Based on the measurements conducted over the landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during the sea-ice growth season in 2016, various parameterization schemes in the high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model HIGHTSI are evaluated. The parameterization scheme of turbulent fluxes produces the largest errors compared with the parameterization schemes for other surface heat fluxes. However, the sea-ice thickness simulation is most sensitive to the differences in upward longwave radiation at the surface. In addition, the sea-ice thickness simulation during the growth season is highly sensitive to the oceanic heat flux, and a new oceanic heat flux parameterization scheme based on the bulk method is proposed. The new parameterization scheme is tested in a second year, and it significantly improves the model performance relative to the standard configuration when compared against observations. Finally, the seasonal variation in the heat budget and its influence on the sea-ice thickness variation are analyzed. The net shortwave radiation, sensible heat flux and conductive heat flux (the net longwave radiation and latent heat flux) are found to be the surface heat sources (heat sinks) during the growth season. The larger conductive heat flux and the smaller oceanic heat flux can intensify the growth of sea ice.

The surface spectral albedo was measured over coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay (off Zhongshan Station), East Antarctica from 5 October to 26 November of 2016. The mean albedo decreased from late-spring to early-summer, mainly responding to the change in surface conditions from dry (phase I) to wet (phase II). The evolution of the albedo was strongly influenced by the surface conditions, with alternation of frequent snowfall events and katabatic wind that induce snow blowing at the surface. The two phases and day-to-day albedo variability were more pronounced in the near-infrared albedo wavelengths than in the visible ones, as the near-infrared photons are more sensitive to snow metamorphism, and to changes in the uppermost millimeters and water content of the surface. The albedo diurnal cycle during clear sky conditions was asymmetric with respect to noon, decreasing from morning to evening over full and patchy snow cover, and decreasing more rapidly in the morning over bare ice. We conclude that snow and ice metamorphism and surface melting dominated over the solar elevation angle dependency in shaping the albedo evolution. However, we realize that more detailed surface observations are needed to clarify and quantify the role of the various surface processes.

The surface energy budget over the Antarctic sea ice from 8 April 2016 through 26 November 2016 are presented. From April to October, Sensible heat flux (SH) and subsurface conductive heat flux (G) were the heat source of surface while latent heat flux (LE) and net radiation flux (Rn) were the heat sink of surface. Our results showed larger downward SH (due to the warmer air in our site) and upward LE (due to the drier air and higher wind speed in our site) compared with SHEBA data. However, the values of SH in N-ICE2015 campaign, which located at a zone with stronger winds and more advection of heat in the Arctic, were comparable to our results under clear skies. The values of aerodynamic roughness length (z0m) and scalar roughness length for temperature (z0h), being 1.9 × 10−3 m and 3.7 × 10−5 m, were suggested in this study. It is found that snow melting might increase z0m. Our results also indicate that the value of log(z0h/z0m) was related to the stability of stratification. In addition, several representative parameterization schemes for z0h have been tested and a couple of schemes were found to make a better performance.

This paper introduces a new method to determine the crystalline fraction in samples containing amorphous phases from experimental X-ray diffraction data. Computer generated codes, one for each measured data point, are used to interpret the pattern as to where diffraction peaks exist and what is the angular breadth of each peak's intensity above background. Two parameters are defined that are used to identify the position and intensity of the crystalline phase diffraction peaks. For mold fluxes used in continuous casting, the crystalline fraction of solid slag film is a key factor that can affect heat transfer between solidified shell and mold. In this work, a new method was developed to determine the crystallinity of solid slag films. This method does not require structure parameters or other references, and results can be obtained directly by reading a text file with diffraction data. Results indicate that, there is a positive correlation between crystalline fraction and integrated intensities corresponding to crystalline phases. The selection of integration interval does not have much effect on results. To simplify computations, 20–45°2θ was considered as an appropriate interval.

The influence of the density of gap states and the band gap width of the intrinsic a-Si:H active layer on the characteristics of a-Si PIN/OLED coupling pair was analyzed by a-Si:H PIN/OLED CAD simulation model. The CAD simulation model was carried out based on a-Si PIN Hack & Shur model and OLED TCL transport model. At the same band gap width, for the intrinsic a-Si:H active layer with the higher density of gap states, the reverse current of a-Si PIN trended to be saturated at the higher reverse bias voltage. As a result, I-V curve of a-Si PIN/OLED around the turn point Vt became smoother with the increase of the density of gap states. At the same state density, the light induced current of a-Si PIN increased against the band gap width, assuming the input light had the same spectrum as AM1.5 solar light. Thus the luminance emitted from OLED increased with the decrease of the band gap width because OLED belongs to the light-emitting device controlled by current. The simulation results also showed that the influence of the state density intensified with the increase of the band gap of a-Si:H.