A remarkably consistent image of Piedmont's titled nobility emerges from contemporary accounts of both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, an image which suggests they were respected, but seldom loved. Observers invariably commented on the arrogance, bigotry, narrow-mindedness, and self-satisfaction of the second estate. In the 1760s, for instance, Giuseppe Baretti noted an “excessive pride of birth” among Piedmontese aristocrats, the majority of whom “disdain any familiarity” with persons of less exalted lineage. On those rare occasions when they agreed to speak to outsiders, Baretti claimed that “their kindness is such a bizarre mixture of courtesy and haughtiness that it is impossible for a man of substance not to be offended.” Nearly a century later, Vincenzo Gioberti observed in the 1840s how “the concept of their own superiority is inborn in the Piedmontese aristocrats; they make you feel it although they are courteous; they dominate while they bow; they show that they are your masters while professing themselves your servants.” In the 1860s, one of the nobility's most distinguished figures, Massimo d'Azeglio, provided a striking confirmation of these outsiders' impressions: