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Making Organisms Model Human Behavior: Situated Models in North-American Alcohol Research, since 1950

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2014

Rachel A. Ankeny ,
Sabina Leonelli ,
Nicole C. Nelson  and
Edmund Ramsden
Rachel A. Ankeny
Affiliation:
University of Adelaide, Australia E-mail: rachel.ankeny@adelaide.edu.au
Sabina Leonelli
Affiliation:
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK E-mail: s.leonelli@exeter.ac.uk
Nicole C. Nelson
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montreal, Canada E-mail: nicole.nelson@gmail.com
Edmund Ramsden
Affiliation:
Queen Mary, University of London, UK E-mail: e.ramsden@qmul.ac.uk
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Argument

We examine the criteria used to validate the use of nonhuman organisms in North-American alcohol addiction research from the 1950s to the present day. We argue that this field, where the similarities between behaviors in humans and non-humans are particularly difficult to assess, has addressed questions of model validity by transforming the situatedness of non-human organisms into an experimental tool. We demonstrate that model validity does not hinge on the standardization of one type of organism in isolation, as often the case with genetic model organisms. Rather, organisms are viewed as necessarily situated: they cannot be understood as a model for human behavior in isolation from their environmental conditions. Hence the environment itself is standardized as part of the modeling process; and model validity is assessed with reference to the environmental conditions under which organisms are studied.

Type
Research Article
Information
Science in Context , Volume 27 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 485 - 509
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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