Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T07:29:51.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Landscape, Monumentality and Expression of Group Identities in Iron Age and Roman East Kent

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2019

Lacey Wallace  and
Alex Mullen
Lacey Wallace
Affiliation:
University of Lincolnlwallace@lincoln.ac.uk
Alex Mullen
Affiliation:
University of Nottinghamalex.mullen@nottingham.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Canterbury Hinterland Project (CHP) has combined aerial photographic and LiDAR analysis, synthesis of HER and other data across east Kent with targeted survey south and east of Canterbury. We present possible hillforts, temples, large enclosures, a major trackway, linking paths, burials and high-status Roman-period complexes and argue that people organised the landscape to communicate meaning in two main ways: a ‘public’ face oriented towards the Dover–Canterbury road and expressions of ritual and remembrance for local groups. The character of this rural population has traditionally been understood in terms of its relationship to the civitas capital and villas; we look beyond this to examine a more detailed vision of possible social interactions.

Keywords

aerial photographyCanterburygeophysical surveyIron Age and Roman Kentlandscapememorypowerritualsettlementsocial organisation
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 50 , November 2019 , pp. 75 - 108
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, M. 2016: ‘Chapter 4. The South’, in Smith et al. 2016, 75–140Google Scholar
Allen, M., Lodwick, L., Brindle, T., Fulford, M., and Smith, A. 2017: The Rural Economy of Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 30, LondonGoogle Scholar
Allen, T., Donnelly, M., Hardy, A., Hayden, C., and Powell, K. 2012: A Road Through the Past: Archaeological Discoveries on the A2 Pepperhill to Cobham Road-Scheme in Kent, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Andrews, C. 2001: ‘Romanisation: a Kentish perspective’, Archaeologia Cantiana 121, 25–42Google Scholar
Andrews, P., Biddulph, E., Hardy, A., and Brown, R. 2011a: Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley: High Speed 1 Excavations at Springhead and Northfleet, Kent: The Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Medieval Landscape. Volume 1: The Sites, Oxford/SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Andrews, P., Mepham, L., Schuster, J., and Stevens, C.J. 2011b: Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley: CTRL Excavations at Springhead and Northfleet, Kent: The Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Medieval Landscape. Volume 4: Saxon and Later Finds and Environmental Reports, Oxford/SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Andrews, P., Booth, P., Fitzpatrick, A.P., and Welsh, K. 2015a: Digging at the Gateway: Archaeological Landscapes of South Thanet: The Archaeology of the East Kent Access (Phase II) Volume 1: The Sites, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Andrews, P., Booth, P., Fitzpatrick, A.P., and Welsh, K. 2015b: Digging at the Gateway: Archaeological Landscapes of South Thanet: The Archaeology of the East Kent Access (Phase II) Volume 2: The Finds, Environmental and Dating Reports, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Ashbee, P. 2005: Kent in Prehistoric Times, StroudGoogle Scholar
Ashbee, P., and Dunning, G.C. 1960: ‘The round barrows of east Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 74, 48–57Google Scholar
Barnett, C., McKinley, J.I., Stafford, E., Grimm, J.M., and Stevens, C.J. 2011: Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley: High Speed 1 Excavations at Springhead and Northfleet, Kent: The Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Medieval Landscape. Volume 3: Late Iron Age to Roman Human Remains and Environmental Reports, Oxford/SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Bates, A. 2017: Making the Invisible Visible; New Survey and Investigation of the Iron Age Hillforts of Bigbury and Oldbury in Kent, unpub. PhD thesis, University of KentGoogle Scholar
Bayley, E.H. 1962: ‘Activities around Dover, 1962’, Archaeologia Cantiana 77, xlviiiGoogle Scholar
Bell, M. 1848: ‘Proceedings of the Association: January 18’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 3, 47–8Google Scholar
Bell, M. 1880–1902: The Book of Bourne, unpub. manuscript transcribed 2006 by M. Stewart and held by R. PrestigeGoogle Scholar
Bennett, P., Clark, P., Hicks, A., Rady, J., and Riddler, I. 2008: At the Great Crossroads: Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Discoveries on the Isle of Thanet 1994–95, CanterburyGoogle Scholar
Biddulph, E., Seager Smith, R., and Schuster, J. 2011: Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley: High Speed 1 Excavations at Springhead and Northfleet, Kent: The Late Iron Age, Roman, Saxon and Medieval Landscape. Volume 2: Late Iron Age to Roman Finds Reports, Oxford/SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Birchall, A. 1965: ‘The Aylesford-Swarling culture: the problem of the Belgae reconsidered’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 31, 241–367Google Scholar
Bishop, M.C. 1995: ‘Some pre-Flavian military equipment from Kent’, Arma 7, 17–19Google Scholar
Black, E.W. 1987: The Roman Villas of South-East England, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Blagg, T.F.C. 1982: ‘Roman Kent’, in Leach, P.E. (ed.), Archaeology in Kent to AD 1500, London, 51–60Google Scholar
Blagg, T.F.C. 1995: ‘The Marlowe excavations: an overview’, in Blockley et al. 1995, 7–25Google Scholar
Blanning, E.D. 2014: Landscape, Settlement and Materiality: Aspects of Rural Life in Kent during the Roman Period (3 vols), unpub. PhD thesis, University of KentGoogle Scholar
Blockley, K., and Blockley, P. 1989: ‘Excavations at Bigberry, near Canterbury, 1981’, Archaeologia Cantiana 107, 239–51Google Scholar
Blockley, K., Blockley, M., Blockley, P., Frere, S.S., and Stow, S. (eds) 1995: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume V Excavations in the Marlowe Car Park and Surrounding Areas (2 vols), MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Blockley, K., Sparks, M., and Tatton-Brown, T. 1997: Canterbury Cathedral Nave: Archaeology, History and Architecture, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Boast, E., and Gibson, A. 2000: ‘Neolithic, Beaker and Anglo-Saxon remains: Laundry Road, Minster-in-Thanet’, Archaeologia Cantiana 120, 359–72Google Scholar
Booth, P. 2009: ‘Bigbury and South Blean [in ‘Roman Britain in 2008’]’, Britannia 40, 276Google Scholar
Booth, P. 2012: ‘Bigbury [in ‘Roman Britain in 2011’]’, Britannia 43, 350–1Google Scholar
Booth, P. 2017: ‘Kent Roman rural settlement’, in Bird, D.G. (ed.), Agriculture and Industry in South-Eastern Roman Britain, Oxford, 55–83Google Scholar
Booth, P., Bingham, A.-M., and Lawrence, S. 2008: The Roman Roadside Settlement at Westhawk Farm, Ashford, Kent, Excavations 1998–9, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Booth, P., Champion, T., Foreman, S., Garwood, P., Glass, H., Munby, J., and Reynolds, A. 2011: On Track. The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent, Oxford/SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., Haselgrove, C., Vander Linden, C., and Webley, L. 2015: The Later Prehistory of North-West Europe. The Evidence of Development-led Fieldwork, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Breeze, D.J. 2014: The Impact of Rome on the British Countryside. A Conference Organized by the Royal Archaeological Institute, Chester, 11–13 October 2013, WetherbyGoogle Scholar
Brück, J. 2005: ‘Experiencing the past: the development of a phenomenological archaeology in British prehistory’, Archaeological Dialogues 12.1, 45–72Google Scholar
Bulleid, A., and Horne, E. 1926: ‘The Roman house at Keynsham, Somerset’, Archaeologia 75, 109–35Google Scholar
Bushe-Fox, J.P. 1925: Excavation of the Late-Celtic Urn-Field at Swarling, Kent, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Campana, S. 2015: ‘Emptyscapes: filling “empty” Mediterranean landscapes, mapping the archaeological continuum’, Archaeologia Polona 53, 149–52Google Scholar
Canterbury Archaeological Trust 1996: ‘Interim report on work carried out by Canterbury Archaeological Trust’, Archaeologia Cantiana 116, 311–24Google Scholar
Canterbury Archaeological Trust 2012: Archaeological Evaluation at Capital House, Northdown Road, Margate, Kent, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Champion, T. 2007: ‘Prehistoric Kent’, in Williams, J.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800, Woodbridge, 67–132Google Scholar
Champion, T. 2016: ‘Britain before the Romans’, in Millett et al. 2016, 150–78Google Scholar
Clark, P. (ed.) 2004a: The Dover Bronze Age Boat, LondonGoogle Scholar
Clark, P. (ed.) 2004b: The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Colvin, H.M. 1959: ‘An Iron-Age hillfort at Dover?’ Antiquity 33, 125–7Google Scholar
Conyngham, A., and Akerman, J.Y. 1844: ‘An Account of the Opening and Examination of a Considerable Number of Tumuli on Breach Downs, in the County of Kent, in a Letter from Lord Albert Conyngham F.S.A. to John Yonge Akerman Esq. F.S.A.; Followed by Mr. Akerman's Remarks upon Lord Albert Conyngham's Excavations’, Archaeologia 30, 47–56Google Scholar
Crease, S.M.E. 2015: Re-thinking Ritual Traditions: Interpreting Structured Deposition in Watery Contexts in Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman Britain, unpub. PhD thesis, University College LondonGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 2000: Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 2006: Britannia: the Creation of a Roman Province, AbingdonGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 2016: Silchester: Changing Visions of a Roman Town. Integrating Geophysics and Archaeology: the Results of the Silchester Mapping Project 2005–10, Britannia Monograph 28, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2005: Iron Age Communities in Britain (4th edn), London/New YorkGoogle Scholar
de Cazanove, O., Vidal, J., Dabas, M., and Caraire, G. 2012: ‘Alésia, forme urbaine et topographie religieuse: l'apport des prospections et des fouilles récentes’, Gallia 69.2, 127–49Google Scholar
Detsicas, A. 1983: The Cantiaci, GloucesterGoogle Scholar
Detsicas, A.P. 1989: ‘Excavations at Eccles: a progress report’, Archaeologia Cantiana 107, 83–8Google Scholar
Dowker, G. 1882: ‘The Roman villa at Wingham’, Archaeologia Cantiana 14, 134–9Google Scholar
Dowker, G. 1883: ‘The Roman villa at Wingham Part II’, Archaeologia Cantiana 15, 351–7Google Scholar
Driver, J.D., Rady, J., and Sparks, M. 1990: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume IV Excavations in the Cathedral Precincts, 2 ‘Meister Omers’, Linacre Garden, and St Gabriel's Chapel, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H., Brewer, P., Hay, S., and Poppy, S. 2009: ‘Roman barrows and their landscape context: a GIS case study at Bartlow, Cambridgeshire’, Britannia 40, 65–98Google Scholar
Elsden, N. 2006: ‘Furfield Quarry, Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone, Kent, Earthworks Assessment’, unpub. MoL reportGoogle Scholar
English Heritage 1999: Dispersed Medieval Settlement Remains and a Roman Building Immediately South West of St. Cosmus and St. Damian's Church (Scheduling record), SKE11842Google Scholar
Evans, A.J. 1890: ‘On a Late-Celtic Urn-Field at Aylesford, Kent’, Archaeologia 52, 315–88Google Scholar
Farley, J., Parfitt, K., and Richardson, A. 2014: ‘A Late Iron Age helmet burial from Bridge, near Canterbury, Kent’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 379–88Google Scholar
Faussett, B. (ed. Smith, C.R.) 1856: Inventorium sepulchrale: an Account of some Antiquities dug up at Gilton, Kingston, Sibertswold, Barfriston, Beakesbourne, Chartham, and Crundale, in the County of Kent, from A.D. 1757 to A.D. 1773, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1984: ‘The deposition of La Tène Iron Age metalwork in watery contexts in Southern England’, in Cunliffe, B.W. and Miles, D. (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern England, Oxford, 178–90Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1991: ‘Review: Death in a material world: The Late Iron Age and Early Romano-British Cemetery at King Harry Lane, St Albans, Hertfordshire: Verulamium: The King Harry Lane Site by I.M. Stead and V. Rigby’, Britannia 22, 323–7Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 1997: Archaeological Excavations on the Route of the A27 Westhampnett Bypass, West Sussex. Volume 2: the Late Iron Age, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, SalisburyGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2000: ‘Ritual, sequence, and structure in Late Iron Age mortuary practices in north-west Europe’, in Pearce, J., M. Millett and M. Struck (eds), Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Oxford, 13–29Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1970: ‘The Roman theatre at Canterbury’, Britannia 1, 83–113Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1974: Britannia, a History of Roman Britain (2nd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S., and Stow, S. 1983: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume VII Excavations in the St George's Street and Burgate Street Areas, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S., Bennett, P., Rady, J., and Stow, S. 1987: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume VIII Canterbury Excavations: Intra- and Extra-Mural Sites 1949–1955 and 1980–1984, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S., Stow, S., and Bennett, P. 1982a: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume I Excavations at Canterbury Castle, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S., Stow, S., and Bennett, P. 1982b: The Archaeology of Canterbury. Volume II Excavations on the Roman and Medieval Defences of Canterbury, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Gosden, C., Cooper, A., Creswell, M., Green, C., ten Harkel, L., Kamash, Z., Morley, L., Pybus, J., and Xiong, X. 2012: ‘The English landscape and identities project’, Antiquity 86, 332Google Scholar
Gosden, C., and Lock, G. 1998: ‘Prehistoric histories’, World Archaeology 30.1, 2–12Google Scholar
Gruel, K., and Haselgrove, C. 2007: ‘British potins abroad: a new find from Central France and the Iron Age in Southeast England’, in Gosden, C. (ed.), Communities and Connections: Essays in Honour of Barry Cunliffe, Oxford, 240–62Google Scholar
Guest, P., and Young, T. 2010: ‘Mapping Isca: geophysical investigation of School Field and Priory Field, Caerleon’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 158, 97–111Google Scholar
Hamilton, S. 2007: ‘Cultural choices in the “British Eastern Channel” area in the late pre-Roman Iron Age’, in Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, Oxford, 81–107Google Scholar
Hamilton, S., and Whitehouse, R. 2006: ‘Phenomenology in practice: towards a methodology for a “subjective” approach’, European Journal of Archaeology 9.1, 31–71Google Scholar
Hammond, J. 2010: In Search of ‘The People of La Manche’: a Comparative Study of Funerary Practices in the Transmanche Region during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (2500 BC–1500 BC), unpub. PhD thesis, University of KentGoogle Scholar
Haverfield, F.J. et al. 1932: ‘Topographical index’, in Page, W. (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of Kent iii, London, 144–76Google Scholar
Helm, R. 2014: Outside the Town: Roman Industry, Burial and Religion at Augustine House, Rhodaus Town, Canterbury, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Helm, R., and Rady, J. 2010: Excavations at Market Way, St Stephen's, Canterbury, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Holman, D. 1998 (updated 2002): Goodnestone: the Iron Age Coins, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Holman, D. 2000: ‘Iron Age coinage in Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 120, 205–33Google Scholar
Holman, D. 2005: ‘Iron Age coinage and settlement in east Kent’, Britannia 36, 1–54Google Scholar
Howell, I. 2014: ‘Continuity and change in the Late Iron Age-Roman transition within the environs of Quarry Wood oppidum: excavations at Furfield Quarry, Boughton Monchelsea’, Archaeologia Cantiana 134, 37–66Google Scholar
Hutton, R. 2011: ‘Romano-British reuse of prehistoric ritual sites’, Britannia 42, 1–22Google Scholar
Jenkins, F. 1956: ‘Researches and discoveries in Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 70, 246–80Google Scholar
Jenkins, F. 1984: ‘The re-excavation of the Roman “villa” at Wingham’, Archaeologia Cantiana 100, 87–99Google Scholar
Jessup, R.F. 1943: ‘Miscellaneous notes: field notes in east Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 56, 68–9Google Scholar
Jessup, R.F., and Cook, N.C. 1936: ‘Excavations at Bigberry Camp, Harbledown’, Archaeologia Cantiana 48, 151–68Google Scholar
Johnson, P.S. 2013a: ‘Intramural geo-magnetic prospection’, in Corsi, C. and Vermeulen, F. (eds), Ammaia I: the Survey. A Romano-Lusitanian Townscape Revealed, Ghent, 51–68Google Scholar
Johnson, P.S. 2013b: ‘Earth-resistance survey’, in Corsi, C. and Vermeulen, F. (eds), Ammaia I: the Survey. A Romano-Lusitanian Townscape Revealed, Ghent, 83–9Google Scholar
Kamash, Z. 2016: ‘Memories of the past in Roman Britain’, in Millett et al. 2016, 681–96Google Scholar
Kelly, D.B. 1971: ‘Quarry Wood Camp, Loose: a Belgic oppidum’, Archaeologia Cantiana 76, 55–84Google Scholar
King, A., and Soffe, G. 1991: ‘Hayling Island’, in Jones, R.H.J. (ed.), Britain in the Roman Period: Recent Trends, Sheffield, 111–13Google Scholar
Klein, W.G. 1928: ‘Roman temple at Worth, Kent’, The Antiquaries Journal 8(1), 76–86Google Scholar
Lambot, B., Delestrée, L.-P., and Méniel, P. 1993: Le site protohistorique d'Acy-Romance (Ardennes), ReimsGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, S. 2006: ‘The Roman villa at Thurnham, Kent’, CTRL Integrated Site Report Series, Archaeology Data ServiceGoogle Scholar
Lawson, T., and Killingray, D. 2004: An Historical Atlas of Kent, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Mackreth, D. 1997: ‘Nooket's Wood, Goodnestone Kent’, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Macpherson-Grant, N. 1980: ‘Archaeological Work along the A2: 1966–1974’, Archaeologia Cantiana 96, 166–73Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2006: An Imperial Possession, LondonGoogle Scholar
Meaney, A. 1964: A Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites, LondonGoogle Scholar
Meates, G.W. 1979: The Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent: Volume I, the Site, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 2007: ‘Roman Kent’, in Williams, J.H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800, Woodbridge, 135–84Google Scholar
Millett, M., Revell, L., and Moore, A. (eds) 2016: The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Money, J.H. 1960: ‘Excavations at High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, 1954–1956’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 98, 173–221Google Scholar
Money, J.H. 1968: ‘Excavations on the Iron Age hillfort at High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells, 1957–1961’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 106, 158–205Google Scholar
Money, J.H. 1975: ‘Excavations in the two Iron Age hillforts on Castle Hill, Capel, near Tonbridge, 1965 and 1969–71’, Archaeologia Cantiana 91, 61–5Google Scholar
Money, J.H. 1978: ‘Excavations in the two Iron Age hillforts on Castle Hill, Capel, near Tonbridge, 1965 and 1969–71: supplementary note’, Archaeologia Cantiana 94, 268–70Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2001: ‘An archaeological assessment of Hailey Wood Camp, Sapperton, Gloucestershire: a Roman temple complex in the Cotswolds?’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 119, 83–93Google Scholar
Morrison, W., Thomas, R.M., and Gosden, C. 2014: ‘Laying bare the landscape: commercial archaeology and the potential of digital spatial data’, Internet Archaeology 36, http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue36/9/toc.html (Accessed 07/11/2017)Google Scholar
Nash, D. 1979: ‘Five first century B.C. coins from Gaul found recently in east Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 95, 298–9Google Scholar
Needham, S., Parham, D., and Frieman, C.J. 2013: Claimed by the Sea: Salcombe, Langdon Bay and other Marine Finds of the Bronze Age, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R., and Thompson, I. 2005: Alban's Buried Towns: An Assessment of St Albans’ Archaeology up to AD 1600, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Parfitt, K. 1980: ‘A probable Roman villa on the Sandwich by-pass’, Kent Archaeological Review 60, 232–48Google Scholar
Parfitt, K. (ed.) 1995: Iron Age Burials from Mill Hill, Deal, LondonGoogle Scholar
Parfitt, K. 2009: ‘Preliminary report on excavations at Hull Place Roman villa, Sholden, 2005–7’, Archaeologia Cantiana 129, 103–12Google Scholar
Parfitt, K. 2012: ‘Folkestone: Roman villa or Iron Age oppidum?’, Current Archaeology 262, 22–9Google Scholar
Parfitt, K., Perkins, D., Boast, E., and Moody, G. 2008: ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 5: the main house, Building 1’, Archaeologia Cantiana 128, 309–34Google Scholar
Philp, B. 1960: ‘A Romano-British villa site at Swarling’, Archaeologia Cantiana 74, 186–90Google Scholar
Philp, B. 2000: ‘The Roman villa site at Wingham, a watching brief’, Kent Archaeological Review 140, 219–24Google Scholar
Pollard, R.J. 1988: The Roman Pottery of Kent, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
Powlesland, D. 2003: Twenty-five Years’ Research on the Sands and Gravels of the Vale of Pickering, YedinghamGoogle Scholar
Rady, J. 2009: Excavations at North Lane, Canterbury 1993 and 1996, MaidstoneGoogle Scholar
RCHME 1989: The Classification of Cropmarks in Kent: a Report for the Monuments Protection Programme, unpub. report, available at https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/classification-of-cropmarks-in-kent/classification-cropmarks-kent.pdf/ (Accessed 06/10/2017)Google Scholar
Rivet, A.L.F., and Smith, C. 1979: The Place-Names of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Robb, J.G. 1998: ‘The “ritual landscape” concept in archaeology: a heritage construction’, Landscape Research 23.2, 159–74Google Scholar
Rolfe, W.H. 1844: ‘British Archaeological Association, First Annual Meeting, Canterbury, September 1844, Primeval Section’, Archaeological Journal 1, 279Google Scholar
Rooke, H. 1787: ‘An Account of the Remains of Two Roman Villae discovered near Mansfield Woadhouse, in May and October, 1786’, Archaeologia 8, 363–76Google Scholar
Rudling, D. (ed.) 2008: Ritual Landscapes of Roman South-East Britain, Great Dunham/OxfordGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., and Fulford, M. 2016: The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 29, LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., and Fulford, M. 2018: Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 31, LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.A. 1908: ‘Anglo-Saxon remains’, in Page, W. (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of Kent i, London, 339–87Google Scholar
Sparey-Green, C. 2010: ‘Homestall Wood earthworks, Harbledown, Kent’, Kent Archaeological Society Newsletter 86, 14–15Google Scholar
Sparey-Green, C. 2013: ‘Recent research on Bigbury Camp and its environs, Canterbury, Kent’, Epistula 5, 10Google Scholar
Stead, I.M. 1976: Excavations at Winterton Roman Villa and other Roman Sites in North Lincolnshire, 1958–67, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M., and Rigby, V. 1989: Verulamium: The King Harry Lane Site, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, J. 2013: Living by the Sword: the Archaeology of Brisley Farm, Ashford, Kent, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, J., and Johnson, C. 2004: ‘Brisley Farm: the last Iron Age warriors of Kent?’, Current Archaeology 191, 490–4Google Scholar
Still, M. 1997: ‘A Roman lead sealing from Goodnestone near Canterbury’, Britannia 28, 383–5Google Scholar
Struck, M. 2000: ‘High status burials in Roman Britain (1st–3rd centuries AD) – potential of interpretation’, in Pearce, J., Millett, M. and Struck, M. (eds), Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, Oxford, 85–96Google Scholar
Stukeley, W. 1776: Itinerarium Curiosum; or, An Account of the Antiquities, and Remarkable Curiosities in Nature or Art, Observed in Travels through Great Britain (2nd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Tatton-Brown, C. 2001: ‘The evolution of “Watling Street” in Kent’, Archaeologia Cantiana 121, 121–33Google Scholar
Taylor, J. 2011: ‘The idea of the villa: reassessing villa development in South East Britain’, in Roymans, N. and Derks, T. (eds), Villa Landscapes in the Roman North, Amsterdam, 179–94Google Scholar
Thompson, F.H. 1983: ‘Excavations at Bigberry Camp, near Canterbury 1978–80’, Antiquaries Journal 63, 267–86Google Scholar
Thompson, F.H. 1986: ‘The Iron Age hillfort of Oldbury, Kent: excavations 1983–4’, Antiquaries Journal 66, 237–78Google Scholar
Tilley, C. 1994: A Phenomenology of Landscape, Oxford/Providence, RIGoogle Scholar
Toynbee, J.M.C. 1971: Death and Burial in the Roman World, Ithaca, NY/LondonGoogle Scholar
Van Beek, R., and De Mulder, G. 2014: ‘Circles, cycles and ancestral connotations. The long-term history and perception of late prehistoric barrows and urnfields in Flanders (Belgium)’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 299–326Google Scholar
Verdonck, L. 2016: ‘Detection of buried Roman wall remains in ground-penetrating radar data using template matching’, Archaeological Prospection 23.4, 257–72Google Scholar
Vine, F.T. 1882 ‘The Kent Kistvaen’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 38, 113–14Google Scholar
Vine, F.T. 1883: ‘On three Roman tumuli in Gorsley Wood, near Bridge and Canterbury’, Archaeologia Cantiana 15, 311–17Google Scholar
Vine, F.T. 1886: Caesar in Kent: the Landing of Julius Caesar and his Battles with the Ancient Britons; with some Account of Early British Trade and Enterprise, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Wallace, L.M. 2014: The Origin of Roman London, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Wallace, L.M. 2016: ‘The early Roman horizon’, in Millett et al. 2016, 117–33Google Scholar
Wallace, L.M., and Gardner, A. forthcoming: ‘Making space for past futures: rural landscape temporalities in Roman Britain’Google Scholar
Wallace, L.M., Johnson, P.S., Strutt, K., and Mullen, A. 2014: ‘Archaeological investigations of a major building, probably Roman, and related landscape features’, Archaeologia Cantiana 134, 187–203Google Scholar
Wallace, L.M., Mullen, A., Johnson, P., and Verdonck, L. 2016: ‘Archaeological investigations of Bourne Park, Bishopsbourne, 2011–2014’, Archaeologia Cantiana 137, 251–79Google Scholar
Watson, M.B. 1963: ‘Iron-Age site on Bridge Hill’, Archaeologia Cantiana 78, 185–8Google Scholar
Webster, L.E., and Cherry, J. 1974: ‘Medieval Britain in 1974’, Medieval Archaeology 18, 174–223Google Scholar
Weekes, J. 2011: ‘A review of Canterbury's Romano-British cemeteries’, Archaeologia Cantiana 131, 23–42Google Scholar
Weekes, J. 2016: ‘Cemeteries and funerary practice’, in Millett et al. 2016, 425–47Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P. 2000: The Swale District: an Archaeological Survey, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, P. 2004 –2005: An Archaeological Investigation of the Roman Aisled Stone Building at Hog Brook, Deerton Street, Faversham, Kent, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, P. 2008: The Archaeological Investigation of a Hexagonal Feature at Star Hill, Bridge, near Canterbury, Kent, 2003–6, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, P., and Macpherson-Grant, N. 2014: ‘Investigations of an hexagonal feature at Star Hill, Bridge, 2003–2006: evidence of Iron Age and earlier occupation; Anglo-Saxon burials’, Archaeologia Cantiana 135, 260–8Google Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 1990: ‘Air-reconnaissance of Roman Wales 1969–88’, in Burnham, B. (ed.), Conquest, Co-Existence and Change: Recent Work in Roman Wales, Lampeter, 10–18Google Scholar
Winbolt, S.E. 1925: Roman Folkestone. A Record of Excavation of Roman Villas at East Wear Bay, with Speculations and Historical Sketches on Related Subjects, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wright, T. 1845: ‘Proceedings of the Central Committee of the British Archaeological Association’, Archaeological Journal, 1, 246–66Google Scholar
Young, T.P. 2012: Geophysical Surveys in Caerleon, Newport, 2007–2011, unpub. reportGoogle Scholar