Further readingReferencesGENERAL TITLES ON BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICSAshby, W.R. (1952). Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behaviour. London: Chapman and Hall.
Ashby, W.R. (1957). An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall.
Ǻström, K.J. and Murray, R.M. (2008). Feedback Systems: An Introduction to Scientists and Engineers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bayne, B.L., Brown, D.A., Burns, K., Dixon, D.R., Ivanovici, A., Livingstone, D.R., Lowe, D.M., Moore, M.N., Stebbing, A.R.D. and Widdows, J. (1985). The Effects of Stress and Pollution on Marine Animals. New York: Praeger.
Bennett, R.J. and Chorley, R.J. (1978). Environmental Systems: Philosophy Analysis and Control. London: Methuen.
Calow, P. (1976). Biological Machines: A Cybernetic Approach to Life. London: Arnold.
DiStefano, J.J., Stubberud, A.R. and Williams, I.J. (1976). Feedback and Control Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Evans, W.R. (1954). Control System Dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstadter, D. (2007). I Am a Strange Loop. New York: Basic Books.
Holdgate, M.W. (1979). A Perspective of Environmental Pollution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lovelock, J.E. (1979). Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Lovelock, J.E. (2006). The Revenge of Gaia. London: Allen Lane.
May, R.M. (ed) (1981). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
McPherron, A.C. and Lee, S.-J. (1997). Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 94(23), 12457–12461.
Milsum, J.H. (1966). Biological Control Systems Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rose, S. (1997). Lifelines. Biology, Freedom, Determinism. London: Penguin.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1979). Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Spencer, H. (1862). First Principles. London: Williams and Norgate.
Stanley-Jones, D. and Stanley-Jones, K. (1960). The Kybernetics of Natural Systems: A Study in Patterns of Control. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
Turchin, P. (2003). Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
,Worldwatch Institute (2007). Vital Signs: The Trends that are Shaping our Future, 2007–2008. London: Earthscan.
INTRODUCTIONCannon, W.B. (1945). The Wisdom of the Body. New York: Hafner.
Langley, L.L. (ed.) (1973). Homeostasis: Origins of the Concept. Stroudsberg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Waddington, C.H. (1977). Tools for Thought. St Albans, UK: Paladin [published posthumously].
Young, J.Z. (1957). The Life of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marieb, E.N. (2001). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Maxwell, J.C. (1868). On governors. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, 16, 270–283.
Medawar, P. (1941). The ‘laws’ of biological growth. Nature, 148, 772–774.
GROWTH UNLIMITED: BLOOMS, SWARMS AND PLAGUESHuxley, T.H. (1894). On a piece of chalk. In Discourses: Biological and Geological. Collected Essays, Volume VIII. London: Macmillan, pp. 1–36.
Gamow, G. (1962). One, Two, Three … Infinity: Facts and Speculations of Science. London: Macmillan.
Pasteur, L. (1873). Études sur le Vin, 2nd edn. Paris.
Baker, J.R. (1952). Abraham Trembley: Scientist and Philosopher 1710–1784. London: Arnold.
Stebbing, A.R.D. (1971). Growth of Flustra. Marine Biology, 9, 267–272.
Elton, C.S. (1963). The Ecology of Invasions. London: Methuen.
Vernadsky, V. (1986). The Biosphere. Oracle, AZ: Synergetic Press [first published in Russian in 1926].
Smith, F.E. (1954). Quantitative aspects of population growth. In Dynamics of Growth Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 276–241.
Malthus, T.R. (1985). An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Penguin Classics.
Darwin, F. (ed.) (1929). The Autobiography of Charles Darwin. London: Watts [originally published 1887].
SELF-REGULATING SYSTEMS: FROM MACHINES TO HUMANSSpencer, H. (1862). First Principles. London: Williams and Norgate.
Bernard, C. (1865). An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. London: Macmillan.
Smith, A. (1986). The Wealth of Nations, Books I–III. London: Penguin Classics [originally published in 1776].
Cannon, W.B. (1965). The Way of an Investigator: A Scientist's Experiences in Medical Research. New York: Hafner [originally published in 1945].
Monod, J. (1972). Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. London: Collins.
Zhang, D.Y., Turberfield, A.J., Yurke, B. and Winfree, E. (2007). Engineering entropy-driven reactions and networks catalyzed by DNA. Science, 318, 1121–1125.
Foerster, H. (1953). Cybernetics: Circular, Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems. New York: Josiah Macy Jr Foundation.
Foerster, H. (1958). Basic concepts of homeostasis. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, 10, 216–242.
Hayes, B. (2009). Everything is under control. American Scientist, 97(3), 186–191.
THE WEALTH OF HOMEODYNAMIC RESPONSESKitching, J.A. (1954). The physiology of contractile vacuoles (IX). Journal of Experimental Biology, 31, 68–75.
Ashcroft, F. (2000). Life at the Extremes: The Science of Survival. London: Harper Collins.
Irving, L. (1966). Adaptation to cold. Scientific American, 214(1), 94–101.
Heinrich, B. and Kammar, A.E. (1973). Activation of the fibrillar muscles in the bumblebee during warm-up, stabilization of thoracic temperature and flight. Journal of Experimental Biology, 58, 677–688.
Stebbing, A.R.D., Turk, S.M.T., Wheeler A., and Clarke, K.R. (2002). Immigration of southern fish species to south-west England linked to warming of the North Atlantic (1960–2001). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 82, 177–180.
Southwick, E.E. and Heldmaier, G. (1987). Temperature control in honey bee colonies. BioScience, 37(6), 395–399.
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Heller, C., Crawshaw, L.I. and Hammel, H.T. (1978). The thermostat of vertebrate animals. Scientific American, 239(2), 102–113.
Slijper, E.J. (1962). Whales. London: Hutchinson.
Smith, S. (2009). Calcium and bone metabolism during space flight. Nutrition, 18(10), 849–852.
A CYBERNETIC APPROACH TO GROWTH ANALYSISMedawar, P.B. (1945). Size, shape and age. In Essays on Growth and Form. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 157–185.
Medawar, P.B. (1940). The growth, growth energy, and ageing of the chicken's heart. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 129, 332–355.
Stebbing, A.R.D. (1981). The effects of reduced salinity on colonial growth and membership in a hydroid. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 55, 233–241.
Stebbing, A.R.D. (1981). The kinetics of growth control in a colonial hydroid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 61, 35–63.
Stebbing, A.R.D. and Hiby, L. (1979). Cyclical fluctuations in the growth rate of stressed hydroid colonies. In Cyclical Phenomena in Marine Plants and Animals. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 165–172.
A CONTROL MECHANISM FOR MAIALotka, A.J. (1910). Contribution to the theory of periodic reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 14, 271.
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Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1985). Order Out of Chaos. London: Fontana.
Turing, A. (1952). The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 237, 37–72.
Meinhardt, H. (1999). On pattern and growth. In On Growth and Form: Spatio-temporal Pattern Formation in Biology. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Meinhardt, H. and Gierer, A. (1974). Application of a theory of biological pattern formation based on lateral inhibition. Journal of Cell Science, 15, 321–346.
Dyson, F. (1999). Origins of Life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Waterman, T.H. (1968). Systems theory and biology: view of a biologist. In Systems Theory and Biology: Proceedings of the 3rd Systems Symposium at Case Institute of Technology, New York: Springer, pp. 1–37.
Gilbert, W. (1986). The RNA World (News and Views). Nature, 319, 618.
Kauffman, S. (1995). At Home in the Universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lee, D.H., Granja, J.R., Martinez, J.A., Severin, K. and Ghadiri, M.R. (1996). A self-replicating peptide. Nature, 382, 525–528.
Kauffman, S. (2000). Investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
THE THREE LEVELS OF ADAPTATIONSchmidt-Nielsen, K. (1964). Desert Animals: Physiological Problems of Heat and Water. New York: Oxford University Press.
Frenster, J.H. (1962). The magnitude of disease as measured by tolerance tests. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2, 159–164.
Stebbing, A.R. (2009). Interpreting ‘dose-response’ curves using homeodynamic data: with an improved explanation for hormesis. Dose–Response, 7, 221–233.
Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459–482.
Ashby, W.R. (1958). Requisite variety and its implications for the control of complex systems. Cybernetica, 1, 83–99.
Jacob, F. (1998). Of Flies, Mice and Men. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kandel, E.R. (2006). In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of the Mind. New York: Norton.
POPULATION GROWTH AND ITS CONTROLGause, G.F. (1934). The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
Hutchinson, G.E. (1948). Circular causal systems in ecology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 50, 221–246.
Stebbing, A.R.D. and Pomroy, A.J. (1978). A sublethal technique for assessing the effects of contaminants usingHydra littoralis. Water Research, 12, 631–635.
Davis, L.V. (1966). Inhibition of growth and regeneration in Hydra by crowded culture water. Nature, 212, 1215–1217.
Wynne-Edwards, V.C. (1962). Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
Wynne-Edwards, V.C. (1965). Self-regulating systems in populations of animals. Science, 147, 1543–1548.
Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour: I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–16, 17–52.
Taylor, R.A.J. and Taylor, L.R. (1979). A behavioural model for the evolution of spatial dynamics. In Population Dynamics: Proceedings of the 20th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, London 1978. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1–27.
Taylor, R.A.J. (1981). The behavioural basis of redistribution. I. The Δ-model concept. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50, 573–586.
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May, R.M. (2002). The best possible time to be alive: the logistic map. In Farmelo, G. (ed.), It Must Be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science. London: Granta, pp. 28–45.
May, R.M. (1975). Biological populations obeying difference equations: stable points, stable cycles and chaos. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 51, 511–524.
May, R.M. (1976). Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261, 459–467.
May, R.M. (ed.) (1981). Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
HIERARCHY: A CONTROLLED HARMONYStebbing, A.R.D. and Heath, G.W. (1984). Is growth controlled by a hierarchical system?Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 345–367.
Woodger, J.H. (1930). The “concept of organism” and the relation between embryology and genetics. Part II. Quarterly Review of Biology, 5, 438–463.
Bertalanffy, L. (1952). Problems of Life: An Evaluation of Modern Biological Thought. London: Watts.
Feibleman, J.K. (1954). Theory of integrative levels. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 5, 59–66.
Simon, H.A. (1962). The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(6), 467–482.
Margulis, L. (1998). The Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
Pattee, H.H. (1973). Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems. New York: Braziller.
Mesarovic, M.D. (1968). Systems theory and biology: view of a theoretician. In Systems Theory and Biology. Berlin: Springer, pp. 59–87.
Mesarovic, M., Macko, D. and Takahara, Y. (1970). Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel Systems. New York: Academic Press.
Bronowski, J. (1970). New concepts in the evolution of complexity: stratified stability and unbounded plans. Synthese, 21(2), 228–246.
Gell-Mann, M. (1994). The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex. London: Little, Brown.
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HISTORY OF HORMESIS AND LINKS TO HOMEOPATHYStebbing, A.R.D. (1982). Hormesis – the stimulation of growth by low levels of inhibitors. Science of the Total Environment, 22, 213–234.
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Hueppe, F. (1896). The Principles of Bacteriology. Chicago: Open Court.
Clarke, A.J. (1937). General Pharmacology. Berlin: Springer.
Calabrese, E.J. and Baldwin, L.A. (1997). A quantitatively based methodology for the evaluation of hormesis. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 3, 545–554.
Lorenz, E. (1950). Some biologic effects of long-continued irradiation. American Journal of Roentgenology, 63, 176–185.
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Cohen, B.J. (1995). Test of the linear-no threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis for inhaled radon decay products. Health Physics, 68, 157–174.
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MAIAN MECHANISMS FOR HORMESIS AND CATCH-UP GROWTHCalabrese, E.J., McCarthy, M.E. and Kenyon, E. (1987). The occurrence of chemically induced hormesis. Health Physics, 52 (5), 531–542.
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Tanner, J.M. (1978). Foetus into Man: Physical Growth from Conception to Maturity. London: Open Books.
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CELLULAR GROWTH CONTROL AND CANCERCairns, J. (1981). The origin of human cancers. Nature, 289, 353–357.
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