1.Hu, FB (2002) Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 13, 3–9.
2.Willett, WC (1998) Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed., pp. 20–23, 322. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3.Freeland-Graves, J & Nitzke, S (2002) Position of the American Dietetic Association: total diet approach to communicating food and nutrition information. J Am Diet Assoc 102, 100–108.
4.Brunner, EJ, Mosdøl, A, Witte, DR, Martikainen, P, Stafford, M, Shipley, MJ & Marmot, MG (2008) Dietary patterns and 15-y risks of major coronary events, diabetes, and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 1414–1421.
5.Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Daniels, SR et al. (2006) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Curr Opin Cardiol 21, 1–6.
6.Hanley, AJ, Karter, AJ, Williams, K, Festa, A, D’Agostino, RB Jr, Wagenknecht, LE & Haffner, SM (2005) Prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus with alternative definitions of the metabolic syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 112, 3713–3721.
7.Grundy, SM (2008) Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28, 629–636.
8.Ervin, RB (2009) Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults 20 Years of Age and Over, by Sex, Age, Race and Ethnicity, and Body Mass Index: United States, 2003–2006. National Health Statistics Reports no. 13. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
9.Ford, ES, Giles, WH & Mokdad, AH (2004) Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care 27, 2444–2449.
10.Nicklas, TA, Myers, L, Reger, C, Beech, B & Berenson, GS (1998) Impact of breakfast consumption on nutritional adequacy of the diets of young adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: ethnic and gender contrasts. J Am Diet Assoc 98, 1432–1438.
11.Pereira, MA, Kartashov, AI, Ebbeling, CB, Van Horn, L, Slattery, ML, Jacobs, Dr Jr & Ludwig, DS (2005) Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet 365, 36–42.
12.Clemens, LH, Slawson, DL & Klesges, RC (1999) The effect of eating out on quality of diet in premenopausal women. J Am Diet Assoc 99, 442–444.
13.Deshmukh-Taskar, P, Nicklas, TA, Yang, SJ & Berenson, GS (2007) Does food group consumption vary by differences in socioeconomic status, demographics and lifestyle factors in young adults? The Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc 107, 223–234.
14.Champagne, CM, Bogle, ML, McGee, BB, Yadrick, K, Allen, HR, Kramer, TR, Simpson, P, Gossett, J & Weber, J (2004) Dietary intake in the lower Mississippi delta region: results from the Foods of our Delta Study. J Am Diet Assoc 104, 199–207.
15.Smith, J, Lensing, S, Horton, JA, Lovejoy, J, Zaghloul, S, Forrester, I, McGee, BB & Bogle, ML (1999) Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Am J Pub Health 89, 1418–1421.
16.Lutsey, PL, Steffen, LM & Stevens, J (2008) Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation 117, 754–761.
17.Panagiotakos, DB, Pitsavos, C, Skoumas, Y & Stefanadis, C (2007) The association between food patterns and the metabolic syndrome using principal components analysis: The ATTICA Study. J Am Diet Assoc 107, 979–987.
18.Leite, ML & Nicolosi, A (2009) Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome factors in a non-diabetic Italian population. Public Health Nutr 12, 1494–1503.
19.Williams, DE, Prevost, AT, Whichelow, MJ, Cox, BD, Day, NE & Wareham, NJ (2000) A cross-sectional study of dietary patterns with glucose intolerance and other features of the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 83, 257–266.
20.Sonnenberg, L, Pencina, M, Kimokoti, R, Quatromoni, P, Nam, BH, D’Agostino, R, Meigs, JB, Ordovas, J, Cobain, M & Millen, B (2005) Dietary patterns and the metabolic syndrome in obese and non-obese Framingham women. Obes Res 13, 153–162.
21.Yoo, S, Nicklas, T, Baranowski, T, Zakeri, IF, Yang, SJ, Srinivasan, SR & Berenson, GS (2004) Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 841–848.
22.Zhu, S, St-Onge, MP, Heshka, S & Heymsfield, SB (2004) Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 53, 1503–1511.
23.Berenson, GS & the Bogalusa Heart Study Investigators (2001) Bogalusa Heart Study: a long-term community study of a rural biracial (black/white) population. Am J Med Sci 322, 293–300.
24.Rockett, HR, Breitenbach, M, Frazier, AL, Witschi, J, Wolf, AM, Field, AE & Colditz, GA (1997) Validation of a youth/adolescent food frequency questionnaire. Prev Med 26, 808–816.
25.Rockett, HRH, Wolf, AM & Colditz, GA (1995) Development and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire to assess diets of older children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc 95, 336–340.
27.Katz, A, Nambi, SS, Mather, K, Baron, AD, Follmann, DA, Sullivan, G & Quon, MJ (2000) Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85, 2402–2410.
28.Mathews, DR, Hosker, JP, Rudenski, AS, Naylor, BA, Treacher, DF & Turner, RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28, 412–419.
29.Srinivasan, SR & Berenson, GS (1983) Serum lipoprotein in children and methods for study. In CRC Handbook of Electrophoresis. Lipoprotein Methodology and Human Studies, pp. 185–204 [LA Lewis, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
30.Assmann, G, Guerra, R, Fox, G, Cullen, P, Schulte, H, Willett, D & Grundy, SM (2007) Harmonizing the definition of the metabolic syndrome: comparison of the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III and the International Diabetes Federation in United States American and European populations. Am J Cardiol 99, 541–548.
31.Ainsworth, BE, Jacobs, DR Jr & Leon, AS (1993) Validity and reliability of self-reported physical activity status: the Lipid Research Clinics questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25, 92–98.
32.SAS Inc. (1999) Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Version 8·2. Cary, NC.
33.Hu, FB, Rimm, E, Smith-Warner, SA, Feskanich, D, Stampfer, MJ, Ascherio, A, Sampson, L & Willett, WC (1999) Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 243–249.
34.Bazzano, LA, He, J, Ogden, LG, Loria, CM, Vupputuri, S, Myers, L & Whelton, PK (2002) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 93–99.
35.Alonso, A, de la Fuente, C, Martin-Arnau, AM, de Irala, J, Martinez, JA & Martinez-Gonzalez, MA (2004) Fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with blood pressure in a Mediterranean population with a high vegetable-fat intake: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study. Br J Nutr 92, 311–319.
36.Williams, DE, Wareham, NJ, Cox, BD, Byrne, CD, Hales, CN & Day, NE (1999) Frequent salad vegetable consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Epidemiol 52, 329–335.
37.Rolls, BJ, Ello-Martin, JA & Tohill, BC (2004) What can intervention studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and weight management? Nutr Rev 62, 1–17.
38.Qi, L, van Dam, RM, Liu, S, Franz, M, Mantzoros, C & Hu, FB (2006) Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes and markers of systemic inflammation in diabetic women. Diabetes Care 29, 207–211.
39.Zemel, MB, Richards, J, Milstead, A & Campbell, P (2005) Effects of calcium and dairy on body composition and weight loss in African-American adults. Obes Res 13, 1218–1225.
40.Johnston, CS, Tjonn, SL & Swan, PD (2004) High-protein, low-fat diets are effective for weight loss and favorably alter biomarkers in healthy adults. J Nutr 134, 586–591.
41.Tucker, KL (2004) Dietary intake and coronary heart disease: a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals are important. Curr Treat Opt Cardiovasc Med 6, 291–302.
42.Hallfrisch, J & Behall, KM (2000) Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. J Am Coll Nutr 19, S320–S325.
43.Steffen, LM, Jacobs, DR Jr, Murtaugh, MA, Moran, A, Steinberger, J, Hong, CP & Sinaiko, AR (2003) Whole grain intake is associated with lower body mass and greater insulin sensitivity among adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 158, 243–250.
44.Yannakoulia, M, Yiannakouris, N, Melistas, L, Kontogianni, MD, Malagaris, I & Mantzoros, CS (2008) A dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of whole-grain cereals and low-fat dairy products and low consumption of refined cereals is positively associated with plasma adiponectin levels in healthy women. Metabolism 57, 824–830.
45.Pereira, MA, Jacobs, DR Jr, Van Horn, L, Slattery, ML, Kartashov, AI & Ludwig, DS (2002) Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study. JAMA 287, 2081–2089.
47.Samaha, FF (2005) Effect of very high-fat diets on body weight, lipoproteins, and glycemic status in the obese. Curr Atheroscler Rep 7, 412–420.
48.Pelkman, CL, Fishell, VK, Maddox, DH, Pearson, TA, Mauger, DT & Kris-Etherton, PM (2004) Effects of moderate-fat (from monounsaturated fat) and low-fat weight-loss diets on the serum lipid profile in overweight and obese men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 204–212.
49.Gans, KM, Burkholder, GJ, Risica, PM & Lasater, TM (2003) Baseline fat-related dietary behaviors of white, Hispanic, and black participants in a cholesterol screening and education project in New England. J Am Diet Assoc 103, 699–706.
50.Goodman, E, Adler, NE, Daniels, SR, Morrison, JA, Slap, GB & Dolan, LM (2003) Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents. Obes Res 11, 1018–1026.
51.Drewnowski, A (2004) Obesity and the food environment: dietary energy density and diet costs. Am J Prev Med 27, S154–S162.
52.Baker, EA, Schootman, M, Barnidge, E & Kelly, C (2006) The role of race and poverty in access to foods that enable individuals to adhere to dietary guidelines. Prev Chronic Dis 3, A76.
53.Colhoun, H & Prescott-Clarke, P (1996) Health Survey for England 1994. London: HMSO cited in McLaren L & Kuh D (2004) Women’s body dissatisfaction, social class, and social mobility. Soc Sci Med 58, 1575–1584.
54.Duncan, GE, Anton, SD, Newton, RL Jr & Perri, MG (2003) Comparison of perceived health to physiological measures of health in black and white women. Prev Med 36, 624–628.
55.Delahanty, JC, DiClemente, CC, Havas, S & Langenberg, P (2008) Smoking status and stages of change for dietary behaviors among WIC women. Am J Health Behav 32, 583–593.
56.Martinez, ME, Marshall, JR & Sechrest, L (1998) Invited commentary: factor analysis and the search for objectivity. Am J Epidemiol 148, 17–19.
57.Gordis, L (2000) Case control and cross-sectional studies. In Epidemiology, 2nd ed., pp. 153–155. W. B Saunders Co.
58.Nicklas, TA (1995) Dietary studies of children and young adults (1973–1988): the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Med Sci 310, S101–S108.
59.Imamura, F, Lichtenstein, AH, Dallal, GE, Meigs, JB & Jacques, PF (2009) Confounding by dietary patterns of the inverse association between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes risk. Am J Epidemiol ; Epublication 8 May 2009.
