¹ Prinse is pronounced to rhyme with English ‘freeze’: the n is not sounded. The rhymes at ll. 572–575 and 1576–1579 show this.

² Meiss, M., ‘The bookkeeping of Robinet d'Estampes and the chronology of Jean de Berry's manuscripts’, Art Bulletin, 53 (1971), pp. 228–229Google Scholar.

³ R.W. Hunt and others, Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, 7 vols [in 8], (Oxford, 1895–1953), III, p. 73, no. 9788.

⁴ Wright, C.E., Fontes Harleiani: A Study of the Sources of the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts Preserved in the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1972), pp. 50, 72, 242Google Scholar; Meiss, ‘Bookkeeping’, pp. 228–229.

⁵ Merlet, L., ‘Biographie de Jean de Montagu [sic], grant maître de France (1350–1409)’, Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes, 13 (1852), pp. 274–284Google Scholar.

⁶ Catholic Hierarchy, The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church, Current and Historical Information about Its Bishops and Dioceses, www.catholic-hierarchy.org, s.v. ‘Archbishop Jean de Montagu†’(accessed 25 November 2022).

⁷ Quoted in Rey, M., Les Finances royales sous Charles VI: les causes de déficit 1388–1413 (Paris, 1965), p. 38 n. 3Google Scholar.

⁸ Thompson, E.M., ‘A contemporary account of the fall of Richard the Second’, Burlington Magazine, 5 (1904) p. 161Google Scholar.

⁹ Alain Chartier, Poetical Works, ed. J.C. Laidlaw (Cambridge, 1974), pp. 66–67.

¹⁰ Watson, A.G., Catalogue of Dated and Datable Manuscripts c.700–1600 in the Department of Manuscripts, the British Library, 2 vols (London, 1979), 911.402Google Scholar.

¹¹ Cockshaw, P., ‘Mentions d'auteurs, de copistes, d'enlumineurs et de libraires dans les comptes généraux de l’état bourguignon (1384–1419)’, Scriptorium, 23 (1969), p. 135, no. 50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² L.V. Delisle, Le Cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, 4 vols (Paris, 1868–1881), I, p. 56; III, pp. 190–191. L.V. Delisle, Recherches sur la librairie de Charles V, 2 vols (Paris, 1907), II, pp. 263–264; J. Barrois, Bibliothèque protypographique, ou, Librairies des fils du roy Jean: Charles V, Jean de Berri, Philippe de Bourgogne et les siens (Paris, 1830), p. 91, no. 521.

¹³ Supra, p. 2.

¹⁴ Delisle, Recherches, I, pp. 54–56.

¹⁵ Chronicles of the Revolution 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II, ed. C. Given-Wilson (Manchester, 1993), p. 8.

¹⁶ Infra, p. 5.

¹⁷ For Harley MS 4431, see British Library, Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts, www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts; for Louis de Bruges, see ODNB, s.v. ‘Brugge, Lodewijk van [Louis de Bruges; Lodewijk van Gruuthuse], earl of Winchester (c. 1427–1492)’; also M. Vale, ‘An Anglo-Burgundian nobleman and art patron: Louis de Bruges, Lord of la Gruthuyse and Earl of Winchester’, in C. Barron and N. Saul (eds), England and the Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1995).

¹⁸ Humphrey Wanley, The Diary of Humphrey Wanley 1715–1726, ed. C.E. and R.C. Wright, 2 vols (London, 1966), II, p. 475; C.E. Wright, Fontes Harleiani, pp. xv–xvii.

¹⁹ [H.Wanley], Catalogue of the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts, 2 vols (London, 1759), I, s.v. 1319.

²⁰ They occur in the text immediately preceding ll. 1, 145, 273, 341, 489, 613, 805, 869, 1173, 1469, 1841, 2045, 2169, p. 102, l. 2; p. 109, l. 16, l. 2445.

²¹ Deslisle, Recherches, II, pp. 263–264.

²² Palmer, J.J.N., ‘The authorship, date and historical value of the French Chronicles on the Lancastrian Revolution’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 61:1 (1978), pp. 171–178CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ Chronicque de la traïson et mort de Richart Deux roy dengleterre, ed. B. Williams, English Historical Society (London, 1846), p. 59.

²⁴ Meiss, M., French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Late Fourteenth Century and the Patronage of the Duke, 2 vols (London, 1967), I, p. 360Google Scholar.

²⁵ E. Morrison and A.D. Hedeman (eds), Imagining the Past in France: History in Manuscript Painting (Los Angeles, CA, 2010) fig. 34, p. 64, and nos 30a and 30b, pp. 199–200.

²⁶ Ibid. nos 32a and 32b, and discussion, pp. 205–207.

²⁷ Ibid. p. 207. Also, A.D. Hedeman, ‘Advising France through the example of England: Visual narrative in the Livre de la prinse et mort du roy Richart (Harl. MS. 1319)’, Electronic British Library Journal (2011), Article 7, p. 9.

²⁸ Stratford, J. (ed.), Richard II and the English Royal Treasure: [An Inventory of Richard's Treasure in 1399] (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2012), plate 38bGoogle Scholar.

²⁹ S. Whittingham, ‘The chronology of the portraits of Richard II’, Burlington Magazine, 113 (1971), p. 16; also Thompson, ‘A contemporary account’, p. 161.

³⁰ See M.R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Lambeth Palace, 5 pts, continuously paginated (Cambridge, 1930–1932), p. 779.

³¹ Watson, Catalogue, 911.402.

³² See J.S. Brewer and W. Bullen (eds), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts: Preserved in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, 6 vols (London, 1867–1873), p. 319.

³³ George Carew, earl of Totnes (trans.), ‘The Story of King Richard the Second. His Last being in Ireland, Written by a French Gentleman, who Accompanied the King in that Voyage to His Leaving Ireland in 1399’, in Hibernica, or, Some Antient Pieces Relating to Ireland, Part I, ed. W. Harris (Dublin, 1757; originally published 1747), p. 25.

³⁴ J. Roberts and A.G. Watson, John Dee's Library Catalogue (London, 1990), p. 171.

³⁵ John Stow, Chronicles of England from Brute (London, 1580; Text Creation Partnership), www.name.umdl.umich.edu/A13043.0001.001 (accessed 25 November 2022). Also, P. Ure, ‘Shakespeare's play and the French sources of Holinshed's and Stow's account of Richard II’, Notes and Queries, 53 (1953), pp. 428–429.

³⁶ Stow, Chronicles of England, pp. 530–541.

³⁷ Ibid. p. 534.

³⁸ Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 6 vols (London, 1807–1808), II, p. 850.

³⁹ Ibid. II, pp. 854, 856.

⁴⁰ Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 61:2 (1979), pp. 400–405.

⁴¹ Holinshed, Chronicles, II, p. 836.

⁴² Chronicque de la traïson et mort, ed. Williams, pp. 3–5.

⁴³ See H. Omont, Bibliothèque Nationale: Catalogue générale des manuscrits français: ancien supplément français, 3 vols (Paris, 1895–1896), III, pp. 235–236. (A was originally numbered Supplément français 254³⁰).

⁴⁴ Morrison and Hedeman, Imagining the Past in France, p. 207 n. 1.

⁴⁵ Jehan Creton, ‘Histoire de Richard II’, ed. J.A. Buchon, in Collection des Chroniques, XXIV (Paris, 1826), pp. 321–346.

⁴⁶ H. Omont, Bibliothèque Nationale: Catalogue générale des manuscrits français: nouvelles acquisitions françaises, 4 vols (Paris, 1899–1918), II, p. 420.

⁴⁷ Chartier, Poetical Works, p. 77.

⁴⁸ Eustache Deschamps, Oeuvres complètes, ed. Marquis de Queux de Saint Hilaire and G. Raynaud, 11 vols (Paris, 1878–1903), II, pp. xvii–xxii.

⁴⁹ I am grateful to Dr Spilsbury for the following details:

BnF n. a. fr. 6220: paschal lamb. Briquet, Les Filigranes, I. no. 15 (1439).

BnF n. a. fr. 6221: various sorts of anchor, ibid. I, nos 396–400 (1420–1464); a P surmounted by a cross, ibid. III, nos 8462–8487 (1379–1455), most similar to sub-group nos 8475–8484 (1398–1426).

BnF n. a. fr. 6222: a P surmounted by a cross, tail ending in a trefoil, ibid. III, no. 8485 (1433–1440).

BnF n. a. fr. 6223: arms of Valois Burgundy, ibid. I, no. 1649 (1406–1413).

BnF n. a. fr. 6224: bow, ibid. I, nos. 821–828 (1387–1414); cross-bow, ibid. I, nos 723–725 (1418–1441). The date 29 November 1430 is written on fo. 77.

⁵⁰ Chartier, Poetical Works, p. 42.

⁵¹ E.J. Jones, ‘An examination of the authorship of the deposition and death of Richard II attributed to Creton’, Speculum, 15 (1940), p. 466.

⁵² R. Vaughan, Valois Burgundy (London, 1975), p. 33.

⁵³ Formerly no. 7656; see J.A. Taschereau, H. Michalant, and L. Delisle, Bibliothèque nationale, Département des manuscrits: Catalogue des manuscrits français, Ancien fonds, 5 vols (Paris, 1868–1902), I, p. 284.

⁵⁴ Ibid. I, p. 226; formerly no. 7532.

⁵⁵ For the date of the hand, see C. Samaran and R. Marichal, Catalogue des manuscrits en écriture latine, portant des indications de date, de lieu ou de copiste, 7 vols (Paris, 1959–1984), I, p. CLXI, dated 1539.

⁵⁶ Chronicque de la traïson et mort, ed. Williams; for an almost complete list, see Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:1 (1978), pp. 180–181.

⁵⁷ Jehan Creton, ‘Translation of a French Metrical History of the Deposition of King Richard the Second … with a Copy of the Original’, ed. J. Webb, Archaeologia, 20 (1824), pp. 1–423.

⁵⁸ Jehan Creton, ‘Histoire de Richard II’.

⁵⁹ Creton, ‘Translation of a French Metrical History’, p. 3.

⁶⁰ Ibid. p. 293.

⁶¹ Creton, ‘Histoire de Richard II’, p. 321.

⁶² Ibid. p. 322.

⁶³ Chronicles of the Revolution, ed. Given-Wilson, pp. 137–152, 243–245.

⁶⁴ H. Taylor, Historic Notices, with Topographical and Other Gleanings Descriptive of the Borough and County-town of Flint (London, 1883), translated extracts on pp. 71–79.

⁶⁵ Jehan Creton, ‘Remarks on the Manner of the Death of King Richard the Second’, ed. P.W. Dillon, Archaeologia, 28 (1840), pp. 75–95.

⁶⁶ Jehan Creton, ‘Trois ballades politiques inédites de Jean Creton (début du XVe siècle)’, ed. G.M. Roccati, in Lingua, cultura e testo: Miscellanea di studi francesi in onore di Sergio Cigala, ed. E. Galazzi and G. Bernardelli, 3 vols (Milan, 2003), II, pt. 2, pp. 1099–1110.

⁶⁷ P. Rickard, Britain in Medieval French Literature 1100–1500 (Cambridge, 1956), p. 160; D.B. Tyson, ‘Jean le Bel: Portrait of a chronicler’, Journal of Medieval History, 12 (1986), p. 331 n. 5.

⁶⁸ Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:1 (1978), p. 180.

⁶⁹ P.M. De Winter, La Bibliothèque de Philippe le Hardi, duc de Bourgogne (1364–1404) (Paris, 1985), p. 20; also M.V. Clarke, Fourteenth-Century Studies (Oxford, 1937), p. 68.

⁷⁰ Prinse et mort, ll. 31–456; Chronicque de la traïson et mort, ed. Williams, pp. 27–32. My remarks on the Traïson MSS are based on Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:1 (1978), pp. 145–181.

⁷¹ A. Varvaro, ‘Jean Froissart, la déposition et la mort de Richard II: Construction du récit historique’, Romania, 124 (2006), p. 156.

⁷² A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England, 2 vols (London, 1974–1982), II, p. 190 n. 193.

⁷³ Cockshaw, ‘Mentions d'auteurs, de copistes, d'enlumineurs’, p. 127, no. 20.

⁷⁴ F. Lehoux, Jean de France, duc de Berri: Sa vie, son action politique (1340–1416), 4 vols (Paris, 1966–1968), II, p. 518 n. 2; p. 473 n. 6.

⁷⁵ R. Vaughan, Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian State (London, 1962), p. 53.

⁷⁶ Cockshaw, ‘Mentions d'auteurs, de copistes, d'enlumineurs’, p. 135, no. 50.

⁷⁷ Ibid. p. 135, no. 50; p. 137, no. 61.

⁷⁸ Vaughan, Philip the Bold, p. 240.

⁷⁹ Cockshaw, ‘Mentions d'auteurs, de copistes, d'enlumineurs’, p. 138, no. 69.

⁸⁰ Creton, ‘Remarks’, p. 94. The reference to the document concerned, BnF Pièces originales 930, Creton, nos 1–2, is given by Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:1 (1978), p. 153 n. 2.

⁸¹ Creton, ‘Remarks’, ed. Dillon, p. 95.

⁸² M. Rey, Le Domaine du roi et les finances extraordinaires sous Charles VI 1388–1413 (Paris, 1965), p. 157 n. 1.

⁸³ B.A. Pocquet du Haut-Jussé, La France gouvernée par Jean sans Peur: Les Dépenses du receveur général du royaume (Paris, 1949), no. 1250.

⁸⁴ G. Peignot, Catalogue d'une partie des livres composant la bibliothèque des ducs de Bourgogne au XVe siècle, 2nd edn (Dijon, 1841), p. 32. Furthermore, Peignot misreads LX escuz (soixante escuz, ‘sixty crowns’) as IX escus (neuf escus, ‘nine crowns’).

⁸⁵ Cockshaw, ‘Mentions d'auteurs, de copistes, d'enlumineurs’, p. 135, no. 50; Vaughan, Philip the Bold, pp. 200–201.

⁸⁶ G. Doutrepont, La Littérature française à la cour des ducs de Bourgogne (Paris, 1909), p. 405; M.J. Hughes, ‘The Library of Philip the Bold and Margaret of Flanders’, Journal of Medieval History, 4 (1978), item II.3, p. 168.

⁸⁷ De Winter, La Bibliothèque de Philippe le Hardi, p. 19.

⁸⁸ Doutrepont, La Littérature française, pp. 470–471; Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, pp. 166, 180.

⁸⁹ Rey, Le Domaine du roi, p. 156.

⁹⁰ Chronicque de la traïson et mort, ed. Williams, p. viii n. 1.

⁹¹ J. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ‘Les Chroniques inédites de Gilles le Bel’, Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2nd ser., 2 (Brussels, 1857), p. 459.

⁹² V. Leclerc, Histoire littéraire de la France au quatorzième siècle, 2 vols (Paris, 1865), II, p. 18; Creton, ‘Remarks’, ed. Dillon, p. 86.

⁹³ M.K. Pope, From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman, Phonology and Morphology, rev. edn (Manchester, 1952), §60, pp. 33–34; §169, pp. 81–82.

⁹⁴ Ibid. §1320 Northern Region; Phonology: §§i, viii, pp. 486–488.

⁹⁵ D. McGettigan, Richard II and the Irish Kings (Dublin, 2016), pp. 21–24, 219.

⁹⁶ Vaughan, Philip the Bold, p. 3.

⁹⁷ Ibid. p. 56.

⁹⁸ Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, p. 49.

⁹⁹ N. Saul, Richard II (New Haven, CT, 1997), p. 12; C. Given-Wilson, Henry IV (New Haven, CT, 2016), p. 11.

¹⁰⁰ Taylor, Historic Notices, p. 72; McGettigan, Richard II, pp. 22, 167; L. D. Duls, Richard II in the Early Chronicles (The Hague, 1973), p. 133 n. 51; D. Biggs, Three Armies in Britain: The Irish Campaign of Richard II and the Usurpation of Henry IV 1397–1399 (Leiden, 2006), pp. 202, 233; P. Strohm, ‘The Trouble with Richard: The reburial of Richard II and Lancastrian symbolic strategy’, Speculum, 71 (1996), p. 88.

¹⁰¹ Clarke, Fourteenth-Century Studies, p. 69. Chapter III, ‘The Deposition of Richard II’ was written in collaboration with V.H. Galbraith, and originally published in 1930.

¹⁰² J. Sherborne, War, Politics and Culture (London, 1994), pp. 142–143.

¹⁰³ Vaughan, Philip the Bold, p. 10.

¹⁰⁴ Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, p. 48.

¹⁰⁵ Christine de Pizan, Le Livre de l'advision Cristine, ed. C. Reno and L. Dulac (Paris, 2001), p. 112.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid.

¹⁰⁷ Saul, Richard II, pp. 405–406 n. 8.

¹⁰⁸ D. B. Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, English Historical Review, 98 (1983) p. 787.

¹⁰⁹ G. Mathew, The Court of Richard II (London, 1968), pp. 114–128.

¹¹⁰ G. Lecuppre, L'Imposture politique au Moyen Age: La Seconde Vie des rois (Paris, 2005), pp. 63–65.

¹¹¹ Lehoux, Jean de France, II, p. 518 n. 2; p. 473 n. 6.

¹¹² See ODNB, s.v. ‘Isabella [Isabella of France] (1389–1409)’.

¹¹³ Rey, Le Domaine du roi, p. 157 n. 1.

¹¹⁴ E. Perroy, La Guerre de Cent Ans (Paris, 1945), pp. 197–211; Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, p. 153.

¹¹⁵ Pocquet du Haut-Jussé, La France gouvernée par Jean sans Peur, no. 1250.

¹¹⁶ De Winter, La Bibliothèque de Philippe le Hardi, p. 54.

¹¹⁷ Bratu, ‘«Or vous dirai»: La V ocalité des récits historiques français du Moyen Age (XIIe–XVe siècles)’, Neophilologus, 96 (2012), p. 344.

¹¹⁸ Christine de Pizan, Le Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V, ed. S. Solente, 2 vols (Paris, 1936–1941), I, pp. 47–48.

¹¹⁹ Ibid. I, pp. 103–104.

¹²⁰ C. Taylor, ‘ “Weep thou for me in France”: French views of the deposition of Richard II’, in W.M. Ormrod (ed.), Fourteenth Century England, III (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2004), pp. 207–214.

¹²¹ Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, p. 17.

¹²² Enguerran de Monstrelet, La Chronique d'Enguerran de Monstrelet, 6 vols (Paris, 1857–1862), I, pp. 54–55.

¹²³ Deschamps, Oeuvres complètes, VI, no. 1200, pp. 184–185.

¹²⁴ Christine de Pizan, Le Livre des fais et bonnes meurs, I, p. 147.

¹²⁵ John Rylands Library, Manchester, French MS. 63, fo. 56r.

¹²⁶ Chandos Herald, La Vie du Prince Noir, ed. D.B. Tyson (Tübingen, 1975); The Vows of the Heron (Les Voeux du Héron): A Middle French Vowing Poem, ed. J.L. Grigsby and N.J. Lacy, trans. N.J. Lacy (New York, 1992).

¹²⁷ L.E. Kastner, ‘A neglected French poetic form’, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, 28 (1905), pp. 288–292.

¹²⁸ Varvaro, ‘Jean Froissart, la déposition’, p. 134.

¹²⁹ Mathew, Court of Richard II, pp. 30–31; I. Short, ‘On bilingualism in Anglo-Norman England’, Romance Philology, 33 (1980), pp. 467–469.

¹³⁰ Jean Froissart, Chroniques de France et d'Angleterre, livre quatrième, ed. A.Varvaro (Brussels, 2015), p. 376.

¹³¹ Clarke, Fourteenth-Century Studies, pp. 68–69.

¹³² Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, p. 789.

¹³³ P. Ainsworth, ‘Style direct et peinture des personnages chez Froissart’, Romania, 93 (1972), pp. 499–501.

¹³⁴ C. Muscatine, Chaucer and the French Tradition (Berkeley, CA, 1957), pp. 79–80.

¹³⁵ Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, Le Roman de la Rose, ed. F. Lecoy, 3 vols (Paris, 1965–1970), I, pp. 2–3; Guillaume de Machaut, Le Jugement du roy de Behaigne and Remede de Fortune, ed. J.I. Wimsatt and W.W. Kibler (Athens, GA, 1988), p. 61; Chandos Herald, La Vie du Prince Noir, p. 143; Jean Froissart, Oeuvres de Froissart: Poésies, ed. A. Scheler, 3 vols (Brussels, 1870–1872), I, p. 348.

¹³⁶ Varvaro, ‘Jean Froissart, la déposition’, p. 115.

¹³⁷ Froissart, Chroniques de France et d'Angleterre, livre quatrième, pp. 616–620.

¹³⁸ The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edn (Oxford, 2012); https://oxfordre.com/classics, s.v. Valerius Maximus.

¹³⁹ A. Dubois, Valère Maxime en français à la fin du Moyen Age (Turnhout 2016), pp. 383–386.

¹⁴⁰ Valerius Maximus [Valère Maxime], Facta et dicta memorabilia, trans. Simon de Hesdin, Books I–III, ed. M. C. Enriello C. Di Nunzio, and A. Vitale-Brovarone (the only modern text, just available online and never printed), www.pluteus.it (accessed 25 November 2022); ‘La Traduction de Valère-Maxime par Nicolas de Gonesse’, ed. C. Charras, PhD thesis, McGill University, Montreal, 1982, covers Books VII (part)–IX.

¹⁴¹ D. Lechat, ‘L'Utilisation par Christine de Pizan de la traduction de Valère Maxime par Simon de Hesdin et Nicolas de Gonesse dans Le Livre du chemin de long estude’, in E. Hicks (ed.), Au champ des escriptures, IIIe Colloque international sur Christine de Pizan (Paris, 2000), pp. 175–196.

¹⁴² Christine de Pizan, Le Livre du corps de policie, ed. A.J. Kennedy (Paris, 1998), pp. xix, xxix–xxxii.

¹⁴³ J. Monfrin, ‘Humanisme et traductions’, Journal des Savants (1963), pp. 189–190; Vaughan, Valois Burgundy, p. 187.

¹⁴⁴ If not some days earlier; Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, p. 789 n. 3.

¹⁴⁵ More than two weeks (quinzaine) before Rutland's arrival (l. 405), and then a further six until news of Lancaster's invasion reached them from England. (ll. 446–450).

¹⁴⁶ Not eighteen days until he rejoined Salisbury, as stated by Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, p. 789.

¹⁴⁷ The latest possible date for Richard's capture – and the most likely one – is the date given by Creton (Tuesday 19 August), p. 187, ll. 6–7. See Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:2 (1979), p. 420. Tuesday 22 August is an impossible date. In 1399, 22 August was a Friday: therefore Creton meant either Friday 22 August or Tuesday 19 August. Comparison with other sources favours Tuesday 19 August.

¹⁴⁸ Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, pp. 789–790, makes a brave attempt to reconcile Creton's dates with those of other sources by resurrecting a suggestion made long ago by J.H. Ramsay (The Genesis of Lancaster, or, The Three Reigns of Edward II, Edward III, and Richard II, 1307–1399, 2 vols (Oxford, 1913), II, p. 355 n. 1) that Creton meant that Richard stayed eight (i.e. two plus six) weeks in Ireland, not in Dublin. But apart from the fact that this does nothing to resolve the other difficulties with Creton's chronology, Creton plainly says eight (i.e. two plus six) weeks in Dublin (supra, n. 145), and there is nothing in the text at this point to suggest that this was a slip of the pen.

¹⁴⁹ The sources give a variety of dates. A. Tuck, Richard II and the English Nobility (London, 1973), pp. 213–215, adduces record evidence which suggests a date towards the end of June. A hitherto unnoticed source confirms this deduction and lends precision: WAM, Book 1 (Liber Niger Quaternus), fo. 86v., ‘In vigilia Nativitatis Sancti Johannis Baptiste [23 June] venit Henricus dux Herefordie versus Angliam. Et in vigilia Apostolorum Petri et Pauli [28 June] venerunt prima nova ad Westmonasterium de adventu ipsius. Et iiij die julij applicuit apud Pykeryng’. It may be presumed that the Council was informed no later than the Abbey of Henry's approach.

¹⁵⁰ Adam Usk, The Chronicle of Adam Usk 1377–1421, ed. C. Given-Wilson (Oxford, 1997), p. 58, gives 22 July; Thomas Walsingham, Annales Ricardi Secundi et Henrici Quarti, in J. de Trokelowe et Anon., Chronica et Annales, ed. H.T. Riley, Rolls Series (London, 1866) p. 247, c.1 Aug.

¹⁵¹ Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi, ed. G.B. Stow (Philadelphia, PA, 1977), p. 151.

¹⁵² Walsingham, Annales Ricardi Secundi, p. 248. Sherborne, War, Politics and Culture, pp. 119–124, provides a lucid analysis of the different accounts told by the chroniclers.

¹⁵³ It is not clear why Sherborne states that we do not know where Richard was at this time; ibid. p. 120.

¹⁵⁴ The date is given by the account of the Receiver of Richard's chamber. J. Lufwyk: ‘xvii die julii … quo die predictus nuper rex cum exercitu suo recessit de Dublin … ’ (The National Archives, Kew, PRO E101/403/21). The misreading of the date in the enrolled version of this account by various authorities has caused considerable confusion, described at length by G.O. Sayles, ‘Richard II in 1381 and 1399’, English Historical Review, 94 (1979), pp. 822–826, and by Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, pp. 790–793, who rather exaggerates Lufwyk's record. There is no reason at all to doubt his very precise statement that Richard left Dublin on 17 July. It should be noted that the particulars of Lufwyk's account cited here both confirm the enrolled version and are of superior authority.

¹⁵⁵ Ibid. pp. 790, 793, says that Creton is suspect on this point. While it is true that there is no direct corroboration of his statement that Richard sailed from Waterford, it makes such good sense of the events that followed that it may be accepted without reserve as true and as further evidence of Creton's value in enabling us to understand events for which no other testimony is available.

¹⁵⁶ Having left Dublin on 17 July, Richard can scarcely have landed more than a day or so earlier than this, given the distances involved. There is a useful illustration in Given-Wilson, Henry IV, Map 3, p. 128.

¹⁵⁷ Sherborne, War, Politics and Culture, pp. 122–127, reviews the conflicting accounts. To his sources, add WAM, Liber Niger Quaternus, fo.86v., ‘In vigilia Sancti Petri ad Vincula [31 July] fugit Rex Ricardus a facie ducis Henrici’.

¹⁵⁸ Usk, Chronicle, ed. Given-Wilson, p. 58.

¹⁵⁹ Johnston, ‘Richard II's departure from Ireland’, pp. 788–789, rather oversimplifies Creton's account of Rutland's alleged treachery, and is wrong in suggesting that Creton should have excused his late arrival in Dublin on the grounds of bad weather, since Creton, who is our only source for the state of the weather, clearly says that the storms arose after Rutland's arrival (ll. 425–465).

¹⁶⁰ Clarke, Fourteenth-Century Studies, pp. 68–75.

¹⁶¹ Palmer, ‘French Chronicles’, 61:2 (1979), pp. 413–419.

¹⁶² For the materials for these negotiations, see J.H. Wylie, England under Henry the Fourth, 4 vols (London, 1884–1898), I, pp. 115, 129–130, 205–211; IV, pp. 259–264; and L. Mirot, ‘Isabelle de France, reine d'Angleterre (1389–1409)’, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 18 (1904), pp. 481–508.