Primordial temperature fluctuations, which appear to be necessary in order to explain aspects of galaxy formation, can lead to observable effects in some objects. In QSS and other compact systems a correlation of absolute luminosity with primordial helium content is predicted.

An attempt is made to explain Morgan cD supergiant galaxies, the microwave background radiation and extended discrete radio sources as ghost images in a universe of strong positive curvature and inhomogeneous mass distribution.

This paper presents a critical discussion of our present knowledge of intergalactic matter and radiation as it relates to cosmology. While there have been some observational successes and much theoretical speculation, studies of intergalactic matter and radiation have still not allowed us to draw certain conclusions about the origin and evolution of the universe.

Measurements of the background radiation were made at 8000 MHz with a beamwidth of 15 deg. Two antennas were used, arranged such that the equipment recorded the temperature difference between points five hours apart in right ascension and at declination + 32°. Data were taken only at night and at 3800 m altitude, in order to reduce systematic effects as much as possible. Two observing runs six months apart were combined; after subtracting Galactic non-thermal radiation, the remainder shows a significant dipole anisotropy, a possibly significant quadrupole anisotropy, and no detectable variations of smaller angular size: (Table I.)

All of the possible sources of primeval magnetic fields are examined and found to be inadequate to account for the observed galactic B-fields (if the magnetic fields in galaxies are the direct result of the condensation of a magnetized metagalactic medium). Field amplification in dense rotating objects (perhaps neutron stars or galactic nuclei) may be responsible for the bulk of such fields. Most of the (hypothetical) intergalactic B-field then originates in galaxies and is dragged along with the cosmic rays escaping from them. Limits are placed on the value of any present intergalactic magnetic field of either primordial or ‘recent’ origin.

Quantum effects in the early stages of some cosmological models are considered. Interactions between particles can be expressed in terms of the Dirac delta function, and the implications of the existence of both positive and negative frequencies in the Fourier expansion of this function are discussed.