Foreign reactions to the United States are remarkably contradictory. In large parts of Europe there was a spontaneous outpouring of solidarity with the American people immediately after the 9/11 attacks, and in a widely quoted headline, the elite French newspaper Le Monde, normally the exemplar of condescension toward the United States, proclaimed, “We are all Americans now.” However, within months, much of the European media and intellectual elites shifted toward fiercely critical attitudes, and opinion polls showed alarming increases in negative views of American policies and of the United States itself. Elsewhere, especially in Arab and Muslim countries and portions of the developing world, pervasive hostility has been widely evident. Yet many of the same people who denounce the United States and demonstrate against the Great Satan find that the lure of an American education or the employment opportunity provided by a green card exerts an immense attraction.