In the previous chapter I described one type of challenge to the late nineteenth-century use of nature to sort social groups, that made by dynamic psychology. This new turn in psychology, and its growing appeal outside of the academy, contributed to an increased sense within popular thought that individual character is the unique outcome of a variety of environmental interactions rather than a “bundled” set of attributes emanating from inherited, natural givens. Thus, the emphasis in dynamic psychology on the environmental causes of character expressed a new appreciation that, for all, character is more individual than group based.

In this chapter I want to look at another means by which the employment of identity labels to differentially rank human beings began to unravel in the early and mid part of the twentieth century. I want to look at changes in the use of a particular concept, “culture,” as playing a particularly important role in this unraveling. In this case, the move did not suggest a greater individuality of identity, but rather a greater equivalence in the value of the practices of different social groups. “Culture” described many of the practices previously associated with racial identity as less naturally acquired.