In a review of the surgical management of epilepsy published in 2014 by CMAJ, Jette et al. suggested that a better understanding of the barriers to epilepsy surgery is needed to increase the low rates of epilepsy surgery for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). ^{Reference Jette, Reid and Wiebe1} We discuss these barriers, provide an update on the disparities in DRE care across Canada and discuss strategies that could be used to address them.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide and accounts for a significant proportion of the global disease burden. In Canada, epilepsy prevalence is estimated at 5 to 6 per 1,000 people. ^{Reference Tellez-Zenteno, Pondal-Sordo, Matijevic and Wiebe2} Epilepsy often significantly and negatively affects many aspects of patients’ lives and increases mortality risk.

Patients newly diagnosed with epilepsy are treated with anti-seizure medications (ASMs), but approximately one-third have DRE. ^{Reference Tellez-Zenteno, Pondal-Sordo, Matijevic and Wiebe2} Fortunately, epilepsy surgery is a safe and effective treatment for appropriately chosen patients. ^{Reference Jette, Reid and Wiebe1} Patients are typically eligible for assessment for epilepsy surgery candidacy if their seizures are disabling and resistant to ASMs. ^{Reference Jette, Reid and Wiebe1} Patients are assessed for epilepsy surgery candidacy as inpatients in an Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU) using a series of investigations: prolonged video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuropsychological assessments, and in some cases, functional neuroimaging (positron emission tomography [PET], single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]) and intracranial EEG.

However, not all patients assessed are eligible to receive epilepsy surgery. Contraindications include an unidentifiable seizure focus and severe active psychiatric conditions. ^{Reference Jette, Reid and Wiebe1} Ineligible patients are considered for alternative therapies, such as vagus nerve and deep brain stimulation. Unless alternatives to ASMs are tried, patients with DRE typically continue experiencing seizures and their associated adverse effects. ^{Reference Jette, Reid and Wiebe1} Therefore, it is recommended that patients are referred for assessment for epilepsy surgery candidacy when DRE is diagnosed.

However, many patients in Canada are not considered for epilepsy surgery promptly following their diagnosis of DRE. In a survey of 327 Canadian neurologists treating people with epilepsy, over 75% identified inadequate healthcare resources, including long wait times (34.4%), limited resources (13.7%), access (11.3%) and distance (7.0%), as the most important barrier to epilepsy surgery. ^{Reference Roberts3} This finding indicates that inadequate healthcare resources is likely the most significant barrier to the effective management of DRE in Canada.

What resources are currently available to treat DRE in Canada?

The resources needed to assess patients for epilepsy surgery candidacy are available in Canada but insufficient to treat all who may benefit. Additionally, given the considerable geographic spread of the population, some Canadians with DRE experience more significant healthcare-related barriers than others. Neurologists and epileptologists are essential resources for managing DRE effectively. In 2018, there were 2.8 neurologists per 100,000 Canadian residents. ⁴ However, that figure varied between the provinces and territories, with no neurologists in any of the three territories and 3.6 neurologists per 100,000 people in Quebec. ⁴ The number of epileptologists in Canada is only a small proportion of all neurologists. Therefore, there is likely an insufficient number available to treat all Canadian residents with DRE, and those available are unlikely to be equally distributed.

The precise number of EEG machines in Canada is also unknown. However, the availability of imaging machines used for DRE treatment is approximately known. A 2017 inventory identified 366 MRI scanners, 330 SPECT scanners, 51 PET-CT, and 3 PET-MRI machines. ⁵ Most imaging resources were in urban settings, with the greatest number and variety in Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia.

To our knowledge, EMU beds in Canada have not been previously enumerated. Therefore, we contacted personnel from each EMU across the country to determine the number of EMU beds available within each province and territory relative to its estimated prevalence of DRE (Table 1). Seven of the 13 provinces and territories do not have any EMU beds, including all three territories. Among the six provinces with at least one bed, the number per 1,000 people with refractory epilepsy ranges from 0.83 in British Columbia to 2.5 in Nova Scotia. These figures indicate that there is a disparity between the provinces and territories in the availability of EMU beds, and there is an insufficient number of beds within the provinces with at least one. Since assessment for epilepsy surgery candidacy must occur in an EMU, the insufficient number of EMU beds is a significant barrier to treating patients with DRE.

Table 1. Estimates of the number of epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) beds relative to the estimated number of people with refractory epilepsy in each province and territory in Canada

DRE = drug-resistant epilepsy; PWE = people with epilepsy.

^a Population of provinces according to Statistics Canada Q4 2023 (https://doi.org/10.25318/1710000901-eng).

^b Expected number of PWE calculated by multiplying population by prevalence.

^c Expected number of people with DRE calculated by dividing total expected number by 3.

^d Number of beds per 1,000 with DRE calculated by dividing the number of beds by DRE.