Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-qfg88 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-10T09:56:48.726Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Una Tierra Inexplorada

Gendering the Peace Process in Colombia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2019

James Meernik
Affiliation:
University of North Texas
Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt
Affiliation:
University of North Texas
Mauricio Uribe-López
Affiliation:
EAFIT University (Medelin, Coloumbia)
Get access

Summary

Colombia is at a historic crossroads with the final approval of the second revised peace agreement between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the government. While the peace process has progressed, the June 2018 election of Ivan Duque – the Democratic Center candidate seen as former president Alvaro Uribe’s hard-line protege – may generate challenges to the fragile peace. This issue – how to bring peace, justice, and reconciliation to post-conflict societies – is a central concern for the people of Colombia, for human rights activists and practitioners who want to end the culture of impunity, and for government and community leaders who need to build a society that is coming to terms with its past.

Type
Chapter
Information
As War Ends
What Colombia Can Tell Us About the Sustainability of Peace and Transitional Justice
, pp. 249 - 281
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABColombia. (2013). “Women, Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and the Peace Process.” Available www.abcolombia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/4-Sexual-Violence-English.pdf, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
ABColombia. (2017). “Survey of the Prevalence of Sexual Violence against Women in the Context of the Colombian Armed Conflict 2010–15.” Available www.abcolombia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ENCUESTA_INGLES_completo.pdf, accessed July 13, 2018.Google Scholar
Acosta, Mónica et al. (2018). “The Colombian Transitional Process: Comparative Perspectives on Violence against Indigenous Women.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 12 (1), 108125.Google Scholar
Alianza Departamental “Tejedoras de Vida” del Putumayo, “Aportes y recomendaciones de las mujeres del Putumayo, para la Subcomisión de Género en la Mesa de Conversaciones para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera en Colombia,” Ha- vana, Cuba, Feb. 11, 2014 (transcript of testimony).Google Scholar
Amnesty International. (2012). “Colombia: The Victims and Land Restitution Law. An Amnesty International Analysis.” Available www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr23/018/2012/en/, accessed June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Asiyo, Phoebe M. (1989). “Legislative Process and Gender Issues in Kenya,” in Mbeo, M. A., and Ooka-Ombaka, O. (eds.) 4149. Women and Law in Kenya: Perspectives and Emerging Issues. Nairobi: Public Law Institute.Google Scholar
Barrera, Albino. (1990). “The Role of Maternal Schooling and Its Interaction with Public Health Programs in Child Health Production.” Journal of Development Economics 32 (1), 6991.Google Scholar
Beckwith, Karen. (2000). “Beyond Compare? Women’s Movements in Comparative Perspective.” European Journal of Political Research 37 (4), 431468.Google Scholar
Boesten, Jelke. (2014). Sexual Violence in War and Peace. Gender, Power and Post-conflict Justice. London and New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Boesten, Jelke, and Wilding, Polly. (2015). “Transformative Gender Justice: Setting an Agenda.” Women’s Studies International Forum 51, 7580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonilla, Natalia Suarez. (2012). “Rape, Blaming the Victim and Social Control in Paramilitary Enclaves: An Approach to the Case of Colombia,” in Branche, Raphaelle, and Virgili, Fabrice (eds.) 7989. Rape and Wartime. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. (1970). Women’s Role in Economic Development. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Bouvier. (2015). “Gender and the Role of Women in the Colombia’s Peace Process.” Prepared for the United Nations Global Study on 15 Years of Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). Available www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Gender-and-the-Role-of-Women-in-Colombia-s-Peace-Process-English.pdf, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Brammertz, Serge, and Jarvis, Michelle (eds.) (2016). Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Branche, Raphaelle, and Virgili, Fabrice (eds.) (2012). Rape and Wartime. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Brounéus, Karen. (2010). “The Trauma of Truth Telling: Effects of Witnessing in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts on Psychological Health.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54 (3), 408437.Google Scholar
Campaña Violaciones y Otras Violencias. (2017). “Survey on the Prevalence of Sexual Violence against Women in the Context of Armed Conflict in Colombia 2010–2015” (Encuesta de prevalencia de violencia sexual en contra de las mujeres en el contexto del conflicto armado Colombiano 2010–2015). Available www.rutapacifica.org.co/images/libros/Encuesta%20prevalencia%20violencia%20sexual%20Colombia.pdf, accessed July 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Capeheart, Loretta, and Milovanovic, Dragan. (2007). Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements (Critical Issues in Crime and Society series). Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Caprioli, Mary. (2000). “Gendered Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (1), 5168.Google Scholar
Caprioli, Mary. (2005). “Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2), 161178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caprioli, Mary, and Boyer, Mark A. (2001). “Gender, Violence, and International Crisis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (4), 503518.Google Scholar
Carasik, Laura. (2016). “Will peace bring justice to Colombia?” Boston Review, September 7, 2016, Available http://bostonreview.net/world/lauren-carasik-colombia-farc-peace-accords, accessed July 12, 2018.Google Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. (2006). “Recognizing Gender-Based Violence against Civilian Men and Boys in Conflict Situations.” Security Dialogue 37, 83103.Google Scholar
Centro de Memoria Histórica. (2017). “La Guerra Inscrita en el Cuerpo.” [The War Inscribed on the Body], Reported by RCN Radio-Colombia, November 20, 2017. Available www.rcnradio.com/colombia/mas-de-15-000-victimas-de-violencia-sexual-por-el-conflicto-armado-impunidad-supera-el-90, accessed July 5, 2018.Google Scholar
Céspedes-Báez, Lina M., and Ruiz, Felipe Jaramillo. (2018). “‘Peace without Women Does Not Go!’ Women’s Struggle for Inclusion in Colombia’s Peace Process with the FARC.” Colombia Internacional 94, 83109.Google Scholar
Chappell, Louise, Grey, Rosemary, and Waller, Emily. (2013). “The Gender Justice Shadow of Complementarity: Lessons from the International Criminal Court’s Preliminary Examinations in Guinea and Colombia.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 7 (3), 455475.Google Scholar
Chinkin, Christine. (2017). “Giving voice and visibility to victims of sexual violence has the potential to drive cultural change in Colombia.” Available http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/76984/, accessed July 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Clark, Janine Natalya. (2014). “Making Sense of Wartime Rape: A Multi-causal and Multi-level Analysis.” Ethnopolitics 13 (5), 461482.Google Scholar
Cockburn, Cynthia. (2004). “The Continuum Of Violence: A Gender Perspective on War and Peace”. In Giles, W., and Hyndman, J. (eds.) 43. Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Dara Kay. (2016). Rape as a Weapon of War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Cortés, Paula Martínez. (2013). The Victims and Land Restitution Law in Colombia in context: An analysis of the contradictions between the agrarian model and compensation for the victims. El Transnational Institute (TNI). Available www.tni.org/es, accessed January 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Coulter, C. (2009). Bush Wives and Girl Soldiers: Women’s Lives through War and Peace in Sierra Leone. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, Sara E., and True, Jacqui. (2017). “Connecting the Dots: Pre-existing Patterns of Gender Inequality and the Likelihood of Widespread and Systematic Sexual Violence.” Global Responsibility to Protect 9 (1), 6585.Google Scholar
Díaz, Catalina, and Marin, Iris. (2013). “Reparations in Colombia Advancing the Women’s Rights Agenda,” in Yarwood, Lisa (ed.) 157183. Women and Transitional Justice: The Experience of Women as Participants, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
DeMeritt, Jacqueline H. R., Nichols, Angela D., and Kelly, Eliza G. (2014). “Female Participation and Civil War Relapse.” Civil Wars 16 (3), 346368.Google Scholar
Doak, Jonathan. (2011). “The Therapeutic Dimension of Transitional Justice: Emotional Repair and Victim Satisfaction in International Trials and Truth Commissions.” International Criminal Law Review 11 (1), 263298.Google Scholar
Esteve-Volart, Berte. (2000). “Sex Discrimination and Growth,” IMF Working Paper, No. 00/84. Washington, DC: African Department, International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Fearon, Kate, and McWilliams, Monica. (2000). “Swimming against the Mainstream: The Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition,” in , Celia (ed.) 117137. Gender, Democracy and Inclusion in Northern Ireland Davies. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fite, David, Genest, Marc, and Wilcox, Clyde. (1990). “Gender Differences in Foreign Policy Attitudes.” American Political Quarterly 18 (October), 492513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flisi, Isabella. (2016). “Reparations for Wartime Sexual Violence: Colombia’s Ambitious Program.” PassBlue. Independent Coverage of the UN. Available www.passblue.com/2016/07/18/reparations-for-wartime-sexual-violence-in-colombia-moving-past-good-enough/, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Frankovic, K. (1982). “Sex and Politics – New Alignments, Old Issues.” Political Science and Politics 15(Summer), 439448.Google Scholar
Gaggiolli, Gloria. (2014). “Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict.” International Review of the Red Cross 96 (894), 503538.Google Scholar
García-Villegas, M., and Espinosa, J. R. (2015). “The Geography of Justice: Assessing Local Justice in Colombia’s Post-Conflict Phase.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 4 (1), p. Art. 41. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/sta.gc.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Terry. (2007). “Women and the Struggle for Social Change in Colombia.” Social Movements Newswire. Available www.cetri.be/Women-and-the-Struggle-for-Social?lang=fr, accessed July 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Gill, Stephen. (2018). “Colombia must seek more women in Congress: UN.” Colombia Reports. March 21, 2018. Available https://colombiareports.com/colombia-must-seek-more-women-in-congress-un/, accessed June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene. (2009). “Gender Empowerment and United Nations Peacebuilding.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (4), 505523.Google Scholar
Gómez Isa, Felipe. (2017). “Response to Annette Pearson’s Note on Restorative Justice in the Colombian Peace Process.” Restorative Justice 5 (2), 309312.Google Scholar
Gordon, Eleanor. (2017). “Crimes of the Powerful in Conflict-Affected Environments: False Positives, Transitional Justice and the Prospects for Peace in Colombia.” State Crime 6 (1), 132155.Google Scholar
Gottschall, Jonathan. (2004). “Explaining Wartime Rape.” Journal of Sex Research 41, 129136.Google Scholar
Gruner, Sheila. (2017). “Territory, Autonomy, and the Good Life: Afro-Colombian and Indigenous Ethno-Territorial Movements in Colombia’s Peace Process.” Journal of Latin America and Caribbean Anthropology 22 (1), 174182.Google Scholar
Guggenheim, Julia, and Bradshaw-Smith, Alice. (2015). “Who commits most sex crimes in Colombia’s armed conflict?” Colombia Reports, April 20, 2015 https://colombiareports.com/commits-sexual-crimes-colombias-armed-conflict/, accessed April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Hajdarowicz, Inga. (2018). “Does Participation Empower? The Example of Women Involved in Participatory Budgeting in Medellin.” Journal of Urban Affairs, DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1431048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamber, Brandon, Nageng, Dineo, and O’Malley, Gabriel. (2000). “‘Telling It Like It is’ … Understanding the Truth and Reconciliation Commission from the Perspective of Survivors.” Psychology in Society 26, 1842.Google Scholar
Hamber, Brandon. (2009). Transforming Societies after Political Violence Truth, Reconciliation, and Mental Health. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Harper, Brian, and Sonneland, Holly K. (2018). “Explainer: Colombia’s Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP).” Americas Society/Council of the Americas. August 3, 2018. Available www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-colombias-special-jurisdiction-peace-jep, accessed August 9, 2018.Google Scholar
Hausmann, Ricardo, Tyson, Laura D., and Zahidi, Saadia. (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report, 2007. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Available online at www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2007.pdf.Google Scholar
Heath, Roseanna Michelle, Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., and Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. (2005). “Women on the Sidelines: Women’s Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2), 420436.Google Scholar
Henry, Nicola. (2015). “Theorizing Wartime Rape: Deconstructing Gender, Sexuality, and Violence.” Gender & Society 30 (1), 4456.Google Scholar
Hernandez, Melissa Gomez. (2018). “Latin American Women in Public Service: Progress, But Not Yet Equality,” in D’Agostino, Maria J., and Marks Rubin, Marilyn (eds.) 125142. Governing in a Global World: Women in Public Service. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hoddinott, John, and Haddad, Lawrence. (1995). “Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditure Patterns?Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 57 (1), 7797.Google Scholar
Hudson, V. M., Caprioli, M., Ballif-Spanvill, B., McDermott, R., and Emmett, C. F. (2009). “The Heart of the Matter: The Security of Women and the Security of States.” International Security 33 (3), 745.Google Scholar
Hudson, Valerie M., Caprioli, Mary, Emmett, Chad F., and Ballif-Spanvill, Bonnie. (2012). Sex and World Peace. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2003). “You’ll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia.” www.hrw.org/reports/2003/colombia0903/index.htm.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. (2017). “World Report: Colombia.” Available www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/colombia, accessed July 23, 2018, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Hume, Mo. (2009). The Politics of Violence. Gender, Conflict and Community in El Salvador. Bulletin of Latin American research book series, Chichester: Wiley- Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hunt, Swanee. (2007). “Let Women Rule.” Foreign Affairs 86 (3), 109120.Google Scholar
Hynes, Michelle E. et al. (2016). “Exploring Gender Norms, Agency and Intimate Partner Violence among Displaced.” Colombian Women: A Qualitative Assessment 11 (1–2), 117.Google Scholar
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2011). “Annual Report 2010 - Colombia.” Washington, DC: Organization of American States. Available www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2011/chap4colombia.doc access, July 1, 2018.Google Scholar
International Center for Transitional Justice. (2015). “The Disappeared and Invisible Revealing the Enduring Impact of Enforced Disappearance on Women.” Available www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Global-Gender-Disappearances-2015.pdf, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
International Center for Transitional Justice. (2016). “We Want to Be Heard”: Obstacles to Women Taking Part in Participatory Mechanisms for Dealing with Victims of the Internal Armed Conflict.” Available www.ictj.org/publication/women-colombia-victims-participation, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
International Center for Transitional Justice. (2018). “What is Transitional Justice” Available www.ictj.org/about/transitional-justice.Google Scholar
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2000). “Politics: Women’s Insight” (Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, January 2000).Google Scholar
Ioris, Rafael R., and Ioris, Antonio A. R. (2018). “Consolidating the Past and Risking the Future: Colombia’s Developmental Trajectory and the Prospects for a Lasting Peace in the Wake of the Havana Accord.” Journal of Global South Studies 35 (1), 155173.Google Scholar
Jejeebhoy, Shireen J. (1995). Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behavior: Experience from Developing Countries. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Jewkes, Rachel et al. (2009). “Preventing rape and violence in South Africa: Call for leadership in a new agenda for action.” Medical Research Council policy brief (Pretoria, SA). 2018 https://jliflc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Preventing-rape-and-violence-in-SA-MRC-2009.pdf, accessed July 4. 2018.Google Scholar
Jolly, Alexandra. (2014). “The Changing Role of Women in Colombian Politics.” Colombia Reports, March 5, 2014. Available https://colombiareports.com/women-peace/, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Kabira, Wanjiku Mukabi, and Njambi Kimani, Elishiba. (2012). “The Historical Journey of Women’s Leadership in Kenya.” Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies 3 (6), 842.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Daniel. (1998). “Challenges in the Next Stage of Corruption,” in New Perspectives in Combating Corruption. Washington, DC: Transparency International and World Bank.Google Scholar
Kelly, Liz. (1988). Surviving Sexual Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, Liz. (2000). “Wars Against Women: Sexual Violence, Sexual Politics and the Militarised State,” in Jacobs, S., Jacobson, R., and Marchbank, J. (eds.) 4565. States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance. London: Zed.Google Scholar
Kelsall, Michelle Staggs, and Stepakoff, Shanee. (2007). “‘When We Wanted to Talk about Rape’: Silencing Sexual Violence at the Special Court for Sierra Leone.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (3), 355374.Google Scholar
Kim, Hunjoon, and Sikkink, Kathryn. (2010). “Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries.” International Studies Quarterly 54 (4), 939963.Google Scholar
King, Kimi Lynn, and Meernik, James. (2017). The Witness Experience: Testimony at the ICTY and Its Impact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Koukkides-Procopiou, Anna. (2017). Gender and Inclusive Security: A New Approach to the Cyprus Problem within the Framework on Security Dialogue. Security Dialogue Project, Background Paper. Edited by Ahmet Sözen and Jared L. Ordway. Berlin: Berghof Foundation & SeeD. Available www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/ redaktion/Publications/ SecurityDialogueProject/Koukkides-Pracopiou.pdf, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Kravetz, Daniela. (2015). “Promoting Domestic Accountability for Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: The Cases of Guatemala, Peru, and Colombia.” American University International Law Review 32(3): 708762.Google Scholar
Lambourne, Wendy. (2009). “Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding after Mass Violence.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3 (1), 2848.Google Scholar
Lambourne, Wendy, and Carreon, Vivianna Rodriguez. (2016). “Engendering Transitional Justice: A Transformative Approach to Building Peace and Attaining Human Rights for Women.” Human Rights Review 17 (1), 7193.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L. (2005). It Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don’t Run for Office. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lemaitre, Julietta, and Sandvik, Kristen Bergtora. (2014). “Beyond Sexual Violence in Transitional Justice: Political Insecurity as a Gendered Harm.” Feminist Legal Studies 22, 243261.Google Scholar
Lundy, Patricia, and McGovern, Mark. (2008). “Whose Justice? Rethinking Transitional Justice from the Bottom Up.” Journal of Law and Society 35 (2), 265292.Google Scholar
Maclean, Karen. (2017). “Disarming Charisma? Mayoralty, Gender and Power in Medellín, Colombia.” Political Geography 59, 126139.Google Scholar
Maher, David, and Thomson, Andrew. (2018). “A Precarious Peace? The Threat of Paramilitary Violence to the Peace Process in Colombia.” Third World Quarterly 39 (11), 21422172.Google Scholar
Maier, Nicole, “Queering Colombia’s Peace Process: A case study of LGBTI inclusion.” (2016). Capstone Collection. 2886. http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/2886, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Mani, Rama. (2008). “Dilemmas of Expanding Transitional Justice, or Forging the Nexus between Transitional Justice and Development.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 2 (3), 253265.Google Scholar
Martins, Isadora Freitas de. (2017). “On the Road to Peace: Peace Education as a Driver for Positive Peace in Post-Agreement Colombia.” Master’s Thesis, University of Graz. Available https://globalcampus.eiuc.org/handle/20.500.11825/510?show=full, accessed August 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Mason, Andrew D., and King, Elizabeth M. (2001). Engendering Development: through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice. Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Report.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard. (2003). “Women’s Representation in Post-Communist Europe,” in Matland, Richard and Montgomery, Kathleen (eds.) 321342. Women’s Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
McDonald, Anna. (2013). “Local Understandings and Experiences of Transitional Justice: A Review of the Evidence.” London: Justice and Security Research Programme and the London School of Economics. Available http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56354/1/JSRP_Paper6_Local_ understandings_and_experiences_of_transitional_justice_Macdonald_2013.pdf, accessed July 10, 2018.Google Scholar
McGlen, Nancy E., and Sarkees, Meredith Reid. (1993). Women in Foreign Policy: The Insiders. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Meertens, Donny. (2015). “Discursive Frictions: the Transitional Justice Paradigm, Land Restitution and Gender in Colombia.” Papel Politico 20 (2), 353381. Available https://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.papo20-2.dftj, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Mendeloff, David. (2004). “Truth-Seeking, Truth-Telling, and Postconflict Peacebuilding: Curb the Enthusiasm?International Studies Review 6 (3), 355380.Google Scholar
Mendeloff, David. (2009). “Trauma and Vengeance: Assessing the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Post-Conflict Justice.” Human Rights Quarterly 31 (3),592693.Google Scholar
Menjívar, C. (2011). Enduring Violence: Latina Women’s Lives in Guatemala. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Meintjes, S., and Goldblatt, B. (1996). Gender and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. http://sunsit.wits.ac.za/csrv/papkhul.htm, accessed July 1, 2018.Google Scholar
Melander, Erik. (2005a). “Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (4).Google Scholar
Melander, Erik. (2005b). “Political Gender Equality and State Human Rights Abuse.” Journal of Peace Research 42, 149166.Google Scholar
Mertus, Julie. (2004). “Shouting from the Bottom of the Well: The Impact of International Trials for Wartime Rape on Women’s Agency.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 6 (1), 110128.Google Scholar
Moloney, Anastasia. (2018). “Colombia shatters glass ceiling with gender-equal cabinet.” Reuters, July 26. Available www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-women-politics/colombia-shatters-glass-ceiling-with-gender-equal-cabinet-idUSKBN1KG2HM, accessed January 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Morgan, Jana, and Buice, Melissa. (2013). “Latin American Attitudes toward Women in Politics: The Influence of Elite Cues, Female Advancement, and Individual Characteristics.” The American Political Science Review 107 (4), 644662.Google Scholar
Mueller, John. (1973). War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Nagy, Rosemary. (2008). “Transitional Justice as Global Project: Critical Reflections.” Third World Quarterly 29 (2), 275289.Google Scholar
Nieves, Evelyn. (2015). “A Legacy of Land Mines in Colombia.” New York Times, October 28. Available https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/28/a-legacy-of-landmines-in-colombia/, accessed June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Ni Aoláin, Fionnuala D. (2006). “Political Violence and Gender during Times of Transition.” Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 15, 829849.Google Scholar
Ni Aoláin, Fionnuala D. (2012). “Advancing Feminist Positioning in the Field of Transitional Justice.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 6 (2), 205228.Google Scholar
Ní Aoláin, Fionnuala, and O’Rourke, Catherine. (2010). “Gendered Transitional Justice and the Non-State Actor,” in Lyons, A., and Reed, M. (eds.) 115143. Contested Transitions: Dilemmas of Transitional Justice in Colombia and Comparative Experience. Bogota: International Center for Transitional Justice.Google Scholar
Ní Aoláin, F., Haynes, D. F., and Cahn, N. (2011). On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
OAS (Organization of American States). (2006). Violence and Discrimination against Women in the Armed Conflict in Colombia. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 67, October 18, 2006.Google Scholar
Olasolo, Hector, and Mendoza, Joel M. F. Ramirez. (2017). Journal of International Criminal Justice, 15 (5), 10111047.Google Scholar
O’Reilly, Colin, and Zhang, Yi. (2018). “Post-Genocide Justice: The Gacaca Courts.” Development Policy Review 36 (5), 561576.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Catherine. (2015). “Feminist Scholarship in Transitional Justice: A De-Politicising Impulse?Women’s Studies International Forum 51, 118127.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Catherine. (2017). “Transitional Justice and Gender,” in Lawther, Cheryl, Moffett, Luke, and Jacobs, David (eds.) Research Handbook on Transitional Justice (Edward Elgar) Transitional Justice Institute Research Paper No. 16–18. Available SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2839339.Google Scholar
Ørstavik, Sara Lisa, and Lizcano, Andrés R. (2018). “Colombia’s Gender Problem.” World Policy Forum. Available https://worldpolicy.org/2013/11/25/colombias-gender-problem/, accessed August 9, 2018.Google Scholar
Pearson, Annette. (2017). “Is Restorative Justice a Piece of the Colombian Transitional Justice Puzzle?Restorative Justice 5 (20), 293308.Google Scholar
Rangelov, Iavor. (2016). “Justice as a Security Strategy? International Justice and the Liberal Peace in the Balkans.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 21 (1), 928.Google Scholar
Regan, Patrick M., and Paskeviciute, Aida. (2003). “Women’s Access to Politics and Peaceful States.” Journal of Peace Research 40 (1), 287302.Google Scholar
Riaño-Alcalá, Pilar, and Uribe, María Victoria. (2016). “Constructing Memory amidst War: The Historical Memory Group of Colombia.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 10 (1), 624.Google Scholar
Rosaldo, Michelle. (1980). “The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-cultural Understanding.” Signs 5(Spring), 389417.Google Scholar
Rubin, Gayle. (1975). “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex,” in Reiter, Rayna (ed.) 157210. Toward an Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma. (1981). “Why Women Don’t Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women’s Legislative Recruitment.” Western Political Quarterly 34 (1), 6077.Google Scholar
Sadik, Nafis. (1997). State of the World Population. United Nations Fund for Population Activities, New York: United Nations Publication.Google Scholar
Saldarriaga, Jaime. (2018). “Colombia’s Murder Rate Is at an All-time Low but Its Activists Keep Getting Killed.” April 6, 2018. Available http://theconversation.com/colombias-murder-rate-is-at-an-all-time-low-but-its-activists-keep-getting-killed-91602, accessed June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Salvesen, Hilde, and Nylander, Dag. (2017). "Towards an inclusive peace: women and the gender approach in the Colombian peace process." NOREF Report, July.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Garzoli, Gimena, and Camacho, Cristina. (2016). “Debunking the Myths about “Gender Ideology” in Colombia.” October 25, 2016. Available www.wola.org/analysis/debunking-myths-gender-ideology-colombia/, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Schaftenaar, Susanne. (2017). “How (Wo)Men Rebel: Exploring the Effect of Gender Equality on Nonviolent and Armed Conflict Onset.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (6), 762776.Google Scholar
Schultz, T. Paul. (1993). “Investments in the Schooling and Health of Women and Men: Quantities and Returns,” Journal of Human Resources 28 (4), 694725.Google Scholar
Seifert, Ruth. (1996). “The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars.” Women’s Studies International Forum 19, 3543.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Robert Y., and Mahajan, Harpreet. (1986). “Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960s to the 1980s.” Public Opinion Quarterly 50(Spring), 4261.Google Scholar
Sharkey, Laura. (2018). “Violence Shocks Ecuador As Colombia’s Woes Spread South.” Control Risks, May 1, 2018. Available www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2018/05/01/violence-shocks-ecuador-as-colombias-woes-spread-south/#5d3fb2472f25, accessed June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Sharp, Dustin N. (2013). “Interrogating the Peripheries: The Preoccupations of Fourth Generation Transitional Justice.” Harvard Human Rights Journal 26, 149283.Google Scholar
Singer, P. W. (2006). Children at War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Lisa C., and Haddad, Lawrence. (2000). “Overcoming Child Malnutrition in Developing Countries: Past Achievements and Future Choices,” 2020 Vision Briefs, No. 64 (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute). Available http://ifpri.org/2020/BRIEFS/number64.htm.Google Scholar
Smith, Tom W. (1984). “The Polls: Gender and Attitudes towards Violence.” Public Opinion Quarterly 48(Spring), 384396.Google Scholar
Solijonov, Abdurashid. (2016). Voter Turnout Trends around the World. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Available www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/voter-turnout-trends-around-the-world.pdf, accessed July 23, 2018.Google Scholar
Sriaram, Chandra Lekha. (2007). “Justice as Peace? Liberal Peacebuilding and Strategies of Transitional Justice”: 579–591 | Published online: October 8, 2007.Google Scholar
Stepakoff, Shanee, Shawn Reynolds, G., and Charters, Simon. (2015). “Self-Reported Psychosocial Consequences of Testifying in a War Crimes Tribunal in Sierra Leone.” International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation 4 (3), 161181.Google Scholar
Stone, Laurel. (2015). Study of 156 peace agreements, controlling for other variables, Quantitative Analysis of Women’s participation in Peace Processes in Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes, Annex II.Google Scholar
Summers, Nicole. (2012). “Colombia’s Victims’ Law: Transitional Justice in a Time of Violent Conflict?Harvard Human Rights Journal 25, 219235.Google Scholar
Tabak, Shana. (2012). “False Dichotomies of Transitional Justice: Gender, Conflict, and Combatants in Colombia.” New York University Journal of International Law and Policy 44 (1), 103163.Google Scholar
Taylor, David. (2014). “Transitional justice and the TRC in Burundi: Avoiding Inconsequential Chatter?Contemporary Justice Review 17 (2), 195215.Google Scholar
Taylor, Laura K., Nilsson, Manuela, and Amezquita-Castro, Brenda. (2016). “Reconstructing the Social Fabric Amid Ongoing Violence: Attitudes toward Reconciliation and Structural Transformation in Colombia.” Peacebuilding 4 (1), 8398.Google Scholar
Teitel, Ruti G. (2015). Globalizing Transitional Justice: Contemporary Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Theidon, Kimberly. (2007). “Transitional Subjects: The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 1 (1), 6690.Google Scholar
Thomas, Duncan, Contreras, D., and Frankenberg, Elizabeth. (1997). Child Health and the Distribution of Household Resources at Marriage. Los Angeles: RAND and University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Tickner, J. Ann. (2001). Gendering World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Togeby, Lise, (1994). “The Gender Gap in Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Peace Research 31 (4), 375392.Google Scholar
Unit for the Victims Assistance and Reparation. (2017). Unidad de Víctimas, RNI, “Registro Unico de Víctimas,” Available www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/registro-unico-de-victimas-ruv/37394, accessed January 29, 2019.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme. (2017). Gender Inequality Index (2016). Available http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/GII, accessed August 9, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. (2018). “Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary General.” May 16, 2018. A/72/865–S/2018/465. Available http://undocs.org/s/2018/465, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly. (2014). “Analytical Study Focusing on Gender-Based and Sexual Violence in Relation to Transitional Justice: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.” /HRC/27/21. Available www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/regularsessions/session27/pages/listreports.aspx, accessed August 9, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. (2015). Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: Report of the Secretary-General. March 23, 2015. S/2015/203. Available http://undocs.org/S/2015/203, accessed July 1, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Women. (2012a). UN Women Sourcebook on Women, Peace and Security. Available www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2012/10/un-women-sourcebook-on-women-peace-and-security, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
United Nations Women. (2012b). “Women’s participation in peace negotiations: Connections between presence and influence.” www.unwomen.org/~/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2012/10/wpssourcebook-03a-womenpeacenegotiations-en.pdf, accessed July 10, 2018.Google Scholar
United Nations Women. (2015). Women take the reins to build peace in Colombia, May 28. Available at www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2015/5/women-build-peace-in-colombia, April 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Vargas, Jakeline, and Pérez, Ángela María Díaz. (2018). “Enfoque de Género en el acuerdo de paz entre el Gobierno Colombiano y las FARC-EP: transiciones necesarias para su implementación.” Araucaria 20 (39), 389414.Google Scholar
Watson, Robert P., Jencik, Alicia, and Selzer, Judith A. (2005). “Women World Leaders: Comparative Analysis and Gender Experiences.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 7 (2), 5376.Google Scholar
Weldon, Laurel S. (2002). “Beyond Bodies: Institutional Sources of Representation forWomen in Democratic Policymaking.” Journal of Politics 64 (4), 11531174.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018). World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank (producer and distributor). http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators, accessed June 30, 2018.Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. (2017). Global Gender Gap: 2017. Available online at www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017, accessed June 30, 2018.Google Scholar
Zinsstag, Estelle. (2013). “Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Conflicts and Restorative Justice: An Exploratory Analysis,” in Fineman, Martha, and Zinstag, Estelle (eds.) 189213. Feminist Perspectives on Transitional Justice: From International and Criminal to Alternative Forms of Justice. Cambridge: Intersentia.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×