Ajenjo, Natalia, and Molina, Ignacio. 2011. “Spain: Majoritarian Choices, Disciplined Party Government, and Compliant Legislature.” In The Role of Governments in Legislative Agenda Setting, eds. Rasch, Bjorn Erik and Tsebelis, George. Rurh University Bochum, Germany: Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science.Google Scholar

Alemán, Eduardo, and Kellam, Marisa. 2008. “The Nationalization of Electoral Change in the Americas.” Electoral Studies 27: 193–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 2: 155–94.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina. 2011. “Segregation and the Quality of Government in a Cross Section of Countries.” American Economic Review 101: 1872–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alford, John, and Brady, David. 1988 “Partisan and Incumbent Advantages in US House Elections, 1846–1986.” Working Paper 11, Center for the Study of Institutions and Values. Rice Univ.Google Scholar

Allison, Paul D. 1978. “Measures of Inequality.” American Sociological Review 43: 865–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Political Science Association, Committee on Political Parties. 1950. Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System. New York: Rinehart and Company, Inc.Google Scholar

André, Audrey, Depauw, Sam, and Martin, Shane. 2015. “Electoral Systems and Legislators’ Constituency Effort: The Mediating Effect of Electoral Vulnerability.” Comparative Political Studies 48: 464–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bagashka, Tanya. 2012. “The Personal Vote and Economic Reform.” Electoral Studies 31: 562–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartolini, Stefano, and Mair, Peter. 1990. Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bax, Erik H. 1990. Modernization and Cleavage in Dutch Society. A Study of Long Term Economic and Social Change. Avebury: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar

Bax, Erik Hans. 1995. “Cleavage in Dutch Society: Changing Patterns of Social and Economic Discrimination.” Paper presented at the Conference on Political, Economic and Social Racism, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece, May 14–18.Google Scholar

Beck, Thorsten, Clarke, George, Groff, Alberto, Keefer, Philip, and Walsh, Patrick. 2001. “New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.” WorldBank Economic Review 15: 165–76.Google Scholar

Benton, Allyson L. 2005. “Dissatisfied Democrats or Retrospective Voters?” Comparative Political Studies 38: 417–42.Google Scholar

Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2007. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Birnir, Johanna Kristin. 2008. “Party Regulation in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America: The Effect on Minority Representation and the Propensity for Conflict.” In Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies: Regulation, Engineering and Democratic Development, ed. Reilly, Benjamin and Nordlund, Per. New York: United Nations University Press. 158–81.Google Scholar

Blais, André. 2005. “Accounting for the Electoral Success of the Liberal Party in Canada: Presidential Address to the Canadian Political Science Association.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 38: 821–40.Google Scholar

Blais, André, Gidengil, Elisabeth, Dobrzynska, Agnieszka, Nevitte, Neil, and Nadeau, Richard. 2003. “Does the Local Candidate Matter? Candidate Effects in the Canadian Election of 2000.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 36: 657–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blalock, Hubert M. Jr. 1972. Social Statistics. Second edn. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.Google Scholar

Bochsler, Daniel. 2010. “Measuring Party Nationalization: A New Gini-Based Indicator That Corrects for the Number of Units.” Electoral Studies 29: 155–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brady, David W., D’Onofrio, Robert, and Fiorina, Morris P.. 2000. “The Nationalization of Electoral Forces Revisited.” In Continuity and Change in House Elections., eds. Brady, David W., D’Onofrio, Robert, and Fiorina, Morris P.. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 130–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brancati, Dawn. 2008. “The Origins and Strength of Regional Parties.” British Journal of Political Science 38: 135–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

“Brizuela Del Moral Se Diferenció De Cobos Para No ‘Nacionalizar La Elección’.” 2011. INFOBAE, 3/13.Google Scholar

Butler, David E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1969. Political Change in Britain: Forces Shaping Electoral Choice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Cain, Bruce, Ferejohn, John, and Fiorina, Morris. 1984. “The Constituency Service Basis of the Personal Vote for U.S. Representatives and British Members of Parliament.” American Political Science Review 78: 110–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cain, Bruce, Ferejohn, John, and Fiorina, Morris. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calmes, Jackie, and Shear, Michael D.. 2010. “Obama Aides Weigh Bid to Tie the GOP To the Tea Party.” New York Times, 9/19/2010.Google Scholar

Calvo, Ernesto, and Leiras, Marcelo. 2012. “The Nationalization of Legislative Collaboration: Territory, Partisanship, and Policymaking in Argentina.” RIEL – Revista Ibero-Americana dde Estudios Legislativos 2: 2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Canavan, Mark. 2014. The Impact of Localism on Public Goods and Services Provision. Ireland: PhD Dissertation: Trinity College, Dublin.Google Scholar

Caramani, Daniele. 2000. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. London: Macmillan Reference.Google Scholar

Caramani, Daniele. 2004. The Nationalization of Politics: The Formation of National Electorates and Party Systems in Western Europe. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caramani, Daniele. 2005. “The Formation of National Party Systems in Europe: A Comparative-Historical Analysis.” Scandinavian Political Studies 28: 295–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caramani, Daniele. 2015. The Europeanization of Politics: The Formation of a European Electorate and Party System in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carey, John. 2002. “Parties, Coalitions, and the Chilean Congress in the 1990s.” In Legislative Politics in Latin America, eds. Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press. 222–53.Google Scholar

Carey, John, and Shugart, Matthew S.. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14: 417–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlson, Matthew M. 2006. “Electoral Reform and the Evolution of Informal Norms in Japan.” Asian Survey 46: 362–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carreras, Miguel. 2014. “Outsiders and Executive-Legislative Conflict in Latin America (1980–2007).” Latin American Politics and Society 56: 70–9.Google Scholar

Castañeda-Angarita, Nestor. 2013. “Party System Nationalization, Presidential Coalitions, and Government Spending.” Electoral Studies 32: 783–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Centellas, Miguel. 2010. “Bolivia’s Radical Decentralization.” Americas Quarterly Summer.Google Scholar

Chang, Eric C. C., and Golden, Miriam A.. 2007. “Electoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption.” British Journal of Political Science 37: 115–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cheung, Frederick Hok-Ming. “From Military Aristocracy to Imperial Bureaucracy: Patterns of Consolidation in Two Medieval Empires.” PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1983.Google Scholar

Chhibber, Pradeep, and Kollman, Ken. 1998. “Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States.” American Political Science Review 92: 329–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chhibber, Pradeep, and Kollman, Ken. 2004. The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Cho, Wendy K. Tam, and Fowler, James H.. 2010. “Legislative Success in a Small World: Social Network Analysis and the Dynamics of Congressional Legislation.” The Journal of Politics 72: 124–35.Google Scholar

Claggett, William, Flanigan, William, and Zingale, Nancy. 1984. “Nationalization of the American Electorate.” American Political Science Review 78: 77–91.Google Scholar

Converse, Philip E. 1969. “Survey Research and the Decoding of Patterns in Ecological Data.” In Quantitative Ecological Analysis in the Social Sciences, eds. Dogan, Mattei and Rokkan, Stein. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 459–85.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 1998. “The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems.” Party Politics 4, 4: 547–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1987. The Efficient Secret: The Cabinet and the Development of Political Parties in Victorian England. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1990. “Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science 34: 903–35.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 2001. “The Institutional Determinants of Economic Policy Outcomes.” In Presidents, Parliaments and Policy, eds. Haggard, Stephan and McCubbins, Mathew. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and Morgenstern, Scott. 2001. “Latin America’s Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents.” Comparative Politics 33: 171–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, Fred, ed. 1989. British Electoral Facts, 1832–1987. England: Parliamentary Research Services, Gower Publishing Company Limited.Google Scholar

Craig, Fred, ed. 1972. Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies, 1885–1972. Chichester: Political Reference Publications.Google Scholar

Crisp, Brian F., Kanthak, Kristin, and Leijonhufvud, Jenny. 2004. “The Reputations Legislators Build: With Whom Should Representatives Collaborate?” American Political Science Review 98: 703–16.Google Scholar

Crisp, Brian F., Olivella, Santiago, and Potter, Joshua D.. 2013. “Party-System Nationalization and the Scope of Public Policy: The Importance of Cross-District Constituency Similarity.” Comparative Political Studies 46: 431–56.Google Scholar

Cross, William, and Young, Lisa. 2013. “Candidate Recruitment in Canada: The Role of Political Parties.” In Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics, eds. Amanda, Bittner and Koop, Royce. Vancouver: UBC Press. 24–45Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties, Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Eagles, Munroe. 2013. “Constituency and Personal Determinants of Mps’ Positions on Social Conservative Issues in the 37th and 38th Canadian Parliaments.” In In Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics, eds. Bittner, Amanda and Koop, Amanda. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar

Eaton, Kent. 2002. “Fiscal Policy Making in the Argentine Legislature.” In Legislative Politics in Latin America, eds. Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 287–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edsall, Thomas. 2015. “What If All Politics Is National?” New York Times, September 30.Google Scholar

Ersson, Svante, Janda, Kenneth, and Lane, Jan-Erik. 1985. “Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 18: 170–205.Google Scholar

Feierherd, Germán. 2012. “El Tamaño De Las Coaliciones Legislativas En La Argentina.” In Los Legisladores En El Congreso Argentino, eds. Mustapic, Ana María, Bonvecchi, Alejandro, and Zelaznik, Javier. Buenos Aires: Instituto Torcuato di Tella. 113–40.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar

Ferejohn, John, and Gaines, Brian. 1991. “The Personal Vote in Canada.” In Representation, Integration and Political Parties in Canada, ed. Bakvis, Herman. Vol. 14. Toronto and Oxford: Dundurn Press. 262–78Google Scholar

Filippov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., and Shvetsova, Olga. 2004. Designing Federalism: A Theory of Self-Sustainable Federal Institutions. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraile, Marta, and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 2012. “Economic and Elections in Spain (1982–2008): Cross-Measures, Cross-Time.” Electoral Studies 31: 485–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraile, Marta, and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 2013. “Multi-Dimensional Economic Voting in Spain: The 2008 Election.” Electoral Studies 32: 465–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraile, Marta, and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 2014. “Economic Vote Instability: Endogeneity or Restricted Variance? Spanish Panel Evidence from 2008 and 2011.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 160–79.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 1991. “A Game Theoretic View of Reform.” American Political Science Review 85, 2.Google Scholar

Gelman, Andrew, and King, Gary. 1990. “Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias.” American Journal of Political Science 34, 4: 114–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gelman, Andrew, and King, Gary. 1994. “A Unified Method of Evaluating Electoral Systems and Redistricting Plans.” American Journal of Political Science 38: 514–54.Google Scholar

Gerber, Linda M. 2006. “Urban Diversity: Riding Composition and Party Support in the Canadian Federal Election of 2004.” Canadian Journal of Urban Research 15: 105–18.Google Scholar

Gervasoni, Carlos. 2010. “A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes: Fiscal Federalism, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in the Argentine Provinces.” World Politics 62: 302–40.Google Scholar

Gold, Matea, and Kane, Paul. 2016. “The GOP – and Its Big Funders – Scramble to Insulate Congress from Trump.” Washington Post, 3/23/16.Google Scholar

Golden, Miriam A. 2003. “Electoral Connections: The Effects of the Personal Vote on Political Patronage, Bureaucracy and Legislation in Postwar Italy.” British Journal of Political Science 33: 89–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Golder, Matt. 2005. “Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946–2000.” Electoral Studies 24:1, 103–21.Google Scholar

Goldman, Ralph M. 1959. “Party Committees and National Politics.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 3: 306–09.Google Scholar

Green, Andrew, and Morgenstern, Scott. 2009. “Peru: Assessment Report for Political Parties and Party Systems.” United States Agency for International Development (USAID).Google Scholar

Greene, William H. 1997. Econometric Analysis Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.Google Scholar

Grofman, Bernard, and Lijphart, Arend, eds. 1986. Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert R.. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hallerberg, Mark. 2004. “Electoral Laws, Government, and Parliament.” In Patterns of Parliamentary Behavior: Passage of Legislation across Western Europe, eds. Doring, Herbert and Hallerberg, Mark. England: Ashgate. 11–33.Google Scholar

Hallerberg, Mark, and Marier, Patrik. 2004. “Executive Authority, the Personal Vote, and Budget Discipline in Latin American and Caribbean Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 48: 571–87.Google Scholar

Harbers, Imke. 2010. “Decentralization and the Development of Nationalized Party Systems in New Democracies: Evidence from Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 43: 606–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harell, Allison 2013. “Revisiting the ‘Ethnic’ Vote: Liberal Allegiance and Vote Choice among Racialized Minorities.” In Parties, Elections, and the Future of Canadian Politics, eds. Bittner, Amanda and Koop, Royce. Vancouver UBC Press.Google Scholar

Hicken, Allen, Kollman, Ken, and Simmons, Joel W.. 2016. “Party System Nationalization and the Provision of Public Health Services.” Political Science Research and Methods 4, 3: 573–94.Google Scholar

Hloušek, Vít, and Kopecek, Lubomír. 2008. “Cleavages in the Contemporary Czech and Slovak Politics between Persistence and Change.” East European Politics and Societies 22: 518–52.Google Scholar

Hooghe, Liesbet, Marks, Gary, and Schakel, Arjan H.. 2010. The Rise of Regional Authority: A Comparative Study of 42 Democracies (1950–2006). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hoschka, Peter, and Schunck, Hermann. 1978. “Regional Stability of Voting Behaviour in Federal Elections: A Longitudinal Aggregate Data Analysis.” In Elections and Parties, eds. Kaase, Max and von Beyme, Klaus, Volume 3 of Sage Studies in International Sociology. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.Google Scholar

Huber, John, and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1, 1: 73–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ishiyama, John T. 2002. “Elections and Nationalization of the Vote in Post-Communist Russian Politics: A Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 18: 29–40.Google Scholar

Jacobson, Gary C. 1987. “Running Scared: Elections and Congressional Politics in the 1980s.” In Congress: Structure and Policy, eds. McCubbins, Mathew and Sullivan, Terry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 39–81.Google Scholar

Jacobson, Gary C., and Kernell, Samuel. 1983. Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Grare, Frederic. 2012. “The Regionalization of Indian Politics and the Challenge of Coalition-Building.” Carnegie Endownment for Internatonal Peace, 8/11/2013.Google Scholar

Johnson, Joel W., and Wallack, Jessica S.. 2012. “Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote.” Harvard Dataverse, V1: https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:1902.1/17901.Google Scholar

Johnston, Richard. 2002. “Prime Ministerial Contenders in Canada.” In Leaders’ Personalities and the Outcomes of Democratic Elections, ed. King, Anthony. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Johnston, Ronald John. 1981. “Testing the Butler-Stokes Model of a Polarization Effect around the National Swing in Partisan Preferences: England, 1979.” British Journal of Political Science 11: 113–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, David R., and McDermott, Monika L.. 2004. “The Responsible Party Government Model in House and Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 48: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, Mark P. 2002. “Explaining the High Level of Party Discipline in the Argentine Congress.” In Legislative Politics in Latin America, eds. Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 147–84.Google Scholar

Jones, Mark P. 2008. “The Recruitment and Selection of Legislative Candidates in Argentina.” In Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, eds. Siavelis, Peter and Morgenstern, Scott. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, Mark P., and Mainwaring, Scott. 2003. “The Nationalization of Parties and Party Systems: An Empirical Measure and an Application to the Americas.” Party Politics 9: 139–66.Google Scholar

Jurado, Ignacio. 2014. “Party System Nationalisation and Social Spending.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 288–307.Google Scholar

Karvonen, Lauri. 2004. “Preferential Voting: Incidence and Effects.” International Political Science Review 25: 203–26.Google Scholar

Kasuya, Yuko, and Johannes, Moenius. 2008. “The Nationalization of Party Systems: Conceptual Issues and Alternative District-Focused Measures.” Electoral Studies 27: 126–35.Google Scholar

Katz, Jonathan N., and King, Gary. 1999. “A Statistical Model for Multiparty Electoral Data.” American Political Science Review 93, 1: 15–32.Google Scholar

Katz, Richard S. 1973a. “The Attribution of Variance in Electoral Returns: An Alternative Measurement Technique.” American Political Science Review 67: 817–28.Google Scholar

Katz, Richard S. 1973b. “Rejoinder to ‘Comment’ by Stokes.” American Political Science Review 67: 832–34.Google Scholar

Kawato, Sadafumi. 1987. “Nationalization and Partisan Realignment in Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 81: 1235–50.Google Scholar

Kerevel, Yann. 2010. “The Legislative Consequences of Mexico’s Mixed-Member Electoral System, 2000–2009.” Electoral Studies 29: 691–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Key, V.O. 1959. “Secular Realignment and the Party System.” Journal of Politics 21, 2: 198–210.Google Scholar

Key, V.O. 1966. The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting 1936–1960. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1991. The Logic of Delegation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Tomz, Michael, and Jason, Wittenberg. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 347–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, Hawkins, Kirk A., Luna, Juan Pablo, Rosas, Guillermo, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.. 2010. Latin American Party Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Wilkinson, Steven. 2007. “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction.” In Patrons, Clients and Policies in Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, eds. Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven I.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1–49.Google Scholar

Koellner, Patrick. 2009. “Japanese Lower House Campaigns in Transition: Manifest Changes or Fleeting Fads?” Journal of East Asian Studies 9: 121–49.Google Scholar

Kopecky, Petr 2006. “The Rise of the Power Monopoly: Political Parties in the Czech Republic.” In Post Communist Eu-Member States: Parties and Party Systems., ed. Jungerstam-Mulders, Suanne. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Kunicová, Jana, and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2005. “Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption.” British Journal of Political Science 35: 573–606.Google Scholar

Lago, Ignacio, and Montero, José Ramón. 2006. “The 2004 Election in Spain: Terrorism, Accountability, and Voting.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 2: 13–36.Google Scholar

Lago, Ignacio, and Montero, José Ramón. 2013. “Defining and Measuring Party System Nationalization.” European Political Science Review First View 6, 2: 1–21.Google Scholar

Lago-Peñas, Ignacio, and Lago-Peñas, Santiago. 2009. “Does the Nationalization of Party Systems Affect the Composition of Public Spending?” Economics of Governance 10: 85–98.Google Scholar

Lago-Peñas, Ignacio, and Lago-Peñas, Santiago. 2011. “Descentralización Y Voto Económico En España.” Reis 136: 111–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Adrian. 1988. “The Persistence of Difference: Electoral Change in Cornwall.” Paper presented at the Political Studies Association Conference, Plymouth.Google Scholar

Leithner, Christian. 1997. “Electoral Nationalisation, Dealignment and Realignment: Australia and the Us, 1900–88.” Australian Journal of Political Science 32: 205–22.Google Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Fraile, Marta. 2013. “Multi-Dimensional Economic Voting in Spain: The 2008 Election.” Electoral Studies, 32: 465–69.Google Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Ratto, Maria Celeste. 2013. “Economic Voting in Latin America: A General Model.” Electoral Studies 32: 489–93.Google Scholar

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Stegmaier, Mary. 2000. “Economic Determinants of Electoral Outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 3: 183–219.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1969. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lin, Lawrence I-Kuei. 1989. “A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility.” Biometrics 45: 255–68.Google Scholar

Lin, Lawrence I-Kuei. 2000. “A Note on the Concordance Correlation Coefficient.” Biometrics 56: 324–25.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan J., and Montero, José R.. 2001. “The Party Systems of Spain: Old Cleavages and New Challenges.” In Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited, eds. Karvonen, Lauri L. and Kuhnle, Stein. London: Routledge. 150–96.Google Scholar

Llanos, Mariana. 1998. “El Presidente, El Congreso, Y La Politica De Privatizaciones En La Argentina (1989–97).” Desarrollo Economico 38: 743–70.Google Scholar

Lundberg, Thomas Carl 2005. “Second-Class Representatives? Mixed-Member Proportional Representation in Britain.” Parliamentary Affairs 59: 60–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Madrid, Raul. 2012. The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, and Zoco, Edurne. 2007. “Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition.” Party Politics 13: 155–78.Google Scholar

Manin, Bernard, Przeworksi, Adam, and Stokes, Susan C.. 1990. “Elections and Representatio.” In Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, eds. Przeworksi, Adam, Manin, Bernard, and Stokes, Susan C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David. 1974a. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David. 1974b. “Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals.” Polity: 295–317.Google Scholar

McCubbins, Mathew, and Rosenbluth, Frances. 1995. “Party Provision for Personal Politics: Dividing the Vote in Japan.” In Structure and Policy in Japan and the United States, eds. Cowhey, Peter F. and McCubbins, Mathew. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Michels, Robert. 1915. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Translated by Eden, and Paul, Cedar. New York: Collier Books.Google Scholar

Montero, Alfred P. 2007. “The Limits of Decentralisation: Legislative Careers and Territorial Representation in Spain.” West European Politics 30: 573–94.Google Scholar

Moraes, Juan Andres. 2008. “Why Factions? Candidate Selection and Legislative Politics in Uruguay.” In Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, eds. Siavelis, Peter and Morgenstern, Scott. University Park: University of Pennsylvania. 164–86.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott. 2001. “Organized Factions and Disorganized Parties: Electoral Incentives in Uruguay.” Party Politics 7: 235–56.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott. 2004. Patterns of Legislative Politics: Roll call vot ing in Latin America and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Calvo, Ernesto, Chasquetti, Daniel, and Magallanes, Jose Manuel. 2014. “Bill Co-Sponsorship and the Electoral Connection in Comparative Perspective.” Paper prepared for American Political Science Association Meeting. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Polga Hecimovich, John, and Siavelis, Peter. 2012. “Ni Chicha Ni Limoná: Party Nationalization in Pre- and Post-Authoritarian Chile.” Party Politics 20: 751–65.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, and Potthoff, Richard F.. 2005. “The Components of Elections: District Heterogeneity, District-Time Effects, and Volatility.” Electoral Studies 24: 17–40.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Hecimovich, John Polga, and Siavelis, Peter. 2012. “Ni Chicha Ni Limoná: Party Nationalization in Pre- and Post-Authoritarian Chile.” Party Politics 20: 751–65.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Hecimovich, John Polga, and Siavelis, Peter. 2014. “Seven Imperatives for Improving the Measurement of Party Nationalization with Evidence from Chile.” Electoral Studies 33: 186–99.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Swindle, Stephen, and Castagnola, Andrea. 2009. “Party Nationalization and Institutions.” Journal of Politics 71:4, 1322–41.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, Smith, Noah, and Tresses, Alejandro. 2017. “How Party Nationalization Conditions Economic Voting.” Electoral Studies. 47: 136–45.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, and Swindle, Stephen. 2005. “Are Politics Local? An Analysis of Voting Patterns in 23 Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 38: 143–70.Google Scholar

Morgenstern, Scott, and Vázquez-D’Elía, Javier. 2007. “Electoral Systems, Parties and Party Systems in Latin America.” Annual Review of Poltiical Science 10: 143–68.Google Scholar

Moser, Robert G., and Scheiner, Ethan. 2012. Electoral Systems and Political Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mustillo, Thomas, and Jung, Yoo-Sun. 2016. “Distinguishing Territorial Structure from Electoral Adventurism: The Sources of Static and Dynamic Nationalization.” Electoral Studies.Google Scholar

Mustillo, Thomas, and Mustillo, Sarah. 2012. “Party Nationalization in a Multilevel Context: Where’s the Variance?” Electoral Studies 31: 422–33Google Scholar

Nielson, Daniel. 2003. “Supplying Trade Reform: Political Institutions and Liberalization in Middle-Income Presidential Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47: 470–91.Google Scholar

Pachon, Monica, and Shugart, Matthew. 2010. “Electoral Reform and the Mirror Image of Inter-Party and Intra-Party Competition: The Adoption of Party Lists in Colombia.” Electoral Studies 29: 648–60.Google Scholar

Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Pekkanen, Robert, Byblade, Benjamin, and Krauss, Ellis S.. 2006. “Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems: Party, Posts, and Zombie Politicians in Japan.” American Political Science Review, 100: 188–93.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2004. “Constitutions and Economic Policy.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18: 75–98.Google Scholar

Persson, Torsten, Tabellini, Guido, and Trebbi, Francesco. 2003. “Electoral Rules and Corruption.” Journal of the European Economic Association 1: 958–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pilet, Jean-Benoit, and Renwick, Alan. “Electoral System Change in Europe since 1945.” Université libre de Bruxelles, University of Reading.Google Scholar

Polga Hecimovich, John. n.d. “Thinking Strategically: A Theory of Party (De-) Nationalization, with Evidence from Latin America.”Google Scholar

Poggi, Nicolás. 2013. “Cristina Presentó a Sus Candidatos Con Una Fuerte Apuesta Para ‘Nacionalizar’ La Elección.” Agencia Nova: Noticias de Provincia de Buenos Aires, 6/29.Google Scholar

Polga Hecimovich, John. 2014. “Hacía Una Superación Del Clivaje Regional? La Evolución De La Nacionalización De Los Partidos Políticos Ecuatorianos Desde El Retorno a La Democracia.” América Latina Hoy 67: 91–118.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith T, and Rosenthal, Howard. 1996. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham, and Whitten, Guy. 1993. “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 391–414.Google Scholar

Preece, Jessica R. 2014. “How the Party Can Win in Personal Vote Systems: The ‘Selectoral Connection’ and Legislative Voting in Lithuania.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 39: 147–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pridham, Geoffrey. 1973. “A ‘Nationalization’ process? Federal Politics and State Elections in West Germany.” Government and Opposition 8: 455–72.Google Scholar

Primo, David M., and Snyder, James M. Jr. 2010. “Party Strength, the Personal Vote, and Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science 54: 354–70.Google Scholar

Randall, Vicky, and Svasand, Lars. 2002. “Party Institutionalization in New Democracies.” Party Politics 8: 5–29.Google Scholar

Ranney, Austin. 1954. The Doctrine of Responsible Party Government: Its Origins and Present State. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Reed, Steven 2003. Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Reed, Steven, Scheiner, Ethan, and Thies, Michael. 2012. “The End of LDP Dominance and the Rise of Party-Oriented Politics in Japan.” Journal of Japanese Studies 38: 353–76.Google Scholar

Reilly, Benjamin. 2002. “Electoral Systems for Divided Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 13: 156–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth M. 2014. Changing Course in Latin America: Party Systems in the Neoliberal Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth M., and Wibbels, Erik. 1999. “Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin American: A Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations.” American Political Science Review 93: 575–90.Google Scholar

Rodden, Jonathan, and Wibbels, Erik. 2011. “Dual Accountability and the Nationalization of Party Competition: Evidence from Four Federations.” Electoral Studies 17: 629–53.Google Scholar

Rokkan, Stein. 1970. Citizens, Elections, Parties; Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development, Comparative Studies of Political Life, 1. New York: McKay.Google Scholar

Rose, Richard, and Urwin, Derek W. 1975. Regional Differentiation and Political Unity in Western Nations. Ed. Rose, Richard, Contemporary Political Sociology Series. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Rosenbluth, Frances, and Thies, Michael. 2010. Japan Transformed: Political Change and Economic Restructuring. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Saiegh, Sebastian. 2010. “Active Players or Rubber Stamps? An Evaluation of the Policymaking Role of Latin American Legislatures.” In How Democracy Works: Political Institutions, Actors, and Arenas in Latin American Policymaking, eds. Scartascini, Carlos, Stein, Ernesto, and Tommasi, Mariano. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar

Samuels, David. 2002. “Pork Barreling Is Not Credit Claiming or Advertising: Campaign Finance and the Sources of the Personal Vote in Brazil.” Journal of Politics 64: 845–63.Google Scholar

Schattschneider, E.E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realists View of Democracy in America. Hinsdale: Dryden Press.Google Scholar

Scheiner, Ethan. 2006. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scheiner, Ethan. 2012. “The Electoral System and Japan’s Partial Transformation: Party System Consolidation without Policy Realignment.” Journal of East Asian Studies 12: 351–79.Google Scholar

Sengupta, Somini. 2009. “Local Issues Dominate as India Votes.” New York Times, 4/16.Google Scholar

Shin, Jae Hyeok. 2017. “The Choice of Candidate-Centered Electoral Systems in New Democracies.” Party Politics 23:2, 160–71.Google Scholar

Shugart, Matthew S., and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds. 1993. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Shugart, Matthew S., and Carey, John. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Siavelis, Peter M. 1997. “Continuity and Change in the Chilean Party System: On the Transformational Effects of Electoral Reform.” Comparative Political Studies 30: 651–74.Google Scholar

Simon, Pablo. 2013. “The Combined Impact of Decentralisation and Personalism on the Nationalisation of Party Systems.” Political Studies 61: 24–44.Google Scholar

Simmons, Joel, Hicken, Allen, Kollman, Ken, and Nooruddin, Irfan. 2011. “Dividing the Spoils: Party Nationalization, Credibility, and Foreign Direct Investment.” Unpub.Google Scholar

Singer, Matthew M. 2010. “Who Says ‘It’s the Economy’? Cross-National and Cross-Individual Variation in the Salience of Economic Performance.” Comparative Political Studies 44: 284–312.Google Scholar

Sorauf, Frank J. 1980. Party Politics in America. Boston: Brown, Little.Google Scholar

Steele, Abbey. 2011. “Electing Displacement: Political Cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55: 423–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stokes, Donald. 1965. “A Variance Components Model of Political Effects.” In Mathematical Applications in Political Science, ed. Claunch, J. M.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University.Google Scholar

Stokes, Donald. 1967. “Parties and the Nationalization of Electoral Forces.” In The American Party Systems: States of Political Development, eds. Chambers, W. N. and Burnham, W. D.. New York: Oxford University Press. 182–202.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 1990. Minority Government and Majority Rule Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Su, Yen-Pin. 2013. “Party Registration Rules and Party Systems in Latin America.” Party Politics 21, 2: 295–308.Google Scholar

Summers, Lawrence H. 1994. “Forward.” In Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment, eds. Haggard, Stephan and Webb, Steven B.. World Bank and Oxford University Press. ix–xiiGoogle Scholar

Sundquist, James L. 1973. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Thames, Frank C. 2001. “Legislative Voting Behavior in the Russian Duma: Understanding the Effect of Mandate.” Europe-Asia Studies 53: 869–84.Google Scholar

Thames, Frank C. 2005. “A House Divided: Party Strength and the Mandate Divide in Hungary, Russia, and Ukraine.” Comparative Political Studies 38: 282–303.Google Scholar

Vertz, Laura L., Frendreis, John P., and Gibson, James L.. 1987. “Nationalization of the Electorate in the United States.” The American Political Science Review 81: 961–66.Google Scholar

Wallack, Jessica Seddon, Gaviria, Alejandro, Panizza, Ugo, and Stein, Ernesto. 2003. “Particularism around the World.” World Bank Economic Review 17.Google Scholar

Weber, Eugen. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Wittenberg, Jason. 2008. “How Similar Are They? Rethinking Electoral Congruence.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the MPSA, Chicago.Google Scholar

Zelaznik, Javier. 2012. “Agenda Presidencial Y Apoyo Legislativo: El Peronismo Como Partido De Gobierno.” In Los Legisladores Den El Congreso Argentino, eds. Mustapic, Ana María, Bonvecchi, Alejandro, and Zelaznik, Javier. Buenos Aires: Instituto Torcuato Di Tella. 61–112.Google Scholar

Zellner, Arnold. 1962. “An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations and Tests for Aggregation Bias.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 57: 348–68.Google Scholar