1.
Hooper, L, Summerbell, CD, Thompson, R
et al. (2011) Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2.
Jakobsen, MU, O'Reilly, EJ, Heitmann, BL
et al. (2009) Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr
89, 1425–1432.
3.
Micha, R & Mozaffarian, D (2010) Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence. Lipids
45, 893–905.
4.
Mozaffarian, D, Micha, R & Wallace, S (2010) Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med
7, e1000252.
5.
Skeaff, CM & Miller, J (2009) Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann Nutr Metab
55, 173–201.
6.
FAO (2010) Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition: Report of an Expert Consultation: 10–14 November 2008, Geneva. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
7.
Perk, J, Backer, GD, Gohlke, H
et al. (2012) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur Heart J
33, 1635–1701.
8.
USDA (2010) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, 7th ed.
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
9.
Bates, B, Lennox, A, Prentice, A
et al. (editors) (2014) National Diet and Nutrition Survey, Results for Years 1–4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009–2011/2012). London, UK: Public Health England, Waterloo Road.
10.
Harika, RK, Eilander, A, Alssema, M
et al. (2013) Intake of fatty acids in general populations worldwide does not meet dietary recommendations to prevent coronary heart disease: a systematic review of data from 40 countries. Ann Nutr Metab
63, 229–238.
11.
Micha, R, Khatibzadeh, S, Shi, P
et al. (2014) Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys. BMJ
348, g2272.
12.
Eilander, A, Harika, RK & Zock, PL (2015) Intake and sources of dietary fatty acids in Europe: are current population intakes of fats aligned with dietary recommendations?
Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
117, 1370–1377.
13.
Givens, DI (2015) Manipulation of lipids in animal-derived foods: can it contribute to public health nutrition?
Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
117, 1306–1316.
14.
Scollan, N, Hocquette, J-F, Nuernberg, K
et al. (2006) Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci
74, 17–33.
15.
Sinclair, LA (2007) Nutritional manipulation of the fatty acid composition of sheep meat: a review. J Agric Sci
145, 419–434.
16.
Shingfield, KJ, Bonnet, M & Scollan, ND (2013) Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods. Animal
7, 132–162.
17.
Bessa, RJB, Alves, SP & Santos-Silva, J (2015) Constraints and potentials for the nutritional modulation of the fatty acid composition of ruminant meat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
117, 1325–1344.
18.
Clonan, A, Roberts, KE & Holdsworth, M (2016) Socioeconomic and demographic drivers of red and processed meat consumption: implications for health and environmental sustainability. Proc Nut. Soc
75, 367–373.
19.
Scollan, ND, Dannenberger, D, Nuernberg, K
et al. (2014) Enhancing the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Sci
97, 384–394.
20.
Wood, JD, Enser, M, Fisher, AV
et al. (2008) Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Sci
78, 343–358.
21.
Rymer, C & Givens, DI (2005) n-3 fatty acid enrichment of edible tissue of poultry: a review. Lipids
40, 121–130.
22.
Cortinas, L, Villaverde, C, Galobart, J
et al. (2004) Fatty acid content in chicken thigh and breast as affected by dietary polyunsaturation level. Poult Sci
83, 1155–1164.
23.
Azcona, JO, Garcia, PT, Cossu, ME
et al. (2008) Meat quality of Argentinean ‘Camperos’ chicken enhanced in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids. Meat Sci
79, 437–443.
24.
Kalogeropoulos, N, Chiou, A, Gavala, E
et al. (2010) Nutritional evaluation and bioactive microconstituents (carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols and squalene) of raw and roasted chicken fed on DHA-rich microalgae. Food Res Int
43, 2006–2013.
25.
Rymer, C, Gibbs, RA & Givens, DI (2010) Comparison of algal and fish sources on the oxidative stability of poultry meat and its enrichment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Poult Sci
89, 150–159.
26.
Mirshekar, R, Boldaji, F, Dastar, B
et al. (2015) Longer consumption of flaxseed oil enhances n-3 fatty acid content of chicken meat and expression of FADS2 gene. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
117, 810–819.
27.
Nuernberg, K, Fischer, K, Nuernberg, G
et al. (2005) Effects of dietary olive and linseed oil on lipid composition, meat quality, sensory characteristics and muscle structure in pigs. Meat Sci
70, 63–74.
28.
Haak, L, De Smet, S, Fremaut, D
et al. (2008) Fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of pork as influenced by duration and time of dietary linseed or fish oil supplementation. J Anim Sci
86, 1418–1425.
29.
Guillevic, M, Kouba, M & Mourot, J (2009) Effect of a linseed diet on lipid composition, lipid peroxidation and consumer evaluation of French fresh and cooked pork meats. Meat Sci
81, 612–618.
30.
Meadus, WJ, Duff, P, Uttaro, B
et al. (2010) Production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enriched bacon. J Agric Food Chem
58, 465–472.
31.
Bertol, TM, de Campos, RML, Ludke, JV
et al. (2013) Effects of genotype and dietary oil supplementation on performance, carcass traits, pork quality and fatty acid composition of backfat and intramuscular fat. Meat Sci
93, 507–516.
32.
Turner, TD, Mapiye, C, Aalhus, JL
et al. (2014) Flaxseed fed pork: n − 3 fatty acid enrichment and contribution to dietary recommendations. Meat Sci
96, 541–547.
33.
Gjerlaug-Enger, E, Haug, A, Gaarder, M
et al. (2015) Pig feeds rich in rapeseed products and organic selenium increased omega-3 fatty acids and selenium in pork meat and backfat. Food Sci Nutr
3, 120–128.
34.
Kraft, J, Kramer, JKG, Schoene, F
et al. (2008) Extensive analysis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, CLA, trans-18:1 isomers, and plasmalogenic lipids in different retail beef types. J Agric Food Chem
56, 4775–4782.
35.
Aldai, N, Dugan, MER, Rolland, DC
et al. (2009) Survey of the fatty acid composition of Canadian beef: backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle. Can J Anim Sci
89, 315–329.
36.
Aldai, N, Dugan, MER & Kramer, JKG (2010) Can the trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles in retail ground beef be healthier than steak?
J Food Compos Anal
23, 326–332.
37.
Bravo-Lamas, L, Barron, LJR, Kramer, JKG
et al. (2016) Characterization of the fatty acid composition of lamb commercially available in northern Spain: emphasis on the trans-18:1 and CLA content and profile. Meat Sci
117, 108–116.
38.
Kim, EJ, Richardson, RI, Gibson, K
et al. (2011) Effect of feeding plant oil rich in stearidonic acid on growth and meat quality of Charolais crossbred steers. Adv Anim Biosci
2, 90.
39.
Nassu, RT, Dugan, MER, He, ML
et al. (2011) The effects of feeding flaxseed to beef cows given forage based diets on fatty acids of longissimus thoracis muscle and backfat. Meat Sci
89, 469–477.
40.
Angulo, J, Hiller, B, Olivera, M
et al. (2012) Dietary fatty acid intervention of lactating cows simultaneously affects lipid profiles of meat and milk. J Sci Food Agric
92, 2968–2974.
41.
Pouzo, L, Fanego, N, Santini, FJ
et al. (2015) Animal performance, carcass characteristics and beef fatty acid profile of grazing steers supplemented with corn grain and increasing amounts of flaxseed at two animal weights during finishing. Livest Sci
178, 140–149.
42.
Annett, RW, Carson, AF, Fearon, AM
et al. (2011) Effects of supplementation with fish oil and barium selenate on performance, carcass characteristics and muscle fatty acid composition of late season lamb finished on grass-based or concentrate-based diets. Animal
5, 1923–1937.
43.
Noci, F, Monahan, FJ & Moloney, AP (2011) The fatty acid profile of muscle and adipose tissue of lambs fed camelina or linseed as oil or seeds. Animal
5, 134–147.
44.
Hopkins, DL, Clayton, EH, Lamb, TA
et al. (2014) The impact of supplementing lambs with algae on growth, meat traits and oxidative status. Meat Sci
98, 135–141.
45.
Meale, SJ, Chaves, AV, He, ML
et al. (2014) Dose-response of supplementing marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) on production performance, fatty acid profiles, and wool parameters of growing lambs. J Anim Sci
92, 2202–2213.
46.
Gulati, SK, Garg, MR & Scott, TW (2005) Rumen protected protein and fat produced from oilseeds and/or meals by formaldehyde treatment; their role in ruminant production and product quality: a review. Aust J Expt Agric
45, 1189–1203.
47.
Dunne, PG, Rogalski, J, Childs, S
et al. (2011) Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration and color and lipid stability of muscle from heifers offered a ruminally protected fish oil supplement. J Agric Food Chem
59, 5015–5025.
48.
Woods, VB & Fearon, AM (2009) Dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids for animals and their transfer into meat, milk and eggs: a review. Livest Sci
126, 1–20.
49.
Vahmani, P, Mapiye, C, Prieto, N
et al. (2015) The scope for manipulating the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of beef: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol
6, 1–13.
50.
Maia, MRG, Chaudhary, LC, Figueres, L
et al. (2007) Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their toxicity to the microflora of the rumen. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
91, 303–314.
51.
Zhang, CM, Guo, YQ, Yuan, ZP
et al. (2008) Effect of octadeca carbon fatty acids on microbial fermentation, methanogenesis and microbial flora in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol
146, 259–269.
52.
Kim, EJ, Huws, SA, Lee, MRF
et al. (2008) Fish oil increases the duodenal flow of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans-11 18:1 and decreases 18:0 in steers via changes in the rumen bacterial community. J Nutr
138, 889–896.
53.
Huws, SA, Lee, MRF, Muetzel, SM
et al. (2010) Forage type and fish oil cause shifts in rumen bacterial diversity. FEMS Microbiol Ecol
73, 396–407.
54.
Huws, SA, Kim, EJ, Lee, MRF
et al. (2011) As yet uncultured bacteria phylogenetically classified as Prevotella, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis and unclassified Bacteroidales, Clostridiales and Ruminococcaceae may play a predominant role in ruminal biohydrogenation. Environ Microbiol
13, 1500–1512.
55.
Privé, F, Newbold, CJ, Kaderbhai, NN
et al. (2015) Isolation and characterization of novel lipases/esterases from a bovine rumen metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
99, 5475–5485.
56.
Boeckaert, C, Vlaeminck, B, Fievez, V
et al. (2008) Accumulation of trans C18:1 fatty acids in the rumen after dietary algal supplementation is associated with changes in the Butyrivibrio community. Appl Environ Microbiol
74, 6923–6930.
57.
Privé, F, Kaderbhai, NN, Girdwood, S
et al. (2013) Identification and characterization of three novel lipases belonging to families II and V from Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 5ST. PLoS ONE
8, e69076.
58.
Hawke, JC (1973) Lipids. In Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage, pp. 213–263 [Butlerand, GW and Bailey, RW, editors]. London: Acedemic Press.
59.
Huws, SA, Lee, MRF, Kingston-Smith, AH
et al. (2012) Ruminal protozoal contribution to the duodenal flow of fatty acids following feeding of steers on forages differing in chloroplast content. Br J Nutr
108, 2207–2214.
60.
Huws, SA, Kim, EJ, Kingston-Smith, AH
et al. (2009) Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol
69, 461–471.
61.
Fisher, AV, Enser, M, Richardson, RI
et al. (2000) Fatty acid composition and eating quality of lamb types derived from four diverse breed × production systems. Meat Sci
55, 141–147.
62.
Díaz, MT, Álvarez, I, De la Fuente, J
et al. (2005) Fatty acid composition of meat from typical lamb production systems of Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Uruguay. Meat Sci
71, 256–263.
63.
Dewhurst, RJ, Shingfield, KJ, Lee, MRF
et al. (2006) Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems. Anim Feed Sci Technol
131, 168–206.
64.
Ponnampalam, E, Mann, N & Sinclair, A (2006) Effect of feeding systems on omega-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids in Australian beef cuts: potential impact on human health. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
15, 21–29.
65.
Aldai, N, Dugan, MER, Kramer, JKG
et al. (2011) Length of concentrate finishing affects the fatty acid composition of grass-fed and genetically lean beef: an emphasis on trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles. Animal
5, 1643–1652.
66.
Dierking, RM, Kallenbach, RL & Roberts, CA (2010) Fatty acid profiles of Orchardgrass, tall fescue, perennial Ryegrass, and Alfalfa. Crop Sci
50, 391–402.
67.
Dewhurst, RJ, Scollan, ND, Lee, MRF
et al. (2003) Forage breeding and management to increase the beneficial fatty acid content of ruminant products. Proc Nutr Soc
62, 329–336.
68.
Daley, CA, Abbott, A, Doyle, PS
et al. (2010) A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr J
9, 10.
69.
Morgan, S, Huws, SA & Scollan, ND (2012) Progress in forage-based strategies to improve the fatty acid composition of beef. In Grassland – a European Resource?, pp. 295–307 [Golinski, P, Warda, M and Stypinski, P, editors]. Lublin, Poland: European Grassland Federation.
70.
Howes, NL, Bekhit, AE-DA, Burritt, DJ
et al. (2015) Opportunities and implications of pasture-based lamb fattening to enhance the long-chain fatty acid composition in meat. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf
14, 22–36.
71.
Glasser, F, Doreau, M, Maxin, G
et al. (2013) Fat and fatty acid content and composition of forages: a meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol
185, 19–34.
72.
Hegarty, M, Yadav, R, Lee, M
et al. (2013) Genotyping by RAD sequencing enables mapping of fatty acid composition traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne (L.)). Plant Biotechnol J
11, 572–581.
73.
Min, B, Barry, T, Attwood, G
et al. (2003) The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol
106, 3–19.
74.
Vasta, V, Makkar, HPS, Mele, M
et al. (2009) Ruminal biohydrogenation as affected by tannins in vitro. Br J Nutr
102, 82–92.
75.
Shi, J, Arunasalam, K, Yeung, D
et al. (2004) Saponins from edible legumes: chemistry, processing, and health benefits. J Med Food
7, 67–78.
76.
Wallace, RJ (2004) Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites. Proc Nutr Soc
63, 621–629.
77.
Lafontan, M, Berlan, M, Stich, V
et al. (2002) Recent data on the regulation of lipolysis by catecholamines and natriuretic peptides. Ann Endocrinol
63, 86–90.
78.
Barceló-Coblijn, G & Murphy, EJ (2009) Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n−3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n−3 fatty acid levels. Prog Lipid Res
48, 355–374.
79.
Scollan, ND, Hocquette, JF, Richardson, RI
et al. (2011) Raising the Nutritional Value of Beef and Beef Products to Add Value in Beef Production. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press.
80.
Shingfield, K, Ahvenjarvi, S, Toivonen, V
et al. (2003) Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Anim Sci Penicuik Scotl
77, 165.
81.
Lee, MRF, Shingfield, KJ, Tweed, JKS
et al. (2008) Effect of fish oil on ruminal lipid metabolism in steers fed grass or red clover silages. Animal
2, 1859–1869.
82.
Shingfield, KJ, Lee, MRF, Humphries, DJ
et al. (2010) Effect of incremental amounts of fish oil in the diet on ruminal lipid metabolism in growing steers. Br J Nutr
104, 56–66.
83.
Kairenius, P, Toivonen, V & Shingfield, KJ (2011) Identification and ruminal outflow of long-chain fatty acid biohydrogenation intermediates in cows fed diets containing fish oil. Lipids
46, 587–606.
84.
Shingfield, KJ, Kairenius, P, Arölä, A
et al. (2012) Dietary fish oil supplements modify ruminal biohydrogenation, alter the flow of fatty acids at the omasum, and induce changes in the ruminal Butyrivibrio population in lactating cows. J Nutr
142, 1437–1448.
85.
Jenkins, TC & Bridges, WC (2007) Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
109, 778–789.
86.
Mozaffarian, D, Katan, MB, Ascherio, A
et al. (2006)
Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med
354, 1601–1613.
87.
Brouwer, IA, Wanders, AJ & Katan, MB (2010) Effect of animal and industrial trans fatty acids on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels in humans – a quantitative review. PLoS ONE.
88.
Mozaffarian, D (2006)
Trans fatty acids – effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function. Atheroscler Suppl
7, 29–32.
89.
Clarke, R & Lewington, S (2006)
Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease. BMJ
333, 214.
90.
Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y, Toivonen, V
et al. (2008)
Trans fatty acids and bioactive lipids in ruminant milk. Adv Exp Med Biol
606, 3–65.
91.
de Souza, RJ, Mente, A, Maroleanu, A
et al. (2015) Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ
351, h3978.
92.
Lovegrove, JA & Hobbs, DA (2016) New perspectives on dairy and cardiovascular health. Proc Nutr Soc
75, 247–258.
93.
Bessa, RJB, Alves, SP, Jerónimo, E
et al. (2007) Effect of lipid supplements on ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates and muscle fatty acids in lambs. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
109, 868–878.
94.
Plourde, M, Destaillats, F, Chouinard, PY
et al. (2007) Conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers in bovine milk and muscle. J Dairy Sci
90, 5269–5275.
95.
Jerónimo, E, Alves, SP, Alfaia, CM
et al. (2011) Biohydrogenation intermediates are differentially deposited between polar and neutral intramuscular lipids of lambs. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
113, 924–934.
96.
Dannenberger, D, Nuernberg, G, Scollan, N
et al. (2004) Effect of diet on the deposition of n-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic and C18:1trans fatty acid isomers in muscle lipids of German Holstein bulls. J Agric Food Chem
52, 6607–6615.
97.
Nuernberg, K, Nuernberg, G, Ender, K
et al. (2005) Effect of grass vs. concentrate feeding on the fatty acid profile of different fat depots in lambs. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
107, 737–745.
98.
Shingfield, KJ & Wallace, RJ (2014) Synthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Ruminants and Humans. In Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Conjugated Vegetable Oils, pp. 1–65 [Sels, B and Philippaerts, A, editors]. London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
99.
Piperova, LS, Sampugna, J, Teter, BB
et al. (2002) Duodenal and milk trans octadecenoic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers indicate that postabsorptive synthesis is the predominant source of cis-9-containing CLA in lactating dairy cows. J Nutr
132, 1235–1241.
100.
Loor, JJ, Ueda, K, Ferlay, A
et al. (2004) Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of Trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage: concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci
87, 2472–2485.
101.
Radunz, AE, Wickersham, LA, Loerch, SC
et al. (2009) Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. J Anim Sci
87, 4082–4091.
102.
Turner, TD, Karlsson, L, Mapiye, C
et al. (2012) Dietary influence on the m. longissimus dorsi fatty acid composition of lambs in relation to protein source. Meat Sci
91, 472–477.
103.
Alfaia, CPM, Alves, SP, Martins, SIV
et al. (2009) Effect of the feeding system on intramuscular fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers of beef cattle, with emphasis on their nutritional value and discriminatory ability. Food Chem
114, 939–946.
104.
Salter, AM (2013) Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Anim Int J Anim Biosci
7, Suppl. 1, 163–171.
105.
Chilliard, Y, Glasser, F, Ferlay, A
et al. (2007) Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
109, 828–855.
106.
Mapiye, C, Turner, TD, Rolland, DC
et al. (2013) Adipose tissue and muscle fatty acid profiles of steers fed red clover silage with and without flaxseed. Livest Sci
151, 11–20.
107.
Juárez, M, Dugan, MER, Aalhus, JL
et al. (2011) Effects of vitamin E and flaxseed on rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates in beef intramuscular fat. Meat Sci
88, 434–440.
108.
Pariza, MW, Ashoor, SH, Chu, FS
et al. (1979) Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger. Cancer Lett
7, 63–69.
109.
Pariza, MW & Hargraves, WA (1985) A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Carcinogenesis
6, 591–593.
110.
Ha, YL, Grimm, NK & Pariza, MW (1987) Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis
8, 1881–1887.
111.
Whigham, LD, Watras, AC & Schoeller, DA (2007) Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. Am J Clin Nutr
85, 1203–1211.
112.
Benjamin, S & Spener, F (2009) Conjugated linoleic acids as functional food: an insight into their health benefits. Nutr Metab
6, 36.
113.
Ing, SW & Belury, MA (2011) Impact of conjugated linoleic acid on bone physiology: proposed mechanism involving inhibition of adipogenesis. Nutr Rev
69, 123–131.
114.
Jutzeler van Wijlen, RP (2011) Long-term conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans – effects on body composition and safety. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol
113, 1077–1094.
115.
McCrorie, TA, Keaveney, EM, Wallace, JMW
et al. (2011) Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements. Nutr Res Rev
24, 206–227.
116.
Dilzer, A & Park, Y (2012) Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci Nutr
52, 488–513.
117.
Schmid, A, Collomb, M, Sieber, R
et al. (2006) Conjugated linoleic acid in meat and meat products: a review. Meat Sci
73, 29–41.
118.
Ritzenthaler, KL, McGuire, MK, Falen, R
et al. (2001) Estimation of conjugated linoleic acid intake by written dietary assessment methodologies underestimates actual intake evaluated by food duplicate methodology. J Nutr
131, 1548–1554.
119.
Martins, SV, Lopes, PA, Alfaia, CM
et al. (2007) Contents of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in ruminant-derived foods and estimation of their contribution to daily intake in Portugal. Br J Nutr
98, 1206–1213.
120.
Kadegowda, AKG, Burns, TA, Miller, MC
et al. (2013)
Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is endogenously synthesized from palmitelaidic (C16:1 trans-9) acid in bovine adipocytes. J Anim Sci
91, 1614–1623.
121.
Mir, PS, Mir, Z, Kubert, PS
et al. (2002) Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu x Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diet. J Anim Sci
80, 2996–3004.
122.
European Food Safety Authority (2009) Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the commission related to labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EFSA J
1176, 1–11.
123.
European Commission (2010) Commission regulation (EU) No 116/2012 amending regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the list of nutrition claims. Off J Eur Union
53, 16–18.