literature and Roman material culture. Why should Latin scholars concern themselves with ancient objects? How might study of Roman physical remains inform an understanding of Latin literature? In what ways do attitudes towards Roman material remains align with disciplinary approaches to interpreting Latin literature? The chapter proceeds in seven interconnected parts. The first examines the materiality of Roman texts, introducing the picture-poems of Optatian. This leads to cultural ideas about words and images – and not least to the artefactual nature of manuscripts in both roll and codex. Late-antique ‘illustrated’ manuscripts take us to the rhetorical phenomenon of ‘ecphrasis’. Ecphrasis has been much discussed in recent years; but there remains a reluctance to look across the landscapes of art and text: a residual blindness to the ‘cyclical’ dynamics between visual and verbal media. The point leads to an analysis of words and images displayed in a shared environment, as well as some of the Roman rhetorical conceptual underpinnings. It also leads, in the final section, to variables of education, learning and literacy.

Keywords

Latin literatureRoman art & archaeologyOptatian (Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius)codexmanuscriptsecphrasisinscriptions
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature , pp. 613 - 699
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrych, P. and Dalglish, D. (2020) ‘Writing the art, archaeology and religion of the Roman Mediterranean’, in Elsner 2020, 51–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcock, S. E., Egri, M. and Frake, J. F. D., eds. (2016) Beyond Boundaries: Connecting Visual Cultures in the Provinces of Ancient Rome, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Altmann, W. (1905) Die römischen Grabaltäre der Kaiserzeit, Berlin.Google Scholar
Anderson, G. (1993) The Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire, London.Google Scholar
Andreae, B. (1999) Odysseus: Mythos und Erinnerung, Munich.Google Scholar
Andreae, B. et al. (1995) Bildkatalog der Skulpturen des Vatikanischen Museums I: Museo Chiaramonti, Berlin.Google Scholar
Aurigemma, F. (1953) ‘Appendice: tre nuovi cicli di figurazioni ispirate all’Iliade in case della Via dell’Abbondanza in Pompei’, in Spinazzola, V., ed., Pompei alla luce degli scavi nuovi di Via dell’Abbondanza (anni 1920–23) (Rome), ii 867–1008.Google Scholar
Bagnall, R., ed. (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, Oxford.Google Scholar
Baier, T. (2010) ‘Eumolpe et Encolpe dans une galerie d’art’, in Prioux, É and Rouveret, A., eds., Métamorphoses du regard ancien (Paris), 191–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baird, J. and Taylor, C., eds. (2012) Ancient Graffiti in Context, London.Google Scholar
Balensiefen, L. (1990) Die Bedeutung des Spiegelbildes als ikonographisches Motiv in der antiken Kunst, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Barchiesi, A. (1994) ‘Rappresentazioni del dolore e interpretazione nell’Eneide’, A&A 40: 109–24.Google Scholar
Barchiesi, A. (1997) ‘Virgilian narrative: b, Ecphrasis’, in Martindale, C., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Virgil (Cambridge), 271–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barchiesi, A. (2005) ‘Learned eyes: poets, viewers, image makers’, in Galinsky, K., ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (Cambridge), 281–305.Google Scholar
Bardill, J. (2012) Constantine: Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Barkan, L. (2000) ‘The heritage of Zeuxis’, in Payne, A., Kuttner, A. and Smick, R., eds., Antiquity and Its Interpreters (Cambridge), 99–110.Google Scholar
Barkan, L. (2013) Mute Poetry, Speaking Pictures, Princeton.Google Scholar
Baroin, C. (1998) ‘La maison romaine comme image et lieu de mémoire’, in Auvray-Assayas, C., ed., Images romaines (Paris), 177–91.Google Scholar
Baroin, C. (2010) Se souvenir à Rome: formes, représentations et pratiques de la mémoire, Paris.Google Scholar
Barrett, A. A. (1978) ‘Knowledge of the literary classics in Roman Britain’, Britannia 9: 309–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartsch, S. (1989) Decoding the Ancient Novel: The Reader and the Role of Description in Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartsch, S. (1998) ‘Ars and the man: the politics of art in Virgil’s Aeneid’, CPh 93: 322–42.Google Scholar
Baumbach, M., Petrovic, A. and Petrovic, I., eds. (2010) Archaic and Classical Greek Epigram, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bausi, A., Reudenbach, B. and Wimmer, H., eds. (2020) Canones: The Art of Harmony. Canon Tables of the Four Gospels, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becatti, G. (1951) Arte e gusto negli scrittori latini, Florence.Google Scholar
Beck, D. (2007) ‘Ecphrasis, interpretation, and audience in Aeneid 1 and Odyssey 8’, AJPh 128: 533–49.Google Scholar
Becker, A. S. (1995) The Shield of Achilles and the Poetics of Ekphrasis, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Beltrán Lloris, F. (2015) ‘The “epigraphic habit” in the Roman world’, in Bruun and Edmondson, eds., 131–48.Google Scholar
Benediktson, D. T. (2000) Literature and the Visual Arts in Ancient Greece and Rome, Norman, OK.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R. (2010) ‘Dialogues of ancient graffiti in the House of Maius Castricius at Pompeii’, AJA 114: 59–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benefiel, R. (2016) ‘The culture of writing graffiti within domestic spaces at Pompeii’, in Benefiel and Keegan 2016, 80–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benefiel, R. and Keegan, P., eds. (2016) Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, Leiden.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R. R. and Sypniewski, H. M. (2016) ‘Images and text on the walls of Herculaneum: designing the ancient graffiti project’, in Felle, A. and Rocco, A., eds., Off the Beaten Track: Epigraphy at the Borders (Oxford), 29–48.Google Scholar
Bennett, J. (2010) Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Bergmann, B. (1994) ‘The Roman house as memory theatre: the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii’, Art Bulletin 76: 225–56.Google Scholar
Bergmann, B. (2012) ‘Housing and households: the Roman world’, in Alcock, S. and Osborne, R., eds., Classical Archaeology, 2nd edn (Malden, MA), 228–48.Google Scholar
Bettenworth, A. (2007) ‘The mutual influence of inscribed and literary epigram’, in Bing and Bruss 2007, 69–93.Google Scholar
Betts, E., ed. (2017) Senses of the Empire: Multisensory Approaches to Roman Culture, London.Google Scholar
Bianchi-Bandinelli, R. (1955) Hellenistic-Byzantine Miniatures of the Iliad (Ilias Ambrosiana), Olten.Google Scholar
Biering, R. (1995) Die Odyseefresken vom Esquilin, Munich.Google Scholar
Bing, P. (1998) ‘Between literature and the monuments’, in Harder, M. A., Regtuit, R. F. and Walker, G. C., eds., Genre in Hellenistic Poetry (Leuven), 21–43.Google Scholar
Bing, P. and Bruss, J. S., eds. (2007) Brill’s Companion to Hellenistic Epigram Down to Philip, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanck, H. (1992) Das Buch in der Antike, Munich.Google Scholar
Blanshard, A. (2007) ‘The problems with honouring Samos: an Athenian document relief and its interpretation’, in Newby and Leader-Newby 2007, 19–37.Google Scholar
Blum, H. (1969) Die antike Mnemotechnik, Hildesheim.Google Scholar
Bodel, J. (2015a) ‘The publication of Pliny’s Letters’, in Marchesi 2015, 13–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodel, J. (2015b) ‘Inscriptions and literacy’, in Bruun and Edmondson 2015, 745–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boeder, M. (1996) Visa est Vox: Sprache und Bild in der spätantiken Literatur, Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Boehm, G. and Pfotenhauer, H., eds. (1995) Beschreibungskunst – Kunstbeschreibung. Ekphrasis von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Munich.Google Scholar
Borg, B., ed. (2015) A Companion to Roman Art, Malden, MA.Google Scholar
Boschung, D. (1989) Antike Grabaltäre aus den Nekropolen Roms, Bern.Google Scholar
Boultenhouse, E. L. (1959) ‘Poems in the shape of things’, Art News Annual 28: 64–83.Google Scholar
Bounia, A. (2004) The Nature of Classical Collecting: Collectors and Collections, 100 BCE–100 ce, Farnham.Google Scholar
Bouquet, M., Méniel, B. and Ramires, G., eds. (2011) Servius et sa réception de l’antiquité à la Renaissance, Rennes.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. (1989) ‘Greek sophists and Greek poetry in the Second Sophistic’, ANRW ii.33.1: 209–58.Google Scholar
Boyd, B. W. (1995) ‘Non enarrabile textum: ecphrastic trespass and narrative ambiguity in the Aeneid’, Vergilius 41: 71–92.Google Scholar
Boyle, A. (2003) Ovid and the Monuments: A Poet’s Rome, Bendigo, Victoria.Google Scholar
Bravi, A. (2012) Ornamenta urbis: opere d’arte greche negli spazi romani, Bari.Google Scholar
Brendel, O. (1979) Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art, New Haven. Adapted from ‘Prolegomena to the study of Roman art’, MAAR 21 (1953), 7–73.Google Scholar
Brendel, O. (1980) The Visible Idea: Interpretations of Classical Art (trans. M. Brendel), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Brilliant, R. (1984) Visual Narratives: Story-Telling in Etruscan and Roman Art, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Brilliant, R. (2008) ‘Forwards and backwards in the historiography of Roman art’, JRA 21: 7–24.Google Scholar
Bruhat, M.-O. (1999) ‘Les carmina figurata de Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius: la métamorphose d’un genre et l’invention d’une poésie liturgique impériale sous Constantin’, unpublished PhD dissertation, Paris iv (Sorbonne).Google Scholar
Bruhat, M.-O. . (2009) ‘Les poèmes figurés d’Optatianus Porfyrius: une écriture à contraintes, une écriture de la contrainte’, in Toulze-Morisset, F., ed., Formes de l’écriture, figures de la pensée dans la culture gréco-romaine (Lille), 101–25.Google Scholar
Bruun, C. (2015) ‘The major corpora and epigraphic publications’, in Bruun and Edmondson 2015, 66–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruun, C. and Edmondson, J., eds. (2015) The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bryson, N. (1984) Tradition and Desire: From David to Delacroix, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Butler, S. (2002) The Hand of Cicero, London.Google Scholar
Butler, S. (2011) The Matter of the Page: Essays in Search of Ancient and Medieval Authors, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Butzmann, H. (1970) Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum. Codex Arcerianus A der Herzog-August-Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel (Cod. Guelf. 36.23A), Leiden.Google Scholar
Carder, J. (1978) Art Historical Problems of a Roman Land-Surveying Manuscript, New York.Google Scholar
Carey, S. (2003) Pliny’s Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, M. (2006) Spirits of the Dead: Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe, Oxford.Google Scholar
Carruthers, M. (1990) The Book of Memory, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Carson, A. (1992) ‘Simonides painter’, in Hexter, R. and Seldon, D., eds., Innovations of Antiquity (New York and London), 51–64.Google Scholar
Cavallero, F. (2018) Area sacrae: tipi, nomi, atti, funzioni e rappresentazioni degli altari Romani, Rome.Google Scholar
Cavallo, G. (1997) ‘Du volumen au codex: la lecture dans le monde romain’, in Cavallo, G. and Chartier, R., eds., Histoire de la lecture dans le monde occidental (Paris), 85–114.Google Scholar
Cavallo, G. (2010) ‘Libri, lettura e biblioteche nella tarda antiquitá: un panorama e qualche riflessione’, AntTard 18: 9–19.Google Scholar
Chevallier, R. (1991) L’artiste, le collectioneur et le faussaire: pour une sociologie de l’art romain, Paris.Google Scholar
Chinn, C. (2007) ‘Before your very eyes: Pliny Epistulae 5.6 and the ancient theory of ekphrasis’, CPh 102: 265–80.Google Scholar
Cistaro, M. (2009) Sotto il velo di Pantea: imagines e pro imaginibus di Luciano, Messina.Google Scholar
Claridge, A. and Herklotz, I. (2012) The Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo: Classical Manuscript Illustrations, London.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. R. (1991) The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC–AD 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. R. (2003) Art in the Lives of Ordinary Romans, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. R. (2007) Looking at Laughter: Humor, Power, and Transgression in Roman Visual Culture, 100 BC–AD 250, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Clay, D. (1988) ‘The archaeology of the Temple to Juno at Carthage’, CPh 83: 195–205.Google Scholar
Coarelli, F. (1998) ‘The Odyssey frescoes of the Via Graziosa: a proposed context’, PBSR 66: 21–37.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. M., ed. (2015) Images for Classicists, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Cooley, A. E., ed. (2002) Becoming Roman, Writing Latin? Literacy and Epigraphy in the Roman West, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Cooley, A. E. (2009) Res gestae Divi Augusti: Text, Translation and Commentary, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cooley, A. E. (2012) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Coralini, A. (2001) Hercules domesticus. Immagini di Ercole nelle case della regione vesuviana (I. secolo a.C.–79 d. C.), Naples.Google Scholar
Coralini, A. (2002) ‘Una stanza di Ercole a Pompei: la sala del doppio fregio nella Casa di D. Octavius Quartio (ii 2,2)’, in Colpo, I., Favaretto, I. and Ghedini, F., eds., Iconografia. Studi sull’Immagine. Atti del Convegno (Padova, 30 maggio–1 giugno 2001) (Rome), 331–43.Google Scholar
Corbier, M. (1987) ‘L’écriture dans l’espace public romain’, in L’Urbs: espace urbain et histoire (Ier siècle av. J.-C.–III siècle ap. J.-C.) (Rome), 27–60.Google Scholar
Corbier, M. (1991) ‘L’Écriture en quête de lecteurs’, in Humphrey 1991, 99–118.Google Scholar
Corbier, M. (2006) Donner à voir, donner à lire: mémoire et communication dans la Rome ancienne, Paris.Google Scholar
Courtney, E. (1990) ‘Greek and Latin acrostics’, Philologus 134: 1–13.Google Scholar
Courtney, E., ed. (1993) The Fragmentary Latin Poets, Oxford.Google Scholar
Courtney, E. (1995) Musa lapidaria: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. (2019) The Eusebian Canon Tables: Ordering Textual Knowledge in Late Antiquity, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, M. (2020) ‘Do the Eusebian canon tables represent the closure or the opening of the biblical text? Considering the case of the Codex Fuldensis’, in Bausi, Reudenbach and Wimmer 2020, 17–28.Google Scholar
Croisille, J.-M. (1985) ‘La frise d’Héraklès de la Maison de Loreius Tiburtinus à Pompéi et la tradition épique’, in Renard, M. and Laurens, P., eds., Hommages à Henry Bardon (Brussels), 89–99.Google Scholar
Croisille, J.-M. (2005) La peinture romaine, Paris.Google Scholar
d’Acunto, M. and Palmisciano, R., eds. (2010) Lo scudo di Achille nell’Iliade. Esperienze ermeneutiche a confronto, Pisa.Google Scholar
D’Ambra, E. and Métraux, G. P. R., eds. (2006) The Art of Citizens, Soldiers and Freedmen in the Roman World, Oxford.Google Scholar
Day, J. W. (2007) ‘Poems on stone: the inscribed antecedents of Hellenistic epigram’, in Bing and Bruss 2007, 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Angelis, F. (2005) ‘L’Elena di Zeusi a Capo Lacinio. Aneddoti e storia’, Rendiconti dell’ Accademia dei Lincei ser. 9, 16: 151–200.Google Scholar
de Jong, I. (2011) ‘The shield of Achilles: from metalepsis to mise en abyme’, Ramus 40: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vos, M. (1993) ‘Heracle e Priamo. Trasmissione di potere: mitologia e ideologia imperiale’, in Mastrocinque, A., ed., Ercole in Occidente. Atti del colloquio internazionale Trento, 7 marzo 1990 (Rome), 81–9.Google Scholar
Dencker, K. P. (2011) Optische Poesie: Von den prähistorischen Schriftzeichen bis zu den digitalen Experimenten der Gegenwart, Berlin.Google Scholar
Dexheimer, D. (1998) Oberitalische Grabaltäre: Ein Beitrag zur Sepulkralkunst der römischen Kaiserzeit, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dillon, S. (2000) ‘Subject selection and viewer reception of Greek portraits from Herculaneum and Tivoli’, JRA 13: 21–40.Google Scholar
Dodwell, C. (2000) Anglo-Saxon Gestures and the Roman Stage, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Donohue, A. A. (2003) ‘Introduction’, in Fullerton, M. and Donohue, A. A., eds., Ancient Art and Its Historiography (New York), 1–12.Google Scholar
Doody, A. (2010) Pliny’s Encyclopaedia: The Reception of the Natural History, Cambridge.Google Scholar
DuBois, P. (1982) History, Rhetorical Description and the Epic, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Dufallo, B. (2013) The Captor’s Image: Greek Culture in Roman Ecphrasis, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dyson, S. (1998) Ancient Marbles to American Shores: Classical Archaeology in the United States, Philadelphia, PA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyson, S. (2006) In Pursuit of Ancient Pasts: A History of Classical Archaeology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, New Haven.Google Scholar
Eastmond, T., ed. (2015) Viewing Inscriptions in the Late Antique and Medieval World, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (1995) Art and the Roman Viewer: The Transformation of Art from the Pagan World to Christianity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (1996a) ‘Inventing imperium: texts and the propaganda of monuments in Augustan Rome’, in Elsner 1996b, 32–53.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2002) ‘Introduction: the genres of ekphrasis’, Ramus 31: 1–18.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2004) ‘Foreword’, in Hölscher, T., The Language of Images in Roman Art (trans. A. Snodgrass and A. Künzl-Snodgrass) (Cambridge), xv–xxxi.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2006) ‘Art and text’, in Harrison, S., ed., A Companion to Latin Literature (Oxford), 300–18.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2007a) ‘Archéologie classique et histoire de l’art en Grande-Bretagne’, Perspective 2007: 231–42.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2007b) Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J. (2014) ‘Art and rhetoric in Roman culture: introduction’, in Elsner, J. and Meyer, M., eds., Art and Rhetoric in Roman Culture (Cambridge), 1–34.Google Scholar
Elsner, J. (2020a) ‘Beyond Eusebius: prefatory images and the early book’, in Bausi, Reudenbach and Wimmer, eds., 99–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J., ed. (1996b) Art and Text in Roman Culture, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Elsner, J., ed. (2020b) Empires of Faith in Late Antiquity: Histories of Art and Religion from India to Ireland, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J. and Squire, M. J. (2017) ‘Sight and memory: the visual art of Roman mnemonics’, in Squire, M. J., ed., Sight and the Ancient Senses (London), 180–204.Google Scholar
Engels, L. J. and Hofmann, H. (1997) ‘Literatur und Gesellschaft in der Spätantike: Texte, Kommunikation und Überlieferung’, in Engels, L. J. and Hofmann, H., eds., Spätantike, mit einem Panorama der byzantinischen Literatur (Wiesbaden), 29–99.Google Scholar
Ernst, U. (1991) Carmen figuratum: Geschichte des Figurengedichts von den antiken Ursprüngen bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, Cologne.Google Scholar
Ernst, U. (2002) Intermedialität im europäischen Kulturzusammenhang. Beiträge zur Theorie und Geschichte der visuellen Lyrik, Berlin.Google Scholar
Fejfer, J. (2008) Roman Portraits in Context, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felten, J., ed. (1913) Nicolaus, Progymnasmata, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Fowler, D. P. (1991) ‘Narrate and describe: the problem of ecphrasis’, JRS 81: 25–35.Google Scholar
Fowler, D. P. (1997) ‘The Virgil commentary of Servius’, in Martindale, C., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Virgil (Cambridge), 73–87.Google Scholar
Fowler, D. P. (2000) Roman Constructions: Readings in Postmodern Latin, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, J. A. (2009) ‘Metal maidens, Achilles’ shield and Pandora: the beginnings of “ekphrasis”’, AJPh 130: 1–23.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. L., Jr. (1991) ‘Literacy and parietal inscriptions of Pompeii’, in Humphrey 1991, 77–98.Google Scholar
Friedländer, P. (1912) Johannes von Gaza und Paulus Silentarius. Kunstbeschreibungen Justinianischer Zeit, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Gaifman, M. (2018) The Art of Libation in Classical Athens, New Haven.Google Scholar
Gaifman, M. and Platt, V. J. (2018) ‘Introduction: from Grecian urn to embodied object’, in Gaifman, Platt and Squire 2018, 403–19.Google Scholar
Gaifman, M., Platt, V. J. and Squire, M. J., eds. (2018) The Embodied Object in Classical Antiquity (= Art History 41.3), Oxford.Google Scholar
Garipzanov, I. (2018) Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300–900, Oxford.Google Scholar
Genette, G. (1997) Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Geyer, A. (1989) Die Genese narrativer Buchillustration. Der Miniaturenzyklus zur Aeneis im Vergilius Vaticanus, Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Gibson, R. (2014) ‘Starting with the index in Pliny’, in Jansen 2014b, 33–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigante, M. (1979) Civiltà delle forme letterarie nell’antica Pompei, Naples.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. D. (1994) ‘The naïve and knowing eye: ecphrasis and the culture of viewing in the Hellenistic world’, in Goldhill and Osborne 1994, 197–223.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. D. (2007) ‘What is ekphrasis for?’, CPh 102: 1–19.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. D. (2012) ‘Forms of attention: time and narrative in ecphrasis’, The Cambridge Classical Journal 58: 88–114.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. D. (2020) Preposterous Poetics: The Politics and Aesthetics of Form in Late Antiquity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. D. and Osborne, R., eds. (1994) Art and Text in Ancient Greek Culture, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grafton, A. and Williams, M. (2006) Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesarea, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grewing, F., Acosta-Hughes, B. and Kirichenko, A., eds. (2013) The Door Ajar: False Closure in Greek and Roman Literature and Art, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Guarducci, M. (1965) ‘Il misterioso “quadrato magico”: l’interpretazione di Jérome Carcopino e documenti nuovi’, ArchClass 17: 219–70.Google Scholar
Guichard, L. A. (2006) ‘Simias’ pattern poems’, in Harder, M. A., Regtuit, R. F. and Wakker, G. C., eds., Beyond the Canon (Leuven), 83–9.Google Scholar
Gury, F. (1986) ‘La forge du destin: à propos d’une série de peintures pompéiennes du IVe style’, MEFRA 98: 427–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutzwiller, K. (1998) Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic Epigrams in Context, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habinek, T. (2009) ‘Situating literacy in Rome’, in Johnson and Parker 2009, 114–41.Google Scholar
Hackworth Petersen, L. (2006) The Freedman in Roman Art and Art History, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hagstrum, J. (1955) The Sister Arts: The Tradition of Literary Pictorialism and English Poetry from Dryden to Gray, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hales, S. (2003) The Roman House and Social Identity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hales, S. and Hodos, T., eds. (2010) Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hallett, C. H. (2015) ‘Defining Roman art’, in Borg 2015, 11–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, P. (1985) ‘Imago mundi: cosmological and ideological aspects of the shield of Achilles’, JHS 105: 11–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, P. (1993) ‘Ut pictura poesis? Horace and the visual arts’, in Rudd, N., ed., Horace 2000: A Celebration. Essays for the Bimillennium (London), 120–39.Google Scholar
(2019). Classicism and Christianity in Late Antique Latin Poetry. Oakland, CA. Harris, W. V. (1989) Ancient Literacy, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Harris, W. V. (1991) ‘Why did the codex supplant the book-roll?’, in Monfasani, J. and Musto, R. G., eds., Renaissance Society and Culture: Essays in Honor of Eugene F. Rice Jr (New York), 71–85.Google Scholar
Hartmann, J. and Kaufmann, H., eds. (2023). A Late Antique Poetics? The Jeweled Style Revisited, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, M. (2002/3) ‘Theon and the history of the Progymnasmata’, GRBS 43: 129–60.Google Scholar
Heffernan, J. (1993) The Museum of Words: The Poetics of Ekphrasis from Homer to Ashberry, Chicago.Google Scholar
Helm, N. W. (1902) ‘The carmen figuratum as shown in the works of Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius’, TAPhA 33: 43–9.Google Scholar
Helm, R. (1959) ‘29: Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius’, RE 23.2: 1928–36.Google Scholar
Henderson, I. (1991) ‘Quintilian and the Progymnasmata’, A&A 37: 82–99.Google Scholar
Hernández Lobato, J. (2012) Vel Apolline muto: estética y poética de la antigüedad tardía, Bern.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heslin, P. (2015) The Museum of Augustus: The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii, the Portico of Philippus in Rome and Latin Poetry, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Hodske, J. (2007) Mythologische Bildthemen in den Häusern Pompejis. Die Bedeutung der zentralen Mythenbilder für die Bewohner Pompejis, Stendal.Google Scholar
Hohlweg, A. (1971) ‘Ekphrasis’, in Wessel, K. and Restle, M., eds., Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst (Stuttgart), ii 33–75.Google Scholar
Hollander, J. (1995) The Gazer’s Spirit: Poems Speaking to Silent Works of Art, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hölscher, T., ed. (2002) Klassische Archäologie: Grundwissen, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Hope, V. (1997) ‘Words and pictures: the interpretation of Romano-British tombstones’, Britannia 28: 245–58.Google Scholar
Horsfall, N. (1979) ‘Stesichorus at Bovillae?’, JHS 99: 26–48.Google Scholar
Horsfall, N. (1989a) ‘“The uses of literacy” and the Cena Trimalchionis i’, G&R 36: 74–89.Google Scholar
Horsfall, N. (1989b) ‘“The uses of literacy” and the Cena Trimalchionis ii’, G&R 36: 194–209.Google Scholar
Horsfall, N. (1994) ‘The origins of the illustrated book’, in Katz, B., ed., A History of Book Illustration: Twenty-Nine Points of View (Metuchen, NJ), 60–88.Google Scholar
Hose, M. (2007) ‘Konstantin und die Literatur – oder: Gibt es eine Konstantinische Literatur?’, Gymnasium 114: 535–58.Google Scholar
Humphrey, J. H., ed. (1991) Literacy in the Roman World, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. (2009) Critical Moments in Classical Literature: Studies in the Ancient View of Literature and its Uses, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ireland, R. (1983) ‘Epigraphy’, in Henig, M., ed., A Handbook of Roman Art (London), 220–33.Google Scholar
Jaeger, M. (1997) Livy’s Written Rome, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
James, L., ed. (2007) Art and Text in Byzantine Culture, Cambridge.Google Scholar
James, L. and Webb, R. (1991) ‘“To understand ultimate things and enter secret places”: ecphrasis and art in Byzantium’, Art History 14: 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, L. (2014a) ‘Modern covers and paratextual strategy in Ovidian elegy’, in Jansen 2014b, 262–81.Google Scholar
Jansen, L., ed. (2014b) The Roman Paratext: Frame, Text, Readers, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Jenkyns, R. (2013) God, Space and the City in the Roman Imagination, Oxford.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. (2004) Bookrolls and Scribes in Oxyrhynchus, Toronto.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. (2009) ‘The ancient book’, in Bagnall 2009, 256–81.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. (2010) Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire: A Study of Elite Communities, Oxford.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. A. and Parker, H. N., eds. (2009) Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome, Oxford.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. R. (1976) Darkness Visible, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, L. and Morey, C. (1931) The Miniatures of the Manuscripts of Terence, Princeton.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. J. and Hackworth Petersen, L., eds. (2014) The Material Life of Roman Slaves, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kampen, N. B. (2003) ‘On writing histories of Roman art’, Art Bulletin 85: 371–86.Google Scholar
Kansteiner, S. et al., eds. (2014) Der Neue Overbeck: Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den bildenen Künsten der Griechen, 5 vols., Berlin.Google Scholar
Katz, J. T. (2013) ‘The Muse at play: an introduction’, in Kwapisz, Petrain and Szymański 2013, 1–30.Google Scholar
Keegan, P. (2014) Graffiti in Antiquity, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirichenko, A. (2013) ‘Virgil’s Augustan temples: image and intertext in the Aeneid’, JRS 103: 65–87.Google Scholar
Kirichenko, A. (2018) ‘How to build a monument: Horace the image-maker’, MD 80: 121–63.Google Scholar
Kleiner, D. E. E. (1987) Roman Imperial Funerary Altars with Portraits, Rome.Google Scholar
Koortbojian, M. (1995) Myth, Meaning and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Koortbojian, M. (1996) ‘In commemorationem mortuorum: text and image along the “street of tombs”’, in Elsner 1996b, 210–33.Google Scholar
Körfer, A.-L. (2019) Kaiser Konstantin als Leser: Panegyrik, Performance und Poetologie in den Carmina Optatians, Berlin.Google Scholar
Krieger, M. (1967) ‘The ekphrastic principle and the still movement of poetry; or Laokoön revisited’, in McDowell, P. W., ed., The Poet as Critic (Evanston, IL), 3–26.Google Scholar
Krieger, M. (1992) Ekphrasis: The Illusion of the Natural Sign, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Kwapisz, J. (2013) The Greek Figure Poems, Leuven.Google Scholar
Kwapisz, J. (2017) ‘Optatian and the order of court riddlers’, in Squire and Wienand 2017, 165–90.Google Scholar
Kwapisz, J. (2019a) The Paradigm of Simias: Essays on Poetic Eccentricity, Berlin.Google Scholar
Kwapisz, J. (2019b) ‘The technê of Aratus’ leptê acrostich’, Enthymema 23: 374–89.Google Scholar
Kwapisz, J., Petrain, D. and Szymański, M., eds. (2013) The Muse at Play: Riddles and Wordplay in Greek and Latin Poetry, Berlin.Google Scholar
Lahusen, G. (1983) Untersuchungen zur Ehrenstatue in Rom. Literarische und epigraphische Zeugnisse, Rome.Google Scholar
Lahusen, G. (1985) Schriftquellen zum römischen Bildnis. I: Textstellen, von den Anfängen, Bremen.Google Scholar
Laird, A. (1996) ‘Ut figura poesis: writing art and the art of writing in Augustan poetry’, in Elsner 1996b, 75–102.Google Scholar
Lancha, J. (1997) Mosaïque et culture dans l’Occident romain (Ier–IVe s.), Rome.Google Scholar
Langner, M. (2001) Antike Graffitizeichnungen. Motiv, Gestaltung und Bedeutung, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
La Penna, A. (2000) ‘L’ordine delle raffigurazioni della guerra Troiana nel tempio di Cartagine (Aen. I.469–493)’, Maia 52: 1–8.Google Scholar
Lassère, J.-M. (2011) Manuel d’épigraphie romaine, 3rd edn, 2 vols., Paris.Google Scholar
Lausberg, H. (1998) Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study (trans. M. T. Bliss, A. Jansen and D. E. Orton), Leiden.Google Scholar
Leach, E. W. (1988) The Rhetoric of Space: Literary and Artistic Representations of Landscape in Republican and Augustan Rome, Princeton.Google Scholar
Leader-Newby, R. (2007) ‘Inscribed mosaics in the Roman empire: perspectives from east and west’, in Newby and Leader-Newby 2007, 179–99.Google Scholar
Lecoq, M. (2010) Le bouclier d’Achille: un tableau qui borge, Paris.Google Scholar
Lessing, G. E. (1984) Laocoön: An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry (trans. E. A. McCormick), Baltimore.Google Scholar
Levitan, W. (1985) ‘Dancing at the end of the rope: Optatian Porfyry and the field of Roman verse’, TAPhA 115: 245–69.Google Scholar
Lichtenberger, A. and Raja, R., eds. (2017) The Diversity of Classical Archaeology, Turnhout.Google Scholar
Liddel, P. and Low, P., eds. (2013) Inscriptions and Their Uses in Greek and Latin Literature, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lifschitz, A. and Squire, M. J. (2017) ‘Introduction: rethinking Lessing’s Laocoon from across the humanities’, in Lifschitz, A. and Squire, M. J., eds., Rethinking Lessing’s Laocoon: Antiquity, the Enlightenment, and the ‘Limits’ of Painting and Poetry (Oxford), 1–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lissarrague, F. and Schnapp, A. (2000) ‘Tradition und Erneuerung in der klass-ischen Archäologie in Frankreich’, in Borbein, A. H., Hölscher, T. and Zanker, P., eds., Klassische Archäologie. Eine Einführung (Berlin), 365–82.Google Scholar
Liversidge, M. J. H. (1997) ‘Virgil in art’, in Martindale, C., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Virgil (Cambridge), 91–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llewellyn, N. (1988) ‘Illustrating Ovid’, in Martindale, C., ed., Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (Cambridge), 151–66.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (2013) ‘Split-screen visions: Heracles on top of Troy in the Casa di Octavius Quartio in Pompeii’, in Lovatt, H. and Vout, C., eds., Epic Visions (Cambridge), 218–47.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (2015) ‘Wall painting’, in Borg 2015, 252–67.Google Scholar
Lowenstam, S. (1993) ‘The pictures on Juno’s temple in the Aeneid’, CJ 87: 37–49.Google Scholar
Luz, C. (2008) ‘Das Rätsel der griechischen Figurengedichte’, MH 37: 22–33.Google Scholar
Luz, C. (2010) Technopaignia: Formspiele in der griechischen Dichtung, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn-George, M. (1988) Epos: Word, Narrative and the Iliad, Basingstoke.Google Scholar
McKenzie, J. and Watson, F. (2016) The Garima Gospels, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mcleod, W. (1985) ‘The “epic canon” of the Borgia table: Hellenistic lore or Roman fraud?’, TAPhA 115: 153–65.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1982) ‘The epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire’, AJPh 103: 233–46.Google Scholar
Maffei, S. (1986) ‘Le Imagines di Luciano: un “patchwork” capolavori antichi. Il problema di un metodo combinatorio’, SCO 36: 147–64.Google Scholar
Mancuso, U. (1909) ‘La “tabula iliaca” del Museo Capitolino’, Memorie dell’ accademia dei Lincei 5.14: 661–731.Google Scholar
Manieri, A. (1998) L’immagine poetica nella teoria degli antichi, Pisa.Google Scholar
Männlein-Robert, I. (2007) Stimme, Schrift und Bild: Zum Verhältnis der Künste in der hellenistischen Dichtung, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Mansfield, E. C. (2007) Too Beautiful to Picture: Zeuxis, Myth and Mimesis, Minneapolis, MN.Google Scholar
Maras, D. F., ed. (1999) La Tabula Iliaca di Bovillae, Boville.Google Scholar
Marchand, S. (1996) Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchesi, I., ed. (2015) Pliny the Book-Maker: Betting on Posterity in the Epistles, Oxford.Google Scholar
Marvin, M. (1993) ‘Copying in Roman sculpture: the replica series’, in E. d’Ambra, , ed., Roman Art in Context: An Anthology (Englewood Cliff), 161–88.Google Scholar
Marvin, M. (2008) The Language of the Muses: The Dialogue between Greek and Roman Sculpture, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Marzano, A. and Métraux, G. P. R. (2018a) ‘The Roman villa: an overview’, in Marzano and Métraux 2018b, 1–41.Google Scholar
Marzano, A. and Métraux, G. P. R., eds. (2018b) The Roman Villa in the Mediterranean Basin: Late Republic to Late Antiquity, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mau, A. (1882) Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mau, A. (1899) Pompeii: Its Life and Art, London.Google Scholar
Mayer, E. (2012) The Ancient Middle Classes: Urban Life and Aesthetics in the Roman Empire 100 bce–250 ce, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Mazal, O. (1999) Geschichte der Buchkultur. Band i: Griechisch-römische Antike, Graz.Google Scholar
Meates, G. W. (1955) Lullingstone Roman Villa, London.Google Scholar
Meijering, R. (1987) Literary and Rhetorical Theories in Greek Scholia, Groningen.Google Scholar
Meyer, D. (2005) Inszeniertes Lesevergnügen. Das inschriftliche Epigramm und seine Rezeption bei Kallimachos, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. A. (1990) ‘Explaining the epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire: the evidence of epitaphs’, JRS 80: 74–96.Google Scholar
Miller, D., ed. (2005) Materiality, Durham, NC.Google Scholar
Miller, P. N., ed. (2013) Cultural Histories of the Material World, Ann Arbor, MI.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. (2007) ‘What is classical archaeology? Roman archaeology’, in Alcock, S. E. and Osborne, R., eds., Classical Archaeology (Malden, MA and Oxford), 30–52.Google Scholar
Milnor, K. (2014) Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. (1986) Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morel, W., ed. (1963) Fragmenta poetarum Latinorum epicorum et lyricorum praeter Ennium et Lucilium, 2nd edn, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Moser, C. (2019) The Altars of Republican Rome and Latium: Sacrifice and the Materiality of Roman Religion, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mratschek, S. (2000) ‘Codices vestri nos sumus: Bücherkult und Bücherpreise in der christlichen Spätantike’, in Haltenhoff, A. and Mutschler, F.-H., eds., Hortus litterarum antiquarum. Festschrift für Hans Armin Gärtner zum 70. Geburtstag (Heidelberg), 369–80.Google Scholar
Naas, V. (2002) Le projet encyclopédique de Pline l’Ancien, Rome.Google Scholar
Nauta, R. (2002) Poetry for Patrons: Literary Communication in the Age of Domitian, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neudecker, R. (1988) Die Skulpturenausstattung römischer Villen in Italien, Mainz.Google Scholar
Nevett, L. (2010) Domestic Space in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevett, L. and Whitley, J., eds. (2018) An Age of Experiment: Classical Archaeology Transformed (1976–2014), Cambridge.Google Scholar
Newby, Z. and Leader-Newby, R., eds. (2007) Art and Inscriptions in the Ancient World, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Newlands, C. (2002) Statius’ Silvae and the Poetics of Empire, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Nisbet, G. (2011) ‘An ancient Greek graphic novel: P.Oxy. xxii.2331’, in Kovacs, G. and Marshall, C. W., eds., Classics and Comics (Oxford), 27–41.Google Scholar
Nordenfalk, C. (1938) Die spätantiken Kanontafeln: Kunstgeschichtliche Studien über die eusebianische Evangelien-Konkordanze in den vier ersten Jahrhunderten ihrer Geschichte, Göteborg.Google Scholar
Nordenfalk, C. (1982) ‘Canon tables on papyrus’, DOP 36: 29–38.Google Scholar
Nordenfalk, C. (1984) ‘The Eusebian canon tables: some textual problems’, The Journal of Theological Studies 35: 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nünlist, R. (2009) The Ancient Critic at Work: Terms and Concepts of Literary Criticism in Greek Scholia, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, D. (2014) ‘Paratext and intertext in the Propertian poetry book’, in Jansen 2014b, 156–76.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, T. (2007) ‘Walking with Odysseus: the portico frame of the Odyssey landscapes’, AJPh 128: 497–532.Google Scholar
Otto, N. (2009) Enargeia: Untersuchung zur Charakteristik alexandrinischer Dichtung, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Overbeck, J. (1868) Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den Griechen, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Palm, J. (1965–6) ‘Bemerkungen zur Ekphrase in der griechischen Literatur’, Kungliga Humanistiska Vertenskaps-Samfundet i Uppsala 1: 108–211.Google Scholar
Pandey, N. B. (2018) The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappas, A. (2013) ‘The treachery of verbal images: viewing the Greek technopaegnia’, in Kwapisz, Petrain and Szymański 2013, 199–224.Google Scholar
Patillon, M. and Bolognesi, G., eds. (1997) Aelius Théon, Progymnasmata, Paris.Google Scholar
Pékary, T. (1985) Das römische Kaiserbildnis in Staat, Kult und Gesellschaft, dargestellet anhand der Schriftquellen, Berlin.Google Scholar
Pelttari, A. D. (2014) The Space that Remains: Reading Latin Poetry in Late Antiquity, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Pernot, L. (2011) ‘Phidias à la barre’, in Pernot, L., ed., La rhétorique des arts. Actes du colloque tenu au Collège de France sous la présidence de Marc Fumaroli, de l’Académie française (Paris), 11–35.Google Scholar
Perry, E. (2005) The Aesthetics of Emulation in the Visual Arts of Ancient Rome, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Petrain, D. (2013) ‘Closing the ring: epic cycles in the Tabulae Iliacae and other Roman visual narratives of the Trojan war’, in Grewing, Acosta-Hughes and Kirichenko 2013, 143–68.Google Scholar
Petrain, D. (2014) Homer in Stone: The Tabulae Iliacae in Their Roman Context, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrovic, A. (2019) ‘The materiality of text: an introduction’, in Petrovic, Petrovic and Thomas 2019, 1–25.Google Scholar
Petrovic, A., Petrovic, I. and Thomas, E., eds. (2019) The Materiality of Text – Placement, Perception, and Presence of Inscribed Texts in Classical Antiquity, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pithou, P. (1590) Epigrammata et poemata vetera, Paris.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. (2006) ‘Making an impression: replication and the ontology of the Graeco-Roman seal stone’, Art History 29: 233–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, V. J. (2009) ‘“Where the wild things are”: locating the marvellous in Augustan wall painting’, in Hardie, P., ed., Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature (Oxford), 41–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, V. J. (2016) ‘The matter of classical art history’, Daedalus 145: 5–14.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. (2018) ‘Of sponges and stones: matter and ornament in Roman painting’, in Dietrich, N. and Squire, M. J., eds., Ornament and Figure in Graeco-Roman Art: Rethinking Visual Ontologies in Classical Antiquity (Berlin), 241–78.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. (in press) Epistemic Objects: Making and Mediating Classical Art, Oxford.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. and Squire, M. J. (2017a) ‘Framing the visual in Greek and Roman antiquity: an introduction’, in Platt and Squire 2017b, 1–99.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. and Squire, M. J., eds. (2010) The Art of Art History in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (= Arethusa 43.2), Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar
Platt, V. J. and Squire, M. J. (2017b) The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platts, H. (2020) Multisensory Living in Ancient Rome: Power and Space in Roman Houses, London.Google Scholar
Polara, G. (1973) Publilii Optatiani Porfyrii Carmina, 2 vols., Turin.Google Scholar
Polara, G. (1987) ‘Optaziano Porfirio tra il calligramma antico e il carme figurato di età medioevale’, InvLuc 9: 163–73.Google Scholar
Polara, G. (1991) ‘Le parole nella pagina: grafica e contenuti nei carmi figurati latini’, VetChr 28: 291–336.Google Scholar
Polara, G. (2004) Optaziano Porfirio: carmi, Turin.Google Scholar
Pollard, A. (2018) ‘Gladiators and circus horses in the Iliad frieze in Pompeii’s Casa di D. Octavius Quartio?’, JRA 31: 285–302.Google Scholar
Pollitt, J. J. (1974) The Ancient View of Greek Art: Criticism, History and Terminology, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pollitt, J. J. (1983) The Art of Rome, c. 753 bc–ad 337: Sources and Documents, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Porter, J. (2011) The Origins of Aesthetic Thought in Ancient Greece, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Porter, J. (2008) Petits musées en vers. Epigramme et discours sur les collections antiques, Paris.Google Scholar
Putnam, M. (1998) Virgil’s Epic Designs: Ekphrasis in the Aeneid, New Haven.Google Scholar
Putnam, M. (2001) ‘The ambiguity of art in Virgil’s Aeneid’, PAPhS 145: 162–83.Google Scholar
Rabe, H., ed. (1913) Hermogenis Opera, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Rabe, H. (1926) Aphthonius Progymnasmata, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Rabe, H. (1928) Ioannis Sardiani Commentarium in Aphthonii Progymnasmata, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Rickert, F. (1986) Studien zur Ashburnham Pentateuch, Bonn.Google Scholar
Rispoli, G. M. (1984) ‘φαντασία ed ἐνάργεια negli scolî all’Iliade’, Vichiana 13: 311–39.Google Scholar
Riti, T. (1973–4) ‘L’uso di “immagini onomastiche” nei monumenti sepolcrali di età greca: alcune testimonianze epigrafiche, archeologiche e letterarie’, ArchClass 25–6: 639–60.Google Scholar
Riti, T. (1977) ‘Immagini onomastiche sui monumenti sepolcrali di età imperiale’, Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei: Rendiconti 21: 257–396.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. H. and Skeat, T. C. (1983) The Birth of the Codex, London.Google Scholar
Roberts, M. (1989) The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Roman, L. (2001) ‘The representation of literary materiality in Martial’s Epigrams’, JRS 91: 113–45.Google Scholar
Rossi, L. (2001) The Epigrams Ascribed to Theocritus: A Method of Approach, Leuven and Paris.Google Scholar
Rothe, U. (2018) ‘The Roman villa: definitions and variations’, in Marzano and Métraux 2018b, 42–59.Google Scholar
Rouveret, A. (1989) Histoire et imaginaire de la peinture ancienne (Ve siècle av. J.-C.–Ier siècle ap. J.-C.), Paris.Google Scholar
Rühl, M. (2006) ‘Panegyrik im Quadrat: Optatian und die intermedialen Tendenzen des spätantiken Herrscherbildes’, Millennium 3: 75–102.Google Scholar
Rutledge, S. H. (2012) Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, Oxford.Google Scholar
Santoro, S. (2005) ‘I temi iliaci nella pittura pompeiana’, in Burzacchini, G., ed., Troia tra realtà e leggenda (Palma), 97–123.Google Scholar
Sauron, G. (2009) Dans l’intimité des maîtres du monde. Les décors privés des Romains, Paris.Google Scholar
Schafer, J. K. (2017) ‘Pagination in the Eclogues and Georgics’, TAPhA 147: 135–78.Google Scholar
Schatzberg, E. (2018) Technology: Critical History of a Concept, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schefold, K. (1975) Wort und Bild. Studien zur Gegenwart der Antike, Mainz.Google Scholar
Schefold, K. and Jung, F. (1989) Die Sagen von den Argonauten, von Theben und Troia in der klassischen und hellenistischen Kunst, Munich.Google Scholar
Schipke, R. (2013) Das Buch in der Spätantik. Herstellung, Form, Ausstattung und Verbreitung in der westlichen Reichshälfte des Imperium Romanum, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. G. (2004) Einführung in die latenische Epigraphik, Darmstadt.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. G. (2015) ‘Carmina Latina Epigraphica’, in Bruun and Edmondson, eds., 764–82.Google Scholar
Scholz, B. (1998) ‘Sub oculos subiecto: Quintilian on ekphrasis and enargeia’, in Robillard, V. and Jongeneel, E., eds., Pictures into Words: Theoretical and Descriptive Approaches to Ekphrasis (Amsterdam), 73–99.Google Scholar
Schröder, B.-J. (1999) Titel und Text: Zur Entwicklung lateinischer Gedichtüberschriften. Mit Untersuchungen zu lateinischen Buchtiteln, Inhaltsverzeichnissen und anderen Gliederungsmitteln, Berlin.Google Scholar
Scott, S. (2000) Art and Society in Fourth-Century Britain: Villa Mosaics in Context, Oxford.Google Scholar
Scott, S., and Webster, J. (2003) Roman Imperialism and Provincial Art, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sears, G., Keegan, P. and Laurence, R., eds. (2013) Written Space in the Latin West, 200 bc to ad 300, London.Google Scholar
Sevrugian, P. (2004) ‘Kanontafeln’, Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum 20: 28–42.Google Scholar
Shanks, M. (1996) Classical Archaeology of Greece: Experiences of the Discipline, London and New York.Google Scholar
Sheppard, A. (2014) The Poetics of Phantasia: Imagination in Ancient Aesthetics, London.Google Scholar
Sichtermann, H. (1996) Kulturgeschichte der klassischen Archäologie, Munich.Google Scholar
Slater, N. W. (1987) ‘Against interpretation: Petronius and art criticism’, Ramus 16: 165–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, J.-P. (1997) Wax Tablets of the Mind: Cognitive Studies of Memory and Literacy in Classical Antiquity, London.Google Scholar
Small, J.-P (2003) The Parallel Worlds of Classical Art and Text, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2005) The Primacy of Vision in Virgil’s Aeneid, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. (1987) An Archaeology of Greece: The Present State and Future Scope of a Discipline, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sörries, R. (1993) Christlich-Antike Buchmalerei im Überblick, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Sprigath, G. K. (2004) ‘Das Dictum des Simonides: Der Vergleich von Dichtung und Malerei’, Poetica 36: 243–80.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2009) Image and Text in Graeco-Roman Antiquity, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2010) ‘Reading a view: poem and picture in the Greek anthology’, Ramus 39: 73–103.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2011) The Iliad in a Nutshell: Visualizing Epic on the Tabulae Iliacae, Oxford.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2012) ‘Ἀσπὶς Ἀχιλλῆος Θεοδώρηος καθ’ Ὅμηρον: an early imperial text of Il. 18.483–557’, ZPE 182: 1–30.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013a) ‘Ekphrasis at the forge and the forging of ekphrasis: the shield of Achilles in Graeco-Roman word and image’, Word & Image 29: 157–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013b) ‘Invertire l’ekphrasis: l’epigramma ellenistico e la traslazione di parola e immagine’, Estetica: studi e ricerche 2013: 109–36.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013c) ‘Ars in their “I”s: authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture’, in Marmodoro, A. and Hill, J., eds., The Author’s Voice in Classical and Late Antiquity (Oxford), 357–414.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013d [publ. 2018]) (Review of Coleman 2015), Hermathena 195: 77–83.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013e) ‘Embodied ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augustus’, Art History 36: 242–79.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2013f) ‘Picturing words and wording pictures: false closure in the Pompeian Casa degli Epigrammi’, in Grewing, Kirichenko and Acosta-Hughes 2013, 169–201.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2014) ‘The ordo of rhetoric and the rhetoric of order’, in Elsner and Meyer 2014, 353–417.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2015a) ‘Patterns of significance: Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius and the figurations of meaning’, in Green, R. and Edwards, M., eds., Images and Texts: Papers in Honour of Professor E. W. Handley, CBE, FBA (London), 87–120.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2015b) ‘Ecphrasis: visual and verbal interactions in ancient Greek and Latin literature’, Oxford Handbooks Online, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.58.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2015c) ‘Running rings round Troy: re-cycling the epic circle in Hellenistic and Roman visual culture’, in Fantuzzi, M. and Tsagalis, C., eds., A Companion to the Epic Cycle (Cambridge), 496–542.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2015d) ‘Ars revixit? In search of the ancient artist’, JRA 28: 522–36.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2016a) ‘Ignotum per ignotius: Pompeii, Vergil, and the “Museum of Augustus”’, JRA 29: 598–606.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2016b) ‘Iliacas ex ordine pugnas: ordering time and space in Virgilian ecphrasis’, Lampas 49: 223–51.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2016c) ‘How to read a Roman portrait: Optatian Porfyry, Constantine and the uultus Augusti’, PBSR 84: 179–240 and 359–66.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2017) ‘POP art: the optical poetics of Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius’, in Elsner, J. and Hernández Lobato, J., eds., The Poetics of Late Latin Literature (Oxford), 25–100.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2018) ‘A picture of ekphrasis? The Younger Philostratus and the Homeric shield of Achilles’, in Kampakoglou, A. et al., eds., Gaze, Vision, and Visuality in Ancient Greek Literature (Berlin), 290–348.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. (2022) ‘Text & image’, in Elkins, N. and Cline, L., eds., Oxford Handbook of Roman Imagery and Iconography (New York), 51–91.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. and Elsner, J. (2017) ‘Homer and the ekphrasists: text and picture in the Elder Philostratus’ Scamander (Imagines I.1)’, in Bintliff, J. and Rutter, K. eds., The Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Studies in Honour of Anthony Snodgrass (Edinburgh), 57–100.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. and Whitton, C. L. (2017) ‘Machina sacra: Optatian and the lettered art of the Christogram’, in Garipzanov, I., Goodson, C. and Maguire, H., eds., Graphic Signs of Identity, Faith, and Power in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Turnhout), 45–108.Google Scholar
Squire, M. J. and Wienand, J., eds. (2017) Morphogrammata/The Lettered Art of Optatian: Figuring Cultural Transformations in the Age of Constantine, Paderborn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanton, G. (2004) ‘The early Christian preference for the codex’, in Horton, C., ed., The Earliest Gospels: The Origins and Transmission of the Earliest Christian Gospels. The Contribution of the Chester Beatty Gospel Codex P45 (London), 40–9.Google Scholar
Stefanou, D. (2006) Darstellungen aus dem Epos und Drama auf kaiserzeitlichen und spätantiken Bodenmosaiken. Eine ikonographische und deutungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, Munster.Google Scholar
Stevenson, T. B. (1983) Miniature Decoration in the Vatican Virgil: A Study in Late Antique Iconography, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Stewart, P. (2003) Statues in Roman Society: Representation and Response, Oxford.Google Scholar
Stewart, P. (2004) Roman Art, Oxford.Google Scholar
Strodel, S. (2002) Zur Überlieferung und zum Verständnis der hellenistischen Technopaegnien, Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Stückelberger, A. (1994) Bild und Wort: Das illustrierte Fachbuch in der antiken Naturwissenschaft, Medizin und Technik, Mainz.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. (2006) The Invention of Art History in Ancient Greece: Religion, Society and Artistic Rationalisation, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Thein, K. (2021) Ecphrastic Shields in Graeco-Roman Literature: The World’s Forge, London.Google Scholar
Thomas, E. (1995) ‘Zum Zeugniswert griechischer Beischriften auf römischen Wandgemälden der späten Republik und frühen Kaiserzeit’, MNIR 54: 110–23.Google Scholar
Toner, J., ed. (2014) A Cultural History of the Senses in Antiquity, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1962) Art in Roman Britain, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1964) Art in Britain under the Romans, Oxford.Google Scholar
Trout, D. (2015) Damasus of Rome: The Epigraphic Poetry, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tueller, M. A. (2008) Look Who’s Talking: Innovations in Voice and Identity in Hellenistic Poetry, Leuven.Google Scholar
Turner, E. G. (1987) Greek Manuscripts of the Ancient World, 2nd edn (revised by P. J. Parsons), London.Google Scholar
Valenzuela Montenegro, N. (2004) Die Tabulae Iliacae. Mythos und Geschichte im Spiegel einer Gruppe frühkaiserzeitlicher Miniaturreliefs, Berlin.Google Scholar
Vasaly, A. (1993) Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verkerk, D. (2004) Early Medieval Bible Illumination and the Ashburnham Pentateuch, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Vogt, E. (1966) ‘Das Akrostichon in der griechischen Literatur’, A&A 13: 80–95.Google Scholar
von den Hoff, R. (2019) Einführung in die Klassische Archäologie, Munich.Google Scholar
von Gebhardt, O. (1883) The Miniatures of the Ashburnham Pentateuch, London.Google Scholar
Vout, C. V. (2007) Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1989) ‘Rome’s cultural revolution’, JRS 79: 157–64.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1994) Housing and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallraff, N. (2013) Kodex und Kanon: Das Buch im frühen Christentum, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wattel-de Croizant, W. (1995) Les mosaïques représentant le mythe d’Europe (Ier–VIe siècles). Évolution et interprétation des modèles grecs en milieu romain, Paris.Google Scholar
Webb, R. (1997a) ‘Mémoire et imagination: les limites de l’enargeia’, in Lévy, C. and Pernot, L., eds., Dire l’évidence: philosophie et rhétorique antiques (Paris), 229–48.Google Scholar
Webb, R. (1997b) ‘Imagination and the arousal of emotion in Greco-Roman rhetoric’, in Braund, S. M. and Gill, C., eds., The Passions in Roman Thought and Literature (Cambridge), 12–127.Google Scholar
Webb, R. (1999) ‘Ekphrasis ancient and modern: the invention of a genre’, Word & Image 15: 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, R. (2000) ‘Picturing the past: uses of ekphrasis in the Deipnosophistae and other works of the Second Sophistic’, in Braund, D. and Wilkins, J., eds., Athenaeus and His World: Reading Culture in the Roman Empire (Exeter), 218–26.Google Scholar
Webb, R. (2001) ‘The Progymnasmata as practice’, in Too, Y. L., ed., Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Leiden), 289–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, R. (2009) Ekphrasis, Imagination and Persuasion in Ancient Rhetorical Practice and Theory, Farnham.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. (1947) Illustrations in Roll and Codex, Princeton.Google Scholar
Weitzmann, K. (1959) Ancient Book Illumination, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Welser, P. (1595) Publilii Optatiani Porphyrii Panegyricus dictus Constantino Augusto, Augsburg.Google Scholar
Wessel, K. (1976–7) ‘Kanontafeln’, Reallexikon zur byzantinischen Kunst 3: 927–68.Google Scholar
Whitton, C. L. (2015) ‘Grand designs: unrolling Epistles 2’, in Marchesi 2015, 109–43.Google Scholar
Whitton, C. L. (2019) The Arts of Imitation in Latin Prose: Pliny’s Epistles/Quintilian in Brief, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wienand, J. (2012) Der Kaiser als Sieger. Metamorphosen triumphaler Herrschaft unter Constantin I, Berlin.Google Scholar
Williams, G. D. (1992) ‘Representations of the book-roll in Latin poetry: Ovid, Tr. 1.1.3–14 and related texts’, Mnemosyne 45: 178–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J., ed. (1999) Imaging the Early Medieval Bible, University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Williams, R. D. (1960) ‘The pictures on Dido’s temple’, CQ 10: 145–51.Google Scholar
Williamson, C. (1987) ‘Monuments of bronze: Roman legal documents on bronze tablets’, ClAnt 6: 160–83.Google Scholar
Wit, J. (1959) Die Miniaturen des Vergilius Vaticanus, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Wojaczek, G. (1988) ‘Schlüssel und Schlange: Zwei figurale Texte aus Antike und Mittelalter’, WJA 14: 241–52.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1996) ‘Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society in the early Empire’, JRS 86: 22–39.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2009) ‘Literacy or literacies in Rome’, in Johnson and Parker 2009, 46–68.Google Scholar
Wormald, F. (1954) The Miniatures of the Gospels of St Augustine, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wray, D. (2003) ‘What poets do: Tibullus on “easy” hands’, CPh 98: 217–50.Google Scholar
Wright, D. (1993) The Vatican Vergil: A Masterpiece of Late Antique Art, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Wright, D. (2001) The Roman Vergil and the Origins of Medieval Book Design, London.Google Scholar
Wright, D. (2006) The Lost Late Antique Illustrated Terence, Vatican.Google Scholar
Yates, F. A. (1966) The Art of Memory, 2nd edn, London.Google Scholar
Zanker, G. (1981) ‘Enargeia in the ancient criticism of poetry’, RhM 124: 297–311.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. (1989) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (trans. A. Shapiro), Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Zanker, P. and Ewald, B. C. (2004) Mit Mythen leben. Die Bilderwelt der römischen Sarkophage, Munich.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, F. (2013) ‘Figure: ekphrasis’, G&R 60: 17–31.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, B. (2001) ‘“Illustrierte Prachtcodices”: Bücherluxus in der Spätantike’, in Alto Bauer, F. and Zimmermann, N., eds., Epochenwandel? Kunst und Kultur zwischen Antike und Mittelalter (Mainz), 45–56.Google Scholar