Patel, SS. Earliest Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria. Archaeology Magazine 2010; 63(1).Google Scholar

Hilmas, CJ, Smart, JK, Hill, BA. History of chemical warfare. In: Tuorinsky, SD, ed. Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General and Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2008.Google Scholar

Robinson, JPP. Chemical Weapons and International Cooperation (Revision 1) in Public Discussion Meeting. Elimination of Weapons of Mass Destruction. British PugwashGroup. September 8, 2004. British Association 2004 Festival of Science, University of Exeter, UK, 2005; 1–9.Google Scholar

Chemical Casualty Care Division. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook 4th ed. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2007.Google Scholar

Grainge, C, Rice, P. Management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48(6): 497–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sciuto, AM, Hurt, HH. Therapeutic treatments of phosgene-induced lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2004; 16(8): 565–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Parkhouse, DA, Brown, RF, Jugg, BJ, et al. Protective ventilation strategies in the management of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Mil Med 2007; 172(3): 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

deLange, DW, Meulenbelt, J. Do corticosteroids have a role in preventing or reducing acute toxic lung injury caused by inhalation of chemical agents? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49(2): 61–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wurzburg, H. Treatment of cyanide poisoning in an industrial setting. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996; 38(1): 44–47.Google Scholar

Thompson, JP, Marrs, TC. Hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50(10): 875–885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bebarta, VS, Tanen, DA, Lairet, J, Dixon, PS, Valtier, S, Bush, A. Hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulfate versus sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of acute cyanide toxicity in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 55(4): 345–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurst, CG, Patrali, JP, Barillo, DJ, Graham, JS, Smith, WJ, Urbanetti, JS, Sidell, FR. Vesicants. In: Tuorinsky, SD, ed. Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General and Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2008.Google Scholar

Ghasemi, H, Ghazanfari, T, Ghassemi-Broumand, M, et al. Long-term ocular consequences of sulfur mustard in seriously eye-injured war veterans. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2009; 28(2): 71–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, DR, Holmes, WW, Lee, RB, et al. Sulfur mustard-induced neutropenia: treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Mil Med 2006; 171(5): 448–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mansour, RS, Salamati, P, Saghafinia, M, Abdollahi, M. A review on delayed toxic effect of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. Daru October 2012; 20(1): 51. Entire article available in English translation at www.pubmed.com (Accessed May 1, 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newmark, J. Nerve agents. In: Dobbs MR. Clinical Neurotoxicology: syndromes, substances, environments. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders-Elsevier, 2009; 646–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newmark, J. The birth of nerve agent warfare: lessons from Syed Abbas Foroutan. Neurology 2004; 62: 1590–1596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rotenberg, J, Newmark, J. Nerve agents in children: diagnosis and management. Pediatrics 2003; 112(3): 648–658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Silbergleit, R, Durkalski, V, Lowenstein, D, Conwit, R, Pancioli, A, Palesch, Y, Barsan, W, NETT Investigators. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012; 366(7): 591–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stern, JE. The covenant, the sword, and the arm of the Lord. In: Tucker, J, ed. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biologic Weapons. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2000; 139–157.Google Scholar

Yanagisawa, N, Morita, H, Nakajima, T. Sarin experiences in Japan: acute toxicity and long-term effects. J Neurol Sci 2006; 249: 76–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morita, H, Yanagisawa, N, Nakajima, T, Shimizu, M. Sarin poisoning in Matsumoto, Japan. Lancet 1995; 346: 290–294.Google Scholar

Murakami, H. Underground. New York, Random House, 2001; 11 and elsewhere.Google Scholar

Ohbu, S, Yamashina, A, Takasu, N, et al. Sarin poisoning on Tokyo subway. South Med J 1997; 90: 587–593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaplan, DE. Shinrikyo, Aum. In: Tucker, J, ed. Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biologic Weapons. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2000; 207–226.Google Scholar

Monterey WMD Terrorism Database. http://cns.miis.edu/wmdt (Restricted access November 18, 2008).Google Scholar

Cannard, K. The acute treatment of nerve agent exposure. J Neurol Sci 2006; 249: 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Loh, Y, Swanberg, MM, Ingram, MV, Newmark, J. Case report: long-term cognitive sequelae of sarin exposure. Neurotoxicology 2010; 31(2): 244–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sarin, Mustard Gas Discovered Separately in Iraq, Monday, May 17, 2004. http://www.foxnews.com (Accessed November 18, 2008).Google Scholar

Wesley, R. Chlorine attack reflects ongoing militant strategy in Iraq. The Jamestown Foundation. Terrorism Focus 2007; 4:3.Google Scholar

California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. Golden Guardian Exercise November 15, 2005. http://www.oes.ca.gov/Operational/OESHome.nsf (Accessed November 18, 2008).Google Scholar

Mattson, J. Derailment disaster. Minot Daily News. http://www.minotdailynews.com (Accessed November 18, 2008).Google Scholar

Wagner, SP. Lost in the cloud: ammonia spill leaves Minot in blind panic. The Forum. August 18, 2002.Google Scholar

Selected Stories 1/18/02–3/21/02. Minot Daily News. http://www.minotdailynews.com (Accessed November 18, 2008).Google Scholar

National Transportation Safety Board. Derailment of Canadian Pacific Railway Freight Train 292–16 and Subsequent Release of Anhydrous Ammonia Near Minot, North Dakota. January 18, 2002. Railroad Accident Report NTSB/RAR-04/01. 2004Google Scholar

Mitchell, JK, ed. Long-term recovery from the Bhopal crisis. In: The Long Road to Recovery: Community Responses to Industrial Disaster. New York, United Nations University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-core.pdf (Accessed May 1, 2013).Google Scholar

Miyaki, K, Nishiwaki, Y, Maekawa, K, et al. Effects of sarin on the nervous system of subway workers seven years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. J Occup Health 2005; 47(4): 299–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yamasue, H, Abe, O, Kasai, K, et al. Human brain structural change related to acute single exposure to sarin. Ann Neurol 2007; 61(1): 37–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clarke, SF, Chilcott, RP, Wilson, JC, Kamanvire, R, Baker, DJ, Hallett, A. Decontamination of multiple casualties who are chemically contaminated: a challenge for acute hospitals. Prehosp Disaster Med 2008; 23(2): 175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Domres, BD, Rashid, A, Grundgeiger, J, Gromer, S, Kees, T, Hecker, N, Peter, H. European survey on decontamination in mass casualty incidents. Am J Disaster Med 2009; 4(3): 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tuorinsky, SR, ed. Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. In: Textbook of Military Medicine series. Washington, DC, Office of the Surgeon General and Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2008.Google Scholar

http://ccc.apgea.army.mil (Accessed May 2, 2013).Google Scholar