Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-06T10:43:47.470Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Terracotta Models as Evidence for Vehicles with Tilts in the Ancient Near East

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2014

M. A. Littauer  and
J. H. Crouwel
M. A. Littauer
Affiliation:
Hillside Farm, Box 2, Syosset, Long Island, New York 11791; Archaeologisch-Historisch Instituut, Weesperzijde 33, Amsterdam
J. H. Crouwel
Affiliation:
Hillside Farm, Box 2, Syosset, Long Island, New York 11791; Archaeologisch-Historisch Instituut, Weesperzijde 33, Amsterdam
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In his important study of early wheeled vehicles from the Caucasus region, S. Piggott briefly considered two terracotta models of wagons with arched tilts from the Near East (Piggott 1968, 273). Following Speiser (1934), he argued that the actual wagons represented by these models had been introduced into the Near East from the Caucasus by the later 3rd millennium B.C. The present article aims at a more comprehensive review of the Near-Eastern evidence. It will be almost exclusively concerned with terracotta models of both four-wheeled wagons and two-wheeled carts, because these constitute practically all the documentation we have of vehicles with tilts. This material undoubtedly will be incomplete, since there must be more examples among the many models that have not been published, or published only inadequately. A full description will be possible only in the one case where we have personally examined the model (wagon A1).

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 40 , December 1974 , pp. 20 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ahlberg, G., 1971. Prothesis and Ekphora, Goteborg, fig. 41.Google Scholar
Amiet, P., 1961. La glyptique mésopotamienne archaïque, Paris.Google Scholar
Arias, P. E. and Hirmer, M., 1961. Greek Vase Painting, New York, Pl. 10.Google Scholar
Aristophanes, , Acharnians, 11, 68–71.Google Scholar
Artamonov, M. I., 1969. Treasures from Scythian Tombs, London, fig. 1.Google Scholar
Baramki, D., 1967. The Archaeological Museum of the American University in Beirut, 23 with Pl. II.Google Scholar
Barrelet, M. Th., 1968. Figurines et reliefs en terre cuite de la Mésopotamie antique, Paris.Google Scholar
Bona, I., 1960. ‘Clay Models of Bronze Age Wagons and Wheels in the Middle Danube Basin’, Acta Arch. Hung., 12.Google Scholar
Borghegyi, S. F. de, 1970. ‘Wheels and Man’, Archaeology, 23, 19.Google Scholar
Bossert, H., 1951. Altsyrien, Tübingen, fig. 637.Google Scholar
Buisson, Mesnil du, 1930. Bulletin de la socéeté nationale des antiquaires de France, Paris, 143–6.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B., 1962. ‘Ancient Near Eastern Art in the Yale Babylonian Collection’, Archaeology, 15, 272.Google Scholar
Buchanan, B., 1971, ‘A Snake Goddess and her Companions’, Iraq, 33, 14, pl. IIc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAD, 1962 = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, 16.Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P., 1954. Altiranische Bronzen der Sammlung Bröckelschen, Berlin, 10 f with Pl. 5: 2 and frontispiece.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G., 1951. ‘The First Wagons and Carts—from the Tigris to the Severn’, PPS, 17, 184.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N., 1968. Greek Geometric Pottery, London, Pls. 7: a, 11: b, c, g.Google Scholar
Cook, J. M., 1955. ‘Terracotta model of a Mycenaean Litter’, Kretika Khronika, 9, 152–4 (in Greek).Google Scholar
Crawford, V., 1971/1972. ‘Excavations in the Swamps of Sumer’, Expedition, 13, 12 ff with ills. 2, 3.Google Scholar
Delougaz, P., 1952. Pottery from the Diyala Region, OIP LXII, Chicago, 93 f.Google Scholar
Delougaz, P., 1968. ‘Animals Emerging from a Hut’, JNES, 27, 184–97.Google Scholar
Dever, W. G., 1970. In Sanders, J. A. (Ed.). Near Eastern Archaeology in the 20th Century Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck, Garden City, 137 f.Google Scholar
Drower, M. S., 1970. ‘Syria ca 1550–1400 B.C.’, CAH, Rev. ed., Chap. X (Part I) 16 ff, (PartII)chronological table at end.Google Scholar
Falkenstein, A., 1936. Archäische Texte aus Uruk, Berlin.Google Scholar
Figulla, H. H., 1967. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, 47, London, Pl 14: 22.Google Scholar
Forrer, R. I., 1932. ‘Les chars cultuels préhistoriques et leur survivances aux époques historiques’, Préhistoire, 1 fig. 7: 5, 6.Google Scholar
French, E., 1971. BSA, 66, 173.Google Scholar
Fugmann, E., 1958. Hama, 2, 1: L'Architecture des périodes préhellénistiques, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Gjerstad, E., 1963. ‘Supplementary Notes on Finds from Ajia Irina in Cyprus’, Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin, 3, Stockholm, 10–14.Google Scholar
Hančar, F., 1956. Das Pferd in prähistorischer und früher historischer Zeit, Wien, 106 with Pl. III: 2, 3.Google Scholar
Herodotus, , Histories, VII, 41, 83.Google Scholar
Hill, G. F., 1897. JHS, 17, 88 with fig. 1.Google Scholar
Hillen, C., 1952. In ‘Reis in Iraq en Proefgraving in Syrie in 1951’, JEOL, 12, 202f.Google Scholar
Ingholt, H., 1940. Rapport préliminaire sur sept campagnes de fouilles à Hama en Syrie (1932–1938), Copenhagen, 57 with Pl XVII.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V., 1962. Treasures in the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, Pl XXVIII.Google Scholar
Karageorghis, V., 1967. Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis I, Nicosia, Pl CXV.Google Scholar
Koşay, H. Z., 1951. Alaca-Höyiik: Das Dorf Alaca-Höyiik: Materialen zur Ethnographie und Volkskunde Anatolien, Ankara, Pl XVI.Google Scholar
Langdon, S., 1924. Excavations at Kish I, Paris, 99 ff with Pl XXXI: 1, 2.Google Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H., 1973a. ‘Early Metal Models of Wagons from the Levant, Levant, 5, 102–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A., Crouwel, J. H., 1973b. ‘The Vulture Stela and an Early Type of two-wheeled Vehicle’, JNES, 32, 324–9.Google Scholar
Lorimer, H. L., 1903. ‘The Country Cart in Ancient Greece’, JFHS, 23, 132–51.Google Scholar
Lorimer, H. L., 1950. Homer and the Monuments, London, Pl XXVI: 2, 3.Google Scholar
Mackay, D., 1951. A Guide to the Archaeological Collections in the University Museum, American University in Beirut, Pl IV: 10.Google Scholar
Maxwell, G., 1957. People of the Reeds, New York.Google Scholar
McCown, D. E. and Haines, R. G., 1967. Nippur I, OIP, LXXVIII, Chicago, Pl 149: 11.Google Scholar
Mequenem, R. de, 1943. Mémoires de la mission archéologique en Iran, Paris.Google Scholar
Mercklin, E. von, 1909. Der Rennwagen in Greichenland, Leipzig, 54.Google Scholar
Mercklin, E. von, 1916. ‘New Representations of Chariots on Attic Geometric Vases’, AJA, 20, 397–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minns, E. H., 1913. Scythians and Greeks, Cambridge, 50 f with fig. 6.Google Scholar
Mnatsakanian, A. O., 1960. ‘Vehicles from Bronze-Age Barrows on the Shores of Lake Sevan’, Sov. Arkh., 2, 142 (Russian).Google Scholar
Mongait, A., 1959. L'archdologie en U.R.S.S., Moscow, 246–7.Google Scholar
Moore, M. B., 1971. Horses on Black-Figured Greek Vases of the Archaic Period (unpublished dissertation, New York University Institute of Fine Arts).Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S., 1970a. ‘Pictorial Evidence for the History of Horse Riding in Iraq before the Kassite Period’, Iraq, 33, 35–50.Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S., 1970b. Ancient Egypt, Oxford, 19 with fig. 2.Google Scholar
Nagel, W., 1964. ‘Zum neuen Bild des vordynastischen Keramikums in Vorderasien’, BJbV, 15 with fig. 103: 2.Google Scholar
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M., 1893. Kypros, die Bibel und Homer, 429 with Pl CXCVI.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, A. L., 1969. In Pritchard, J. B. (Ed.) The Ancient Near East, Supplementary Texts and Pictures, Princeton, 121 f.Google Scholar
Piggott, S., 1968. ‘The Earliest Wheeled Vehicles and the Caucasian Evidence’, PPS, 34, 266–318.Google Scholar
Plutarch, . Themistocles, 26.Google Scholar
Plutarch, , Quaestiones graecae, LIX.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1948. CANES I, Washington, no. 971.Google Scholar
Porada, E., 1965. In Ehrich, R. W. (Ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Chicago, 165 ff, 179 (chart).Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. B., 1954. The Ancient Near East in Pictures, Princeton, Pl 169.Google Scholar
Pumpelly, R., 1908. Explorations in Turkestan I, Washington, fig. 119.Google Scholar
Richter, G. A., 1965. ‘The Furnishings of Ancient Greek Houses’, Archaeology, 18, 29–32.Google Scholar
Salonen, A., 1951. Die Landfahrzeuge des alten Mesopotamien, Helsinki.Google Scholar
Sarian, H., 1969. ‘Terres cuites géometriques d'Argos’, BCH, 93, 664–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlossmann, B. L., 1968. Animal Art from the Ancient Near East, Queens College, N.Y., no. 34.Google Scholar
Smith, S., 1949. The Statue of Idrimi, London.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M., 1971. In Boardman, J., Brown, M. A., and Powell, T. G. E. (Ed.), The European Community in Later Pre-history, Studies in Honour of C. F. C. Hazvkes, London, Pl 5.Google Scholar
Speiser, E. A., 1934. Excavations at Tepe Gawra I, 74 with n. 12, 192 with Pl XXXV: a2.Google Scholar
Tallgren, A. M., 1929. ‘Etudes sur le Caucase du Nord’, ESA, 4, 23ff, with fig. 9.Google Scholar
Tarr, L., 1967. The History of the Carriage, New York, Pls. XXIX, XXX, XXXII, XXXIII.Google Scholar
Tuchelt, K., 1962. Tiergefässe, Berlin, 20.Google Scholar
Van Buren, E. D., 1930. Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria, New Haven.Google Scholar
Watelin, L. C., 1934. Excavations at Kish IV, Paris, 30 f with Pl. XXIII: 1.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L., 1914. ‘Hittite Burial Customs’, LAAA, 87 ff, 90 f.Google Scholar
Woolley, C. L., 1934. Ur Excavations II, London, 64.Google Scholar
Wulff, H. E., Wulff, H. S. and Koch, L., 1968. ‘Egyptian Faience, a Possible Survival in Iran’, Archaeology, 21, 99.Google Scholar
Xenophon, , Cyropaedia, VI, 4, 11.Google Scholar
Yadin, Y., 1963. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, New York, 132–3, 134–5, 139.Google Scholar
Young, J. H. and Young, S. H., 1955. Terracotta Figurines from Kourion in Cyprus, Philadelphia, 228f with figs. 15–17.Google Scholar
Zschietzschmann, W., 1959. Hellas and Rome, London, 211.Google Scholar