Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-kc5xb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-14T09:33:02.252Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2021

Charles Boberg
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Accent in North American Film and Television
A Sociophonetic Analysis
, pp. 324 - 342
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahrend, Evelyn R. 1934. Ontario speech. American Speech 9/2: 136139.Google Scholar
Aitchison, Jean, and Lewis, Diana M. (eds.). 2003. New Media Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Allen, Harold Byron. 19731976. The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest in Three Volumes. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Alvarez-Pereyre, Michael. 2011. Using film as linguistic specimen: Theoretical and practical issues. In Piazza, Robert, Bednarek, Monika, and Rossi, Fabio (eds.), Telecinematic Discourse: Approaches to the Language of Films and Television Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 4967.Google Scholar
Anderson, Bridget L. 1999. Source-language transfer and vowel accommodation in the patterning of Cherokee English /ai/ and /oi/. American Speech 74/4: 339368.Google Scholar
Anderson, Hanah, and Daniels, Matt. 2016. Film dialogue from 2,000 screenplays, broken down by gender and age. The Pudding, April 2016. https://pudding.cool/2017/03/film-dialogue/. Accessed April 2020.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2012. Introduction: Language and society in cinematic discourse. Multilingua 31/2: 139154.Google Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2014a. Mediatization and sociolinguistic change: Key concepts, research traditions, open issues. In Androutsopoulos, Jannis (ed.), Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Androutsopoulos, Jannis (ed.). 2014b. Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, Peter, and Hinskens, Frans. 1996. The convergence and divergence of dialects in Europe: New and not so new developments in an old area. Sociolinguistica 10/1: 130.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter, Hinskens, Frans, and Kerswill, Paul (eds.). 2005. Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S. 1954–1956. Speech differences along the Ontario–United States border. Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 1/1: 1318 (Vocabulary); 1/1 (Regular Series) 14–19 (Grammar); and 2/2: 41–59 (Pronunciation).Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S. 1972. So eh? is Canadian, eh? Canadian Journal of Linguistics 17/2–3: 89104.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S. 1973. The English language in Canada. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 10: Linguistics in North America. The Hague: Mouton, 4074.Google Scholar
Babbitt, E. H. 1896. The English of the lower classes in New York City and vicinity. Dialect Notes 1: 457564.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did southern American English begin? In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), Englishes around the World, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 255275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Guy. 2001. The relationship between African American and White vernaculars in the American South. In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5392.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, and Sand, Lori. 1991. The focus of linguistic innovation in Texas. English World-Wide 12/2: 195214.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan, and Sand, Lori. 1991. The Apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change 3/3: 241264.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan, and Sand, Lori. 1993. Some patterns of linguistic diffusion. Language Variation and Change 5: 359390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ball, Jessica, and May Bernhardt, B.. 2008. First Nations English dialects in Canada: Implications for speech‐language pathology. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 22/8: 570588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baranowski, Maciej. 2007. Phonological Variation and Change in the Dialect of Charleston, South Carolina. Publication of the American Dialect Society No. 92. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Barbaro, Anna. 2019. Women in forensics: An international review. Forensic Science International: Synergy 1: 137139.Google Scholar
Bartelt, H. Guillermo, Penfield-Jasper, Susan, and Hoffer, Bates L. (eds.). 1982. Essays in Native American English. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.Google Scholar
Bayley, Robert. 1994. Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English. Language Variation and Change 6/3: 303326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Kara. 2009. /r/ and the construction of place identity on New York City’s Lower East Side. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13/5: 634658.Google Scholar
Becker, Kara. 2014. (r) we there yet? The change to rhoticity in New York City English. Language Variation and Change 26/2: 141168.Google Scholar
Becker, Kara (ed.). 2019. The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Uniting the Canadian Vowel Shift, the California Vowel Shift, and Short Front Vowel Shifts across North America. Publication of the American Dialect Society 104. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Becker, Kara, Aden, Anna, Best, Katelyn, and Jacobson, Haley. 2016. Variation in West Coast English: The case of Oregon. In Fridland, Valerie et al. (eds.), Speech in the Western States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 107134.Google Scholar
Becker, Kara, and Wong, Amy Wing-mei. 2010. The Short-a system of New York City English: An update. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 15/2: Article 3.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2010. The Language of Fictional Television: Drama and Identity. London and New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2011. The language of fictional television: A case study of the “dramedy” Gilmore Girls. English Text Construction 4/1: 5484.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2012. Constructing “nerdiness”: Characterisation in The Big Bang Theory. Multilingua 31/2: 199229.Google Scholar
Bednarek, Monika. 2018. Language and Television Series: A Linguistic Approach to TV Dialogue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1982. Radio: The style of news language. Journal of Communication 32/1: 150164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1983. Broadcast news as a language standard. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 40: 2942.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1984. Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13/2: 145204.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1991a. Audience accommodation in the mass media. In Giles, Howard, Coupland, Nikolas, and Coupland, Justine (eds.), Contexts of Accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 69102.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1991b. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1995. Language and the media. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 15: 2341.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan, and Gibson, Andy. 2011. Staging language: An introduction to the sociolinguistics of performance. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15/5: 555572.Google Scholar
Benson, Erica J., Fox, Michael J., and Balkman, Jared. 2011. The bag that Scott bought: The low vowels in northwest Wisconsin. American Speech 86/3: 271311.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Cynthia, Nunnally, Thomas, and Sabino, Robin (eds.). 1997. Language Variety in the South Revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Berton, Pierre. 1997. 1967: The Last Good Year. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.Google Scholar
Bigham, Douglas S. 2010. Correlation of the low-back vowel merger and TRAP-retraction. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 15/2, Selected Papers from NWAV 37: Article 4.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Morton. 1948. Canadian English and its relation to eighteenth century American speech. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 47: 5967.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2000. Geolinguistic diffusion and the U.S.-Canada border. Language Variation and Change 12: 124.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2001. The phonological status of western New England. American Speech 76: 329.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2004. Ethnic patterns in the phonetics of Montreal English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8/4: 538568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2005. The Canadian shift in Montreal. Language Variation and Change 17/2: 133154.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2008. Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English. Journal of English Linguistics 36/2: 129154.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2010. The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2011. Reshaping the vowel system: An index of phonetic innovation in Canadian English. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 17/2: 2029.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2014. Ethnic divergence in Montreal English. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 59/1: 5582.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2018. New York City English in film: Phonological change in reel time. American Speech 93/2: 153185.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2019a. A closer look at the Short Front Vowel Shift in Canada. Journal of English Linguistics 47/2: 91119.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2019b. The North American Low-Back-Merger Shift: A continental sound change. In Becker, Kara (ed.), The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Uniting the Canadian Vowel Shift, the California Vowel Shift, and Short Front Vowel Shifts across North America. Publication of the American Dialect Society 104. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 5673.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2020a. Diva diction: Hollywood’s leading ladies and the rise of General American English. American Speech 95/4: 441484.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2020b. Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and change in loan phonology. Journal of English Linguistics 48/1: 3171.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles, and Strassel, Stephanie. 1995. Phonological change in Cincinnati. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 2/2: 2535.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles, and Strassel, Stephanie. 2000. Short-a in Cincinnati: A change in progress. Journal of English Linguistics 28: 108126.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul, and Weenink, David. 2012. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [computer program]. Version 5.3.37. www.praat.org/. Accessed March 2013.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2010. Supralocal regional dialect levelling. In Llamas, Carmen and Watt, Dominic (eds.), Language and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 193204.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary. 2003. Sociolinguistic nostalgia and the authentication of identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/3: 398416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary. 2010. White Kids: Language, Race, and Styles of Youth Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary, and Lopez, Qiuana. 2011. Performing blackness, forming whiteness: Linguistic minstrelsy in Hollywood film. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15/5: 680706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle. 2008. The localization of global linguistic variants. English World-Wide 29/1: 1544.Google Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle, and D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2009. Localized globalization: A multi-local, multivariate investigation of quotative be like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13/3: 291331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callary, Robert E. 1975. Phonological change and the development of an urban dialect in Illinois. Language in Society 4: 155169.Google Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2011. Intersecting variables and perceived sexual orientation in men. American Speech 86/1: 5268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Phillip M., Valdez, Lydda López, and Sims, Nandi. 2020. New dialect formation through language contact: Vocalic and prosodic developments in Miami English. American Speech 95/2: 119148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carvalho, Ana Maria. 2004. I speak like the guys on TV: Palatalization and the urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese. Language Variation and Change 16/2: 127151.Google Scholar
Carver, Craig. 1987. American Regional Dialects. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G., and Hall, Joan Houston (eds.). 1985–2012. Dictionary of American Regional English. 5 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Celeta, Chiara, and Calamai, Silvia (eds.). 2014. Advances in Sociophonetics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1973. Canadian raising. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 18/2: 113135.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1994. An introduction to dialect topography. English World-Wide 15/1: 3553.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1995. Sociolinguistic Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1998. TV makes people sound the same. In Bauer, Laurie and Trudgill, Peter (eds.), Language Myths. New York: Penguin, 123131.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2006a. Canadian Raising retrospect and prospect. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51/2–3: 105118.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2006b. The development of Canadian English. In Bolton, Kinglsey and Kachru, Braj B. (eds.), World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. London: Routledge, 383395.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., and Hardwick, Margaret F.. 1986. Comparative sociolinguistics of a sound change in Canadian English. English World-Wide 7/1: 2346.Google Scholar
Christian, Donna, Wolfram, Walt, and Dube, Nanjo. 1984. Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 1991. Phonological variation and recent language change in St. John’s English. In Cheshire, Jenny (ed.), English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 109122.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2004. Newfoundland English: Phonology. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 366382.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2010. Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra, Elms, Ford, and Youssef, Amani. 1995. The third dialect of English: Some Canadian evidence. Language Variation and Change 7: 209228.Google Scholar
Clayards, Meghan. 2007. measure_formants_point. Praat Script. Modified in April 2016, by Thomas Kettig.Google Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia G., and Pisoni, David B.. 2004. Some acoustic cues for the perceptual categorization of American English regional dialects. Journal of Phonetics 32: 111140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clopper, Cynthia G., Pisoni, David B., and Kenneth, de Jong. 2005. Acoustic characteristics of the vowel systems of six regional varieties of American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 118/3: 16611676.Google Scholar
Coggshall, Elizabeth L. 2008. The prosodic rhythm of two varieties of Native American English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14/2: 19.Google Scholar
Cohen, Paul. 1970. The tensing and raising of short a in the metropolitan area of New York City. MA thesis, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Colby, Sandra L., and Ortman, Jennifer M.. 2014. The Baby Boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060. Current Population Reports, P251141. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.Google Scholar
Coupland, Douglas. 1991. Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2001. Dialect stylisation in radio talk. Language in Society 30/3: 345375.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2003. Sociolinguistic authenticities. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/3: 417431.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2007. Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 2014. Sociolinguistic change, vernacularization and broadcast British media. In Androutsopoulos, Jannis (ed.), Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 6796.Google Scholar
Craig, Beth. 1991. American Indian English. English World-Wide 12/1: 2561.Google Scholar
Crist, Sean. 1997. Duration of onset consonants in gay male stereotyped speech. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4/3: 5370.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2007. A test of the effects of linguistic stereotypes in children’s animated film: A language attitude study. PhD dissertation, University of North Texas.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia, and Bailey, Guy. 2013. Real time and apparent time. In Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 239262.Google Scholar
Cunha, Evandro, Magno, Gabriel, Comarela, Giovanni, Almeida, Virgilio, André Gonçalves, Marcos, and Benevenuto, Fabrício. 2011. Analyzing the dynamic evolution of hashtags on Twitter: A language-based approach. Proceedings of the Workshop on Language in Social Media (LSM 2011), 5865.Google Scholar
Cutler, Cecilia A. 1999. Yorkville crossing: White teens, hip hop and African American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3/4: 428442.Google Scholar
D’Arcy, Alex. 2005. The development of linguistic constraints: Phonological innovations in St. John’s English. Language Variation and Change 17/3: 327355.Google Scholar
Davé, Shilpa S. 2013. Indian Accents: Brown Voice and Racial Performance in American Television and Film. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart, Berkson, Kelly, and Strickler, Alyssa. 2020. Unlocking the mystery of Dialect B: A Note on incipient /aɪ/-raising in Fort Wayne. American Speech 95/2: 149172.Google Scholar
DeCamp, David. 1953. The pronunciation of English in San Francisco. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
DeCamp, David. 1971. The pronunciation of English in San Francisco. In Williamson, Juanita V. and Burke, Virginia M. (eds.), A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 549569.Google Scholar
De Jong, Kenneth. 1998. Stress-related variation in the articulation of coda alveolar stops: Flapping revisited. Journal of Phonetics 26/3: 283310.Google Scholar
De Wolf, Gaelan Dodds. 1992. Social and Regional Factors in Canadian English: A Study of Phonological Variables and Grammatical Items in Ottawa and Vancouver. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.Google Scholar
Denes, Peter B., and Pinson, Elliot N.. 1963. The Speech Chain: The Physics and Biology of Spoken Language. Murray Hill, NJ: Bell Telephone Laboratories.Google Scholar
DiBattista, Maria. 2003. Fast Talking Dames. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dibbets, Karel. 1996. The introduction of sound. In Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (ed.), The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 211219.Google Scholar
Dillard, Joey Lee. 1972. Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dinkin, Aaron J. 2011. Weakening resistance: Progress toward the low back merger in New York State. Language Variation and Change 23/3: 315345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Paolo, Marianna. 1992. Hypercorrection in response to the apparent merger of [/o/ and /oh/] in Utah English. Language & Communication 12/3–4: 267292.Google Scholar
Di Paolo, Marianna, and Yaeger-Dror., Malcah 2011. Sociophonetics: A Student’s Guide. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dodsworth, Robin, and Kohn, Mary. 2012. Urban rejection of the vernacular: The SVS undone. Language and Variation and Change 24: 221245.Google Scholar
Doernberger, Jeremy, and Cerny, Jacob. 2008. The low back merger in Miami. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 14/23: 1115.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, Annette. 2015. Persona-based information shapes linguistic perception: Valley Girls and California vowels. Journal of Sociolinguistics 19/2: 241256.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, Annette, and Benheim, Jaime. 2019. Contextualizing reversal: Local dynamics of the Northern Cities Shift in a Chicago community. Journal of Sociolinguistics 24/4: 469491.Google Scholar
Dragojevic, Marko, Mastro, Dana, Giles, Howard, and Sink, Alexander. 2016. Silencing nonstandard speakers: A content analysis of accent portrayals on American primetime television. Language in Society 45/1: 5985.Google Scholar
Driscoll, Anna, and Lape, Emma. 2015. Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 21/2: Article 6.Google Scholar
Durant, Alan, and Lambrou, Marina. 2009. Language and Media. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Durian, David. 2012. A new perspective on vowel variation across the 19th and 20th centuries in Columbus, OH. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, Maeve. 2008. The low-back merger in the steel city: African American English in Pittsburgh. American Speech 83/3: 284311.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1989. The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1: 245267.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2003. Elephants in the room. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/3: 392397.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2008a. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12/4: 453476.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2008b. Where do ethnolects stop? International Journal of Bilingualism 12: 2542.Google Scholar
Edensor, Kizzi. 2009. Dialect in films: Examples of South Yorkshire grammatical and lexical features from Ken Loach films. Dialectologia: revista electrònica 3: 121.Google Scholar
Eddington, David, and Elzinga, Dirk. 2008. The phonetic context of American English flapping: Quantitative evidence. Language and Speech 51/3: 245266.Google Scholar
Edwards, Walter F. 1996. Sex-based differences in language choice in an African American neighborhood in Detroit. In Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), Focus on the USA. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 183194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, Walter F. 2004. African American Vernacular English: Phonology. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1 . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 383392.Google Scholar
Elliott, Nancy C. 2000a. A sociolinguistic study of rhoticity in American film speech from the 1930s to the 1970s. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Elliott, Nancy C. 2000b. Rhoticity in the accents of American film actors: A sociolinguistic study. Voice and Speech Review 1/1: 103130.Google Scholar
Eisenstein, Jacob. 2018. Identifying regional dialects in on-line social media. In Boberg, Charles, Nerbonne, John, and Watt, Dominic (eds.), The Handbook of Dialectology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 368383.Google Scholar
Esling, John H., and Warkentyne, Henry J.. 1993. Retracting of /æ/ in Vancouver English. In Clarke, Sandra (ed.), Focus on Canadian English. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, 229246.Google Scholar
Fadden, Lorna, and Jenna, LaFrance. 2010. Advancing Aboriginal English. Canadian Journal of Native Education 32: 143155.Google Scholar
Farrington, Charlie, Kendall, Tyler, and Fridland, Valerie. 2018. Vowel dynamics in the Southern Vowel Shift. American Speech 93/2: 186222.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington, DC: Georgetown University School of Language.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1986. More evidence for major vowel change in the South. In Sankoff, David (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 8396.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1990. The dynamics of a sound change in Southern States English: From R-less to R-ful in three generations. In Edmondson, Jerold A., Feagin, Crawford, and Mühlhäusler, Peter (eds.), Development and Diversity: Language Variation across Time and Space: A Festschrift for Charles-James N. Bailey (Summer Institute of Linguistics), 29146.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 1996. Peaks and glides in Southern States short-a. In Guy, Gregory R., Feagin, Crawford, Schiffrin, Deborah, and Baugh, John (eds.), Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honor of William Labov, Volume 1: Variation and Change in Language and Society. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 135160.Google Scholar
Feagin, Crawford. 2003. Vowel shifting in the southern states. In Nagle, Stephen J. and Sanders, Sara L. (eds.), English in the Southern United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 126140.Google Scholar
Fejes, Fred. 2008. Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America’s Debate on Homosexuality. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fischer, John L. 1958. Social influences on the choice of a linguistic variant. Word 14: 4756.Google Scholar
Flanigan, Beverly Olson. 1985. American Indian English and error analysis: The case of Lakota English. English World-Wide 6/2: 217236.Google Scholar
Flanigan, Beverly Olson. 1987. Language variation among Native Americans: Observations on Lakota English. Journal of English Linguistics 20: 181199.Google Scholar
Forchini, Pierfranca. 2017. A multi-dimensional analysis of legal American English: Real-life and cinematic representations compared. International Journal of Language Studies 11: 133150.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 1999. A majority sound change in a minority community: /u/-fronting in Chicano English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3: 523.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2003. Chicano English in Context. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2006. Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Robert Allen, and Jacewicz, Ewa. 2009. Cross-dialectal variation in formant dynamics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126/5: 26032618.Google Scholar
Frazer, Timothy C. 1978. South Midland pronunciation in the North Central states. American Speech 53: 4048.Google Scholar
Frazer, Timothy C. 1983. Sound change and social structure in a rural community. Language in Society 12/3: 313328.Google Scholar
Freeman, Valerie. 2014. Bag, beg, bagel: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English. University of Washington Working Papers in Linguistics 32: 123.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie. 1999. The southern shift in Memphis, Tennessee. Language Variation and Change 11/3: 267285.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie. 2001. The social dimension of the Southern Vowel Shift: Gender, age and class. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5/2: 233253.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie. 2008. Patterns of /uw/, /ʊ/, and /ow/ fronting in Reno, Nevada. American Speech 83/4: 432454.Google Scholar
Fridland, Valerie, Kendall, Tyler, and Farrington, Charlie. 2014. Durational and spectral differences in American English vowels: Dialect variation within and across regions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136/1: 341349.Google Scholar
Fruehwald, Josef. 2016. The early influence of phonology on a phonetic change. Language 92/2: 376410.Google Scholar
Fry, Dennis Butler. 1979. The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gaudio, Rudolf P. 1994. Sounding gay: Pitch properties in the speech of gay and straight men. American Speech 69/1: 3057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genee, Inge, and Stigter, Shelley. 2010. Not just “broken English”: Some grammatical characteristics of Blackfoot English. Canadian Journal of Native Education 32: 6282.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard, Coupland, Nikolas, and Coupland, Justine. 1991. Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. In Giles, Howard, Coupland, Nikolas, and Coupland, Justine (eds.), Contexts of Accommodation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, Elaine. 2008. Canadian Eh? from Eh to Zed. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies 19/2: 141156.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2000. Phonological correlates of ethnic identity: Evidence of divergence? American Speech 75:115136.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2006. Tracking the low back merger in Missouri. In Murray, Thomas E. and Simon, Beth Lee (eds.), Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at “Heartland” English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5768.Google Scholar
Grandgent, Charles Hall. 1920. Old and New: Sundry Papers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Green, Lisa J. 2002. African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gregg, R. J. 1957a. Notes on the pronunciation of Canadian English as spoken in Vancouver, B.C. Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 3/1: 2026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregg, R. J. 1957b. Neutralisation and fusion of vocalic phonemes in Canadian English as spoken in the Vancouver area. Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 3/2: 7883.Google Scholar
Gregg, R. J., et al. 2004. The Survey of Vancouver English: A Sociolinguistic Study of Urban Canadian English. Occasional Papers No. 5. Kingston, ON: Strathy Language Unit.Google Scholar
Grieve, Jack, Asnaghi, Costanza, and Ruette, Tom. 2013. Site-restricted web searches for data collection in regional dialectology. American Speech 88/4: 413440.Google Scholar
Grieve, Jack, Speelman, Dirk, and Geeraerts, Dirk. 2011. A statistical method for the identification and aggregation of regional linguistic variation. Language Variation and Change 23/2: 193221.Google Scholar
Habick, Timothy. 1993. Farmer City, Illinois: Sound systems shifting south. In Frazer, Timothy C. (ed.), “Heartland” English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 97124.Google Scholar
Hagiwara, Robert. 1997. Dialect variation and formant frequency: The American English vowel system revisited. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102: 655658.Google Scholar
Hagiwara, Robert. 2006. Vowel production in Winnipeg. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51/2–3: 127141.Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren. 2010. Ethnicity and Phonetic Variation in a San Francisco Neighborhood. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren. 2013. “Flip-flop” and mergers-in-progress. English Language & Linguistics 17/2: 359390.Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, Eiswirth, Mirjam, Valentinsson, Mary-Caitlyn, and Cotter, William. 2017. Northern Arizona vowels. In Fridland, Valerie, Wassink, Alicia Beckford, Kendall, Tyler, and Evans, Betsy E. (eds.), Speech in the Western States, Vol. 2: The Mountain West. Publication of the American Dialect Society 102. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 5982.Google Scholar
Hanna, David B. 1997. Do I sound “Asian” to you? Linguistic markers of Asian American identity. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 4/2: 141153.Google Scholar
Harrington, Jonathan, Palethorpe, Sallyanne, and Watson, Catherine I.. 2000a. Does the Queen speak the Queen’s English? Nature 408: 927928.Google Scholar
Harrington, Jonathan, Palethorpe, Sallyanne, and Watson, Catherine I.. 2000b. Monophthongal vowel changes in received pronunciation: An acoustic analysis of the Queen’s Christmas broadcasts. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 30/1–2: 6378.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk. 2005. Mergers in the mountains: West Virginia division and unification. English World-Wide 26/2: 199221.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk, Hamilton, Sarah, and Vacovsky, Sarah. 2011. The fall of demonstrative them: Evidence from Appalachia. English World-Wide 32/1: 74103.Google Scholar
Henderson, Anita. 1996. The short “a” pattern of Philadelphia among African-American speakers. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 3/1: 127140.Google Scholar
Herold, Ruth. 1990. Mechanisms of merger: The implementation and distribution of the low back merger in Eastern Pennsylvania. Doctoral dissertation, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Herold, Ruth. 1997. Solving the actuation problem: Merger and immigration in eastern Pennsylvania. Language Variation and Change 9/2: 165189.Google Scholar
Heyd, Theresa. 2010. How you guys doin’? Staged orality and emerging plural address in the television series Friends. American Speech 85/1: 3366.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2002. The Atlantic edge: The relationship between Irish English and Newfoundland English. English World-Wide 23/2: 283316.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond (ed.). 2017. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hillenbrand, James, Getty, Laura A., Clark, Michael J., and Wheeler, Kimberlee. 1995. Acoustic characteristics of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97/5: 30993111.Google Scholar
Hinton, Leanne, Moonwomon, Birch, Bremner, Sue, Luthin, Herb, Van Clay, Mary, Lerner, Jean, and Corcoran, Hazel. 1987. It’s not just the Valley Girls: A study of California English. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 14–16, Berkeley, CA, 117128.Google Scholar
Hockett, Charles F. 1950. Age-grading and linguistic continuity. Language 26: 449457.Google Scholar
Hodson, Jane. 2014. Dialect in Film and Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michol F. 2010. The role of social factors in the Canadian Vowel Shift: Evidence from Toronto. American Speech 85/2: 121140.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michol F., and Walker, James A.. 2010. Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change 22/1: 37.Google Scholar
Hollett, Pauline. 2006. Investigating St. John’s English: Real- and Apparent-time perspectives. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51/2–3: 143160.Google Scholar
Houston, Ann Celeste. 1985. Continuity and change in English morphology: The variable (ING). Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Howe, Neil, and Strauss, Bill. 1993. 13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Huang, Yuan, Guo, Diansheng, Kasakoff, Alice, and Grieve, Jack. 2016. Understanding US regional linguistic variation with Twitter data analysis. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 59: 244255.Google Scholar
Hubbell, Allan Forbes. 1950. The Pronunciation of English in New York City: Consonants and Vowels. New York: King’s Crown Press, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Ingemann, Frances. 1968. Identification of the speaker’s sex from voiceless fricatives. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 44/4: 11421144.Google Scholar
Irons, Terry Lynn. 2007. On the status of low back vowels in Kentucky English: More evidence of merger. Language Variation and Change 19/2: 137180.Google Scholar
Ito, Rika. 2010. Accommodation to the local majority norm by Hmong Americans in the Twin Cities, Minnesota. American Speech 85/2: 141162.Google Scholar
Jacewicz, Ewa, and Fox, Robert Allen. 2013. Cross-dialectal differences in dynamic formant patterns in American English vowels. In Stewart Morrison, Geoffrey and Assmann, Peter F. (eds.), Vowel Inherent Spectral Change. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer, 177198.Google Scholar
Jacewicz, Ewa, Fox, Robert Allen, and Salmons, Joseph. 2007. Vowel duration in three American English dialects. American Speech 82/4, 367385.Google Scholar
Jacewicz, Ewa, Fox, Robert Allen, and Salmons, Joseph. 2011a. Cross-generational vowel change in American English. Language Variation and Change 23/1, 4586.Google Scholar
Jacewicz, Ewa, Fox, Robert Allen, and Salmons, Joseph. 2011b. Vowel change across three age groups of speakers in three regional varieties of American English. Journal of Phonetics 39/4, 683693.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Greg. 1996. Lesbian and gay male language use: A critical review of the literature. American Speech 71/1: 4971.Google Scholar
Jeong, Sunwoo. 2017. Iconization of sociolinguistic variables: The case of archetypal female characters in classic Hollywood cinema. In Zirker, Angelika, Bauer, Matthias, Fischer, Olga, and Ljungberg, Christina (eds.), Dimensions of Iconicity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 263286.Google Scholar
Johnson, Bruce Lee. 1971. The Western Pennsylvania dialect of American English. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 1/2: 6973.Google Scholar
Johnson, Daniel Ezra. 2010. Stability and Change along a Dialect Boundary: The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England. Publication of the American Dialect Society 95. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara, Bhasin, Neeta, and Wittkofski, Denise. 2002. “Dahntahn” Pittsburgh: Monophthongal /aw/ and representations of localness in Southwestern Pennsylvania. American Speech 77/2: 148166.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barabara, and Kiesling, Scott F.. 2008. Indexicality and experience: Exploring the meanings of /aw/-monophthongization in Pittsburgh. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12/1: 533.Google Scholar
Joos, Martin. 1942. A phonological dilemma in Canadian English. Language 18: 141144.Google Scholar
Kaye, Jonathan. 2012. Canadian Raising, eh? In Cyran, Eugeniusz, Kardela, Henryk, and Szymanek, Bogdan (eds.), Sound Structure and Sense: Studies in Memory of Edmund Gussmann. Lublin, Poland: Wydawnictwo KUL, 321352.Google Scholar
Kendall, Tyler, and Fridland, Valerie. 2017. Regional relationships among the low vowels of US English: Evidence from production and perception. Language Variation and Change 29/2: 245271.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Robert, and Grama, James. 2012. Chain shifting and centralization in California vowels: An acoustic analysis. American Speech 87/1: 3956.Google Scholar
Kenyon, John S. 1924. American Pronunciation. Ann Arbor, MI: George Wahr.Google Scholar
Kenyon, John S. 1926. Some notes on American R. American Speech 1/6: 329339.Google Scholar
Kenyon, John S. 1930. Flat a and broad a. American Speech 5/4: 323326.Google Scholar
Kenyon, John S., and Knott, Thomas A.. 1953. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 1994. Dialects Converging: Rural Speech in Urban Norway. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2003. Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In Britain, David and Cheshire, Jenny (eds.), Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 223243.Google Scholar
Kettig, Thomas, and Winter, Bodo. 2017. Producing and perceiving the Canadian Vowel Shift: Evidence from a Montreal community. Language Variation and Change 29/1: 79100.Google Scholar
Kozloff, Sarah. 2000. Overhearing Film Dialogue. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Krapp, George Philip. 1925. The English Language in America (2 vols.). New York: The Century Co./The Modern Language Association of America.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore. 1998. The role of standard ideology in the disappearance of the traditional Danish dialects. Folia Linguistica 32/1–2: 115129.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore. 2001. Two standards: One for the media and one for the school. Language Awareness 10/1: 924.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore. 2009. The macro-level social meanings of late-modern Danish accents. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 41/1: 167192.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Tore. 2014. Does mediated language influence immediate language? In Androutsopoulos, Jannis (ed.), Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 99126.Google Scholar
Kulick, Don. 2000. Gay and lesbian language. Annual Review of Anthropology 29/1: 243285.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1928. The Origins of the dialectal differences in spoken American English. Modern Philology 25/4: 385395.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1949. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans, and McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans, et al. 1939–1943. Linguistic Atlas of New England. 3 vols. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19: 273309.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1969. Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45: 715762.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1970. The logic of nonstandard English. In Williams, Frederick (ed.), Language and Poverty. New York: Academic Press, 153189.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972b. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972c. Negative attraction and negative concord in English grammar. Language 48/4: 773818.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1980. The social origins of sound change. In Labov, William (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space. New York: Academic Press, 251265.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1981. Resolving the neogrammarian controversy. Language 57: 267308.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1990. The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2: 205254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William. 1991. The three dialects of English. In Eckert, Penelope (ed.), New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change. New York: Academic Press, 144.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistics Change, Vol. 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83/2: 344387.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin: Mouton/De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Cohen, Paul, Robins, Clarence, and Lewis, John. 1968. A Study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. Report on Co-operative Research Project 3288. New York: Columbia University.Google Scholar
Labov, William, and Harris, Wendell A.. 1986. De facto segregation of black and white vernaculars. In Sankoff, David (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 124.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Karen, Mark, and Miller, Corey. 1991. Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast. Language Variation and Change 3/1: 3374.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Rosenfelder, Ingrid, and Fruehwald, Josef. 2013. One hundred years of sound change in Philadelphia: Linear incrementation, reversal, and reanalysis. Language 89/1: 3065.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Yaeger, Malcah, and Steiner, Richard. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Regional Survey.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter, and Johnson, Keith. 2015. A Course in Phonetics, Seventh Edition. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Laferrière, Martha. 1979. Ethnicity in phonological variation and change. Language 55: 603617.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonia L. (ed.). 2001. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.). 2015. The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leap, William L. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Leap, William L. 1996. Word’s Out: Gay Men’s English. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Sinae. 2018. Patterns of the mainstream sound change in a liminal region: Low back merger in Washington DC. Journal of English Linguistics 46/4: 267292.Google Scholar
Leechman, Douglas, and Hall, Robert A.. 1955. American Indian Pidgin English: Attestations and grammatical peculiarities. American Speech 30/3: 163171.Google Scholar
Levon, Erez. 2006. Hearing “gay”: Prosody, interpretation, and the affective judgments of men’s speech. American Speech 81/1: 5678.Google Scholar
Levon, Erez. 2007. Sexuality in context: Variation and the sociolinguistic perception of identity. Language in Society 36/4: 533554.Google Scholar
Library of Congress. American English Dialect Recordings: The Center for Applied Linguistics Collection. www.loc.gov/collections/american-english-dialect-recordings-from-the-center-for-applied-linguistics/. Accessed May 26, 2021.Google Scholar
Lieberman, Philip, and Blumstein, Sheila E.. 1988. Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Linville, Sue Ellen. 1998. Acoustic correlates of perceived versus actual sexual orientation in men’s speech. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 50/1: 3548.Google Scholar
Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1997. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lo, Adrienne, and Reyes, Angela. 2004. Language, identity and relationality in Asian Pacific America: An introduction. Pragmatics 14/2–3: 115125.Google Scholar
Luthin, Herbert W. 1987. The story of California (ow): The coming-of-age of English in California. In Denning, Keith M. (ed.), Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford. Stanford, CA: Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, 312324.Google Scholar
Maegaard, Marie, Jensen, Torben Juel, Kristiansen, Tore, and Jørgensen, Jens Normann. 2013. Diffusion of language change: Accommodation to a moving target. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17/1: 336.Google Scholar
Majors, Tivoli. 2005. Low back vowel merger in Missouri speech: Acoustic description and explanation. American Speech 80/2: 165179.Google Scholar
Mandala, Susan. 2007. Solidarity and the Scoobies: An analysis of the -y suffix in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Language and Literature 16/1: 5373.Google Scholar
Mann, William J. 2001. Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910–1969. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Marckwardt, Albert H. 1957. Principal and Subsidiary Dialect Areas in the North-Central States. Publication of the American Dialect Society No. 27. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Margolis, Jon. 1999. The Last Innocent Year: America in 1964: The Beginning of the “Sixties.” New York: William Morrow and Co.Google Scholar
Marriott, Stephanie. 1997. Dialect and dialectic in a British war film. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1/2: 173193.Google Scholar
Mather, Patrick-André. 2012. The Social stratification of /r/ in New York City: Labov’s department store study revisited. Journal of English Linguistics 40/4: 338356.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Corrine. 2011. The Northern Cities Shift in Chicago. Journal of English Linguistics 39: 166187.Google Scholar
McDavid, Raven I., Jr., and O’Cain, Raymond. 1980. Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (Fasc. 1–2). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McLarty, Jason, Kendall, Tyler, and Farrington, Charlie. 2016. Investigating the development of the contemporary Oregonian English vowel system. In Fridland, Valerie et al. (eds.), Speech in the Western States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 135157.Google Scholar
McMillan, James B., and Montgomery, Michael B.. 1989. Annotated Bibliography of Southern American English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Meek, Barbra A. 2006. And the Injun goes “How!”: Representations of American Indian English in white public space. Language in Society 35/1: 93128.Google Scholar
Mencken, Henry Louis. 1937. The American Language. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma. 2014. Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practice among Latina Youth Gangs. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Allan A. 1972. Directions of change in Southern California English. Journal of English Linguistics 6/1: 2833.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Allan A. 1974. The study of California Chicano English. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1974/2: 5358.Google Scholar
Meyerhoff, Miriam, and Niedzielski, Nancy. 2003. The globalization of vernacular variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4: 534555.Google Scholar
Moonwomon, Birch. 1991. Sound change in San Francisco English. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott, and Thomas, Erik R.. 2007. Origins of Canadian Raising in voiceless-coda effects: A case study in phonologization. Laboratory Phonology 9: 3764.Google Scholar
Muhr, Rudolf. 2003. Language change via satellite: The Influence of German television broadcasting on Austrian German. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 4/1: 103127.Google Scholar
Munson, Benjamin. 2007. The acoustic correlates of perceived masculinity, perceived femininity, and perceived sexual orientation. Language and Speech 50/1: 125142.Google Scholar
Munson, Benjamin, and Babel, Molly. 2007. Loose lips and silver tongues, or, projecting sexual orientation through speech. Language and Linguistics Compass 1/5: 416449.Google Scholar
Munson, Benjamin, McDonald, Elizabeth C., DeBoe, Nancy L., and White, Aubrey R.. 2006. The acoustic and perceptual bases of judgments of women and men’s sexual orientation from read speech. Journal of Phonetics 34/2: 202240.Google Scholar
Murray, Thomas E. 1986. The Language of St. Louis, Missouri: Variation in the Gateway City. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Nagle, Stephen J., and Sanders, Sara L. (eds.). 2003. English in the Southern United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi. 2001. “Live free or die” as a linguistic principle. American Speech 76/1: 3041.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, and Irwin, Patricia. 2010. Boston (r): Neighbo(r)s nea(r) and fa(r). Language Variation and Change 22/2: 241278.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony J. 1981. The social and structural dimensions of syntactic changes. Lingua 57/1: 6398.Google Scholar
Naro, Anthony J., and Pereira Scherre, Maria Marta. 1996. Contact with media and linguistic variation. In Arnold, Jennifer, Blake, Renee, Davidson, Brad, Schwenter, Scott, and Solomon, Julie (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis. Selected Papers from NWAV 23 at Stanford. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 223228.Google Scholar
Nearey, Terrance M. 1978. Phonetic Feature Systems for Vowels. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John. 2009. Data-driven dialectology. Language and Linguistics Compass 3/1: 175198.Google Scholar
Newman, Michael. 2010. Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14/2: 207239.Google Scholar
Newman, Michael. 2014. New York City English. Boston and Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc.Google Scholar
Newman, Michael, and Angela, Wu. 2011. “Do you sound Asian when you speak English”: Racial identification and voice in Chinese and Korean Americans’ English. American Speech 86/2: 152178.Google Scholar
Newmark, Kalina, Walker, Nacole, and Stanford, James. 2016. “The rez accent knows no borders”: Native American ethnic identity expressed through English prosody. Language in Society 45/5: 633664.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Inge Lise. 2003. Traditional dialects of Danish and the de-dialectalization 1900–2000. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 159: 928.Google Scholar
Pederson, Lee, McDaniel, Susan L., and Adams, Carol M. (eds.). 1986–1992. Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (7 vols.). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Penfield, Joyce, and Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob (eds.). 1985. Chicano English: An Ethnic Contact Dialect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.Google Scholar
Peterson, Gordon E., and Barney, Harold L.. 1952. Control methods used in a study of the vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 24: 175184.Google Scholar
Piazza, Roberta, Bednarek, Monika, and Rossi, Fabio (eds.). 2011. Telecinematic Discourse: Approaches to the Language of Films and Television Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B., Bent, Tessa, Munson, Benjamin, Bradlow, Ann R., and Bailey, J. Michael. 2004. The influence of sexual orientation on vowel production (L). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116/4: 19051908.Google Scholar
Pines, Mark A. 1996. The Black presence in American cinema. In Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (ed.), The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 497509.Google Scholar
Podesva, Robert J. 2011. The California vowel shift and gay identity. American Speech 86/1: 3251.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1978. Dialect acquisition among Puerto Rican bilinguals. Language in Society 7: 89103.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana, and Tagliamonte, Sali. 1991. African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change 3/3: 301339.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis, and Niedzielski, Nancy (eds.). 2010. A Reader in Sociophonetics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Purnell, Thomas C. 2009. The Vowel Phonology of Urban Southeastern Wisconsin. Publication of the American Dialect Society 94/1: 191217.Google Scholar
Purnell, Thomas C. 2012. Dialect recordings from the Hanley Collection, 1931–1937. American Speech 87/4: 511513.Google Scholar
Quaglio, Paulo. 2009. Television Dialogue: The Sitcom Friends vs. Natural Conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Queen, Robin M. 1997. “I don’t speak spritch”: Locating lesbian language. In Livia, Anna and Hall, Kira (eds.), Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press, 233256.Google Scholar
Queen, Robin. 2015. Vox Popular: The Surprising Life of Language in the Media. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Queen, Robin. 2018. Working with performed language: Movies, television, and music. In Mallinson, Christine, Childs, Becky, and Van Herk, Gerard (eds.), Data Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and Applications, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 218226.Google Scholar
Randall, , Brad, MD. 2001. Survey of forensic pathologists. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 22/2: 123127.Google Scholar
Reaser, Jeffrey, Wilbanks, Eric, Wojcik, Karissa, and Wolfram, Walt (eds.). 2018. Language Variety in the New South: Contemporary Perspectives on Change and Variation. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Reed, Carroll E. 1952. The pronunciation of English in the State of Washington. American Speech 27: 186189.Google Scholar
Reed, Carroll E. 1961. The pronunciation of English in the Pacific Northwest. Language 37/4: 559564.Google Scholar
Reetz, Henning, and Jongman, Allard. 2009. Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Reid, Mark A. 1996. Oscar Micheaux. In Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (ed.), The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 499.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John E., and Tokimasa, Aiko. 1934. The English dialect of Hawaii. American Speech 9/1: 4858.Google Scholar
Reyes, Angela. 2005. Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9/4: 509532.Google Scholar
Reyes, Angela, and Adrienne, Lo (eds.). 2009. Beyond Yellow English: Toward a Linguistic Anthropology of Asian Pacific America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, Kay. 2010. Television Dramatic Dialogue: A Sociolinguistic Study. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rickford, John Russell. 1999. African American Vernacular English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Roberts, Julian M. 1995. Pidgin Hawaiian: A sociohistorical study. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10/1: 156.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne. 1998. The role of diffusion in the genesis of Hawaiian Creole. Language 74/1: 139.Google Scholar
Roeder, Rebecca. 2010. Northern cities Mexican American English: Vowel production and perception. American Speech 85: 163184.Google Scholar
Roeder, Rebecca. 2012. The Canadian Shift in two Ontario cities. World Englishes 31/4: 478492.Google Scholar
Roeder, Rebecca V., and Jarmasz, Lidia-Gabriela. 2010. The Canadian Shift in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 55/3: 387404.Google Scholar
Roeder, Rebecca V., Onosson, Sky, and D’Arcy, Alexandra. 2018. Joining the western region: Sociophonetic shift in Victoria. Journal of English Linguistics 46/2: 87112.Google Scholar
Rosen, Nicole, and Skriver, Crystal. 2015. Vowel patterning of Mormons in southern Alberta, Canada. Language & Communication 42: 104115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadlier-Brown, Emily. 2012. Homogeneity and autonomy of Canadian Raising. World Englishes 31/4: 534548.Google Scholar
Sadlier-Brown, Emily, and Tamminga, Meredith. 2008. The Canadian Shift: Coast to coast. In Jones, Susie (ed.), Proceedings of the 2008 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association, May 31 to June 2, Vancouver. Toronto: Canadian Linguistic Association, 114.Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian, and Blondeau, Hélène. 2007. Language change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French. Language 83/3: 560588.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto. 1996. Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8/1: 6389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto, and Bayley, Robert. 2004. Chicano English: Phonology. In Kortmann, Bernd and Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 417434.Google Scholar
Sayers, Dave. 2014. The Mediated innovation model: A Framework for researching media influence in language change. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18/2: 185212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scargill, Matthew Henry, and Warkentyne, Henry J.. 1972. The survey of Canadian English: A report. English Quarterly 5/3: 47104.Google Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2000. Investigating intra-ethnic differentiation: /ay/ in Lumbee Native American English. Language Variation and Change 12: 141176.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Martin F. 1968. Identification of speaker sex from isolated, voiceless fricatives. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 43/5: 11781179.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ronald, and Scollon, Suzanne B. K.. 1979. Linguistic Convergence: An Ethnography of Speaking at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Charles T. 2002. American English “short a” revisited: A phonological puzzle. American Speech 77/4: 358369.Google Scholar
Shousterman, Cara. 2014. Speaking English in Spanish Harlem: The role of rhythm. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 20/2: 159168.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger W. 1962. The Northern-Midland Dialect Boundary in Illinois. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 38.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 2000. Substrate influence in Hawai’i Creole English. Language in Society 29/2: 197236.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1972. Chinook Jargon: Language contact and the problem of multi-level generative systems, I. Language 48/2: 378406.Google Scholar
Skinner, Edith. 1942 [1990]. Speak with Distinction (rev. ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation.Google Scholar
Sledd, James H. 1966. Breaking, umlaut, and the southern drawl. Language 42/1: 1841.Google Scholar
Slomanson, Peter, and Newman, Michael. 2004. Peer group identification and variation in New York Latino English laterals. English Worldwide 25/2: 199216.Google Scholar
Smyth, Ron, Jacobs, Greg, and Rogers, Henry. 2003. Male voices and perceived sexual orientation: An experimental and theoretical approach. Language in Society 32/3: 329350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonderegger, Morgan, Bane, Max, and Graff, Peter. 2017. The medium-term dynamics of accents on reality television. Language 93/3: 598640.Google Scholar
Spencer, Robert F. 1950. Japanese-American language behavior. American Speech 25/4: 241252.Google Scholar
Stamou, Anastasia G. 2014. A literature review on the mediation of sociolinguistic style in television and cinematic fiction: Sustaining the ideology of authenticity. Language and Literature 23/2: 118140.Google Scholar
Stanford, James N. 2019. New England English: Large-Scale Acoustic Sociophonetics and Dialectology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sterzuk, Andrea. 2008. Whose English counts? Indigenous English in Saskatchewan schools. McGill Journal of Education 43/1: 919.Google Scholar
Strassel, Stephanie M., and Boberg, Charles. 1996. The reversal of a sound change in Cincinnati. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 3/1: 247256.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2016a. Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/index-eng.cfm. Accessed July 29, 2020.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2016b. Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm. Accessed August 11, 2020.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2016c. Aboriginal Peoples Highlight Tables, 2016 Census: Aboriginal identity population by both sexes, total – age, 2016 counts, Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data. www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/abo-aut/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&S=99&O=A&RPP=25. Accessed August 18, 2020.Google Scholar
Strelluf, Christopher. 2018. Speaking from the Heartland: The Midland Vowel System of Kansas City. Publication of the American Dialect Society 103. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2007. The Influence of the media. In Llamas, Carmen, Mullany, Louise, and Stockwell, Peter (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge, 140148.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2011. The View from the couch: Changing perspectives on the role of the television in changing language ideologies and use. In Kristiansen, Tore and Coupland, Nikolas (eds.), Standard Languages and Language Standards in a Changing Europe. Oslo, Norway: Novus Press, 223239.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane. 2014. No longer an elephant in the room. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18/2: 250261.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane, Pryce, Gwilym, Timmins, Claire, and Gunter, Barrie. 2013. Television can also be a factor in language change: Evidence from an urban dialect. Language 89/3: 501536.Google Scholar
Summers, Claude J. (ed.). 2005. The Queer Encyclopedia of Film & Television. San Francisco: Cleis Press.Google Scholar
Swan, Julia Thomas. 2016. The Effect of language ideologies on the Canadian Shift: Evidence from /æ/ in Vancouver, BC and Seattle, WA. International Journal of Language and Linguistics 3/6: 114.Google Scholar
Swan, Julia Thomas. 2020. Bag across the border: Sociocultural background, ideological stance and BAG-raising in Seattle and Vancouver. American Speech 95/1: 4681.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2014. Situating media influence in sociolinguistic context. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18/2: 223232.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Hudson, Rachel. 1999. Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3/2: 147172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Roberts, Chris. 2005. So weird; so cool; so innovative: The use of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech 80/3: 280300.Google Scholar
Terrell, Tracy D. 1976. Some theoretical considerations on the merger of the low vowel phonemes in American English. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 2: 350359.Google Scholar
Thomas, Charles Kenneth. 1932. Jewish dialect and New York dialect. American Speech 7/5: 321–6.Google Scholar
Thomas, Charles Kenneth. 1958. An Introduction to the Phonetics of American English, 2nd ed. New York: The Ronald Press Company.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 1989. Vowel changes in Columbus, Ohio. Journal of English Linguistics 22/2: 205215.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 1991. The origin of Canadian Raising in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 36: 147170.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 1997. A rural/metropolitan split in the speech of Texas Anglos. Language Variation and Change 9: 309332.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2000. Spectral differences in /ai/ offsets conditioned by voicing of the following consonant. Journal of Phonetics 28/1: 125.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2001. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English. Publication of the American Dialect Society No. 85. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2003. Secrets revealed by Southern vowel shifting. American Speech 78/2: 150170.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2007. Phonological and phonetic characteristics of African American vernacular English. Language and Linguistics Compass 1/5: 450475.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2010. A longitudinal analysis of the durability of the Northern-Midland dialect boundary in Ohio. American Speech 85: 375430.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2011. Sociophonetics: An Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2019. Mexican American English: Substrate Influence and the Birth of an Ethnolect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R., and Bailey, Guy. 2015. Segmental phonology of African American English. In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 403419.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey. 1983. Chinook Jargon in areal and historical context. Language 59/4: 820870.Google Scholar
Tilcsik, András, Anteby, Michel, and Knight, Carly R.. 2015. Concealable stigma and occupational segregation: Toward a theory of gay and lesbian occupations. Administrative Science Quarterly 60/3: 446481.Google Scholar
Tolson, Andrew. 2006. Media Talk: Spoken Discourse on TV and Radio. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Toohey, Kelleen. 1985. English as a second language for Native Canadians. Canadian Journal of Education 10/3: 275293.Google Scholar
Torbert, Benjamin. 2001. Tracing Native American language history through consonant cluster reduction: The case of Lumbee English. American Speech 76/4: 361387.Google Scholar
Trager, George L. 1930. The Pronunciation of “short a” in American Standard English. American Speech 5: 396400.Google Scholar
Trager, George L. 1940. One phonemic entity becomes two: The case of “short a.American Speech 15: 255258.Google Scholar
Trager, George L., and Bloch, Bernard. 1941. The syllabic phonemes of English. Language 17/3, 223246.Google Scholar
Trager, George L., and Smith, Henry Lee, Jr. 1951. An Outline of English Structure. Norman, OK: Battenburg Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1992. Norwich revisited: Recent changes in an English urban dialect. In Pütz, Martin (ed.), Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 361378.Google Scholar
Tuan, Mia. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. 2018. American Community Survey, 2018 Data Release. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?q=United%20States&g=0100000US. Accessed July 28, 2020.Google Scholar
University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries. 2003. Fieldwork Recordings – Dictionary of American Regional English. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/AmerLangs. Accessed August 11, 2019.Google Scholar
Van de Velde, Hans, Gerritsen, Marinel, and Roeland, van Hout. 1996. The devoicing of fricatives in Standard Dutch: A real-time study based on radio recordings. Language Variation and Change 8/2: 149175.Google Scholar
Vanderslice, Ralph, and Pierson, Laura Shun. 1967. Prosodic features of Hawaiian English. Quarterly Journal of Speech 53/2: 156166.Google Scholar
Wagner, Suzanne Evans. 2012. Real-time evidence for age grad(ing) in late adolescence. Language Variation and Change 24: 179202.Google Scholar
Wagner, Suzanne Evans, Mason, Alexander, Nesbitt, Monica, Pevan, Erin, and Savage, Matt. 2016. Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22/2: Article 19.Google Scholar
Waksler, Rachelle. 2001. Pitch range and women’s sexual orientation. Word 52/1: 6977.Google Scholar
Warkentyne, Henry J. 1971. Contemporary Canadian English: A report of the Survey of Canadian English. American Speech 46/3–4: 193199.Google Scholar
Wassink, Alicia Beckford. 2015. Sociolinguistic patterns in Seattle English. Language Variation and Change 27/1: 3158.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William, and Herzog, Marvin I.. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov (eds.), Directions for Historical Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 97195.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wetmore, Thomas. 1959. The Low-Central and Low-Back Vowels in the English of the Eastern United States. Publication of the American Dialect Society 32. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Wilde, Oscar. 1891. The Decay of Lying. In Wilde, Oscar, Intentions. London: Methuen & Co., 154.Google Scholar
Winks, Robin W. 1997. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1974a. The relationship of white southern speech to vernacular black English. Language 50: 498527.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1974b. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1984. Unmarked tense in American Indian English. American Speech 59: 3150.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Christian, Donna. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Dannenberg, Clare. 1999. Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: The case of Lumbee American Indian English. English World-Wide 20: 79116.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1997. Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks: The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Sellers, Jason. 1999. Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee Vernacular English. Journal of English Linguistics 27: 94114.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Thomas, Erik R.. 2002. The Development of African American English. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wong, Amy Wing-mei, and Hall-Lew., Lauren 2014. Regional variability and ethnic identity: Chinese Americans in New York City and San Francisco. Language & Communication 35: 2742.Google Scholar
Woods, Howard B. 1999. The Ottawa Survey of Canadian English. Occasional Papers No. 4. Kingston, ON: Strathy Language Unit.Google Scholar
Wyld, Henry Cecil. 1956. A History of Modern Colloquial English, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yuasa, Ikuko Patricia. 2010. Creaky voice: A new feminine voice quality for young urban-oriented upwardly mobile American women? American Speech 85/3: 315337.Google Scholar
Zeller, Christine. 1997. The Investigation of a sound change in progress: /ae/ to /e/ in Midwestern American English. Journal of English Linguistics 25/2: 142155.Google Scholar
Zue, Victor W., and Laferriere, Martha. 1979. Acoustic study of medial /t,d/ in American English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 66/4: 10391050.Google Scholar