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Weed Control, Environmental Impact, and Economics of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Christie L. Stewart ,
Robert E. Nurse ,
Laura L. Van Eerd ,
Richard J. Vyn  and
Peter H. Sikkema
Christie L. Stewart
Affiliation:
Environmental Science Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
Robert E. Nurse*
Affiliation:
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2585 County Rd. 20 R.R. #2 Harrow, ON N0R 1G0, Canada
Laura L. Van Eerd
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
Richard J. Vyn
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
Peter H. Sikkema
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: Robert.Nurse@agr.gc.ca
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Abstract

With the number of glyphosate-resistant weed species increasing in North America and a lack of new herbicide chemistries being developed, growers are shifting toward using older herbicides that are more expensive and may be less environmentally friendly. Therefore, to determine which weed management strategies are most cost effective and have the lowest impact on the environment we evaluated the efficacy, environmental impact, and the profitability of several weed management strategies in glyphosate-resistant soybean over a 3-yr period (2007 to 2009) at three locations in southwestern Ontario, Canada. No visible injury to soybean was observed with the herbicide treatments evaluated. A sequential application of glyphosate consistently provided high levels of weed control (99 to 100%) at 56 d after treatment in comparison with one- or two-pass herbicide programs. Soybean yield did not differ between the two-pass herbicide programs and glyphosate applied early POST; however, a yield benefit was found with a sequential application of glyphosate or a PRE herbicide followed by glyphosate compared with glyphosate applied only at late POST. The two-pass herbicide programs had higher environmental impact (EI) (> 23) than the one-pass herbicide programs (< 15), except when imazethapyr was followed by or tank-mixed with glyphosate, which had an equivalent EI (∼ 14) to the one-pass herbicide programs. Not surprisingly because of the low purchase price of glyphosate, gross margins were highest for treatments that included glyphosate. However, to reduce the selection pressure on glyphosate-resistant weed biotypes, to reduce environmental impact, and to increase gross margins a combination of glyphosate with another mode of action would be most beneficial. In this study glyphosate + imazethapyr was the best alternative to a sequential two-pass glyphosate program.

Con el incremento del número de especies de maleza resistentes a glifosato en Norte América y la falta de desarrollo de nuevos herbicidas químicos, los agricultores tienden hacia el uso de herbicidas más antiguos, que son más caros y pueden ser menos amigables al ambiente. Por lo tanto, para determinar cuáles estrategias de manejo de maleza son las más efectivas en costo y tienen el impacto ambiental más bajo, evaluamos la eficacia, el impacto ambiental y la rentabilidad de varias estrategias de manejo en el cultivo de soya resistente al glifosato, por un período de tres años (2007 a 2009) en tres sitios en el suroeste de Ontario, Canadá. No se observó daño visible a la soya con los tratamientos de herbicida evaluados. Una aplicación secuencial de glifosato, consistentemente proporcionó altos niveles de control de maleza (99 a 100%) 56 días después del tratamiento (DAT) en comparación a los programas de herbicida de una o dos pasadas. El rendimiento de soya no difirió entre los programas de herbicidas de dos pasadas y el glifosato aplicado en postemergencia temprana (EPOST); sin embargo, se observó un beneficio en el rendimiento con una aplicación secuencial de glifosato o un herbicida preemergente (PRE) seguido de glifosato, comparado con glifosato aplicado únicamente en postemergencia tardía (LPOST). Los programas de herbicida de dos pasadas tuvieron mayor impacto ambiental (EI) (>23) que los programas de aplicación de una pasada (<15), excepto cuando imazethapyr fue seguido por o mezclado con glifosato, el cual tuvo un EI (∼14) equivalente a los programas de herbicida de una pasada. Debido al bajo precio de compra de glifosato, no es sorprendente que las utilidades brutas fueron las más altas para tratamientos que incluyeron este herbicida. Sin embargo, para reducir la presión selectiva sobre los biotipos de maleza resistentes al glifosato, disminuir el impacto ambiental e incrementar las utilidades brutas, sería benéfico utilizar una combinación de glifosato y herbicidas con otro modo de acción. En este estudio, glifosato + imazethapyr fue la mejor alternativa a un programa secuencial de dos pasadas de glifosato.

Keywords

Flumetsulamglyphosateimazethapyrs-metolachlorsoybean, Glycine max L.common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEALcommon ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBELgreen foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. SETVIredroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMAREvelvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medic. ABUTHEnvironmental impact quotient (EIQ)gross marginglyphosate stewardship
Type
Weed Management—Major Crops
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 535 - 541
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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