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  • Selected Bibliographies
  • Edited by Alfred Bendixen, Princeton University, New Jersey, Stephen Burt, Harvard University, Massachusetts
  • Book: The Cambridge History of American Poetry
  • Published online: 05 December 2014
  • Print publication: 27 October 2014, pp 1167-1196
  • View abstract

    Summary

    For much of the twentieth century, critics, scholars, writers, and readers often set American literature's parameters to exclude African American literary artists. The story of contemporary African American poetics begins with Gwendolyn Brooks and her collection A Street in Bronzeville. Bob Kaufman's poem expands on Hughes's imagist inclination, but it veers sharply from the solid modernist elements of Robert Hayden's or Gwendolyn Brooks's poetry. In his musicological works, Blues People and Black Music, Amiri Baraka argues that bebop and avant-garde jazz are rooted in the African American experiential continuum, but still offer listeners and other artists routes toward surreal, experimental, modern, and revolutionary practices. Like Baraka and Kaufman before him, Ishmael Reed's early poems are drawn from American popular culture, African American cultural particulars, and various mythological systems. Baraka's poetic concept of othering the self makes improvisation a metaphor for both intellectual work and African American identity.
The Cambridge History of American Poetry
  • The Cambridge History of American Poetry
  • Edited by Alfred Bendixen, Stephen Burt
  • Published online: 05 December 2014
  • Print publication: 27 October 2014
  • View description
    The Cambridge History of American Poetry offers a comprehensive exploration of the development of American poetic traditions from their beginnings until the end of the twentieth century. Bringing together the insights of fifty distinguished scholars, this literary history emphasizes the complex roles that poetry has played in American cultural and intellectual life, detailing the variety of ways in which both public and private forms of poetry have met the needs of different communities at different times. The Cambridge History of American Poetry recognizes the existence of multiple traditions and a dramatically fluid canon, providing current perspectives on both major authors and a number of representative figures whose work embodies the diversity of America's democratic traditions.
  • Chapter 50 - American Poetry at the End of the Millennium
    • from Part IV - Beyond Modernism: American Poetry, 1950–2000
  • Edited by Alfred Bendixen, Princeton University, New Jersey, Stephen Burt, Harvard University, Massachusetts
  • Book: The Cambridge History of American Poetry
  • Published online: 05 December 2014
  • Print publication: 27 October 2014, pp 1144-1166
  • View abstract

    Summary

    This chapter focuses on the work of two apparently quite different American poets, namely Thylias Moss and Charles Bernstein, in order to consider how poets responded to, resisted, and participated in exchanges about the significance of style as those assumptions unfolded and changed between 1980 and 1990. Moss's early poems are at least as clearly in conversation with Richard Wilbur's or Wallace Stevens's lyricism and with social realities, settings in which white sheets would call to mind the violent history of lynchings, not angels, as with Language poetry. The chapter suggests that the apparently opposed poetry camps of the 1980s reveal in effect a continuing late Romantic understanding of poetry's purpose, namely that, however the self and the world are defined, poetry expands or recasts the borders between self and world, a process seen to require accuracy of seeing and feeling.
The Weather Observer's Handbook
  • The Weather Observer's Handbook
  • Stephen Burt
  • Published online: 05 July 2012
  • Print publication: 29 June 2012
  • View description
    The Weather Observer's Handbook provides a comprehensive, practical and independent guide to all aspects of making weather observations. Automatic weather stations today form the mainstay of both amateur and professional weather observing networks around the world and yet – prior to this book – there existed no independent guide to their selection and use. Traditional and modern weather instruments are covered, including how best to choose and to site a weather station, how to get the best out of your equipment, how to store and analyse your records and how to share your observations with other people and across the Internet. From amateur observers looking for help in choosing their first weather instruments on a tight budget to professional observers looking for a comprehensive and up-to-date guide covering World Meteorological Organization recommendations on observing methods and practices, all will welcome this handbook.
  • 10 - Measuring grass and earth temperatures
  • Stephen Burt
  • Book: The Weather Observer's Handbook
  • Published online: 05 July 2012
  • Print publication: 29 June 2012, pp 222-231
  • View extract

    Summary

    After air temperature, grass and earth temperatures are the most commonly observed surface climatological parameters. This chapter describes the methods used to measure temperatures other than those of the air, and includes reference to the relevant WMO guidance [1].

    The grass minimum

    Why measure grass temperature? Assuming there are no obstructions to outgoing radiation to space, the lowest temperatures on a clear night will be recorded at or close to ground level, where stirring and mixing of the cooling air by wind is at its minimum. The nature of the surface, primarily whether it is a good or bad conductor of heat upwards from the earth, then determines its temperature under such conditions. Where the surface is covered by short grass, the lowest temperatures are attained just above the tips of the grass blades, because air trapped between the grass blades acts as a partial insulator to the upward heat transfer (‘heat flux’) from the warmer earth beneath.

    In many countries, the so-called ‘grass minimum temperature’ (or ‘grass min’) is measured using a thermometer or electrical sensor freely exposed at the tip of the grass blades (Figure 10.1). In the UK, grass minimum temperatures have been measured in this fashion since the 1850s. Recently, some AWSs have begun to monitor surface temperatures using a downward-pointing infrared sensor mounted about 2 m above ground level. Grass or surface minimum temperatures are sometimes referred to as the ‘radiation minimum’ or ‘skin temperature’.

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