Concern for possible disease transmission during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation has decreased the incidence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Barrier masks have become available that may be effective in CPR as well as protective against cross-contamination.

A silicone rubber barrier mask incorporating a one-way-valved airway (Kiss of Life [KOL]) designed to prevent contamination of the rescuer, permits satisfactory mouth-to-mouth ventilation of victims of cardiopulmonary arrest.

Ten adult patients who did not survive non-traumatic cardiac arrest were ventilated with exhaled room air using a KOL barrier mask while external cardiac massage continued. Arterial blood gases were obtained every two minutes for a maximum of 10 minutes. The operator was blinded to the results of these blood tests.

Eight men and two women with ages from 55 to 99 years were studied. Four patients were edentulous and two of these had marked mandibular atrophy. The two patients with mandibular atrophy were poorly ventilated with the barrier mask. One other patient was not ventilated successfully. This patient had undergone multiple attempts at endotracheal intubation and had transtracheal needle ventilation performed prior to use of the barrier mask. One patient had elevated PaCO2 despite being well-ventilated clinically. Six patients were ventilated well clinically and had satisfactory PaCO2 and PaO2 values.

The barrier mask studied appears to be an effective aid to ventilation in CPR Patients without facial support, as in edentulous patients with mandibular atrophy, are not ventilated well with this device.

To characterize the prevalence and morbidity of injuries to emergency medical technicians EMTs) in New England [United States].

A survey was mailed to a 2% random sample of all registered EMTs in the six New England States. The identity of the EMTs remained anonymous, and a second mailing was used to improve return rate. The EMTs were requested to recall events that occurred during the previous six months.

A total of 439 of the 786 (56%) surveys were returned representing 13,875 hours of duty time in the six-month period. Seventy one percent of the EMTs were male with a mean age of 35 years. Sixty-six percent were basic-EMTs. Injury attack rates (number of injuries/100 EMTs/6 months) were: stress, 11.2; back, 10.5; extremity, 9.8; assault, 8.4; ambulance collision, 4.1; hearing loss, 2.5; and eye injury, 1.4. Twelve percent of the EMTs were injured more than once in the six-month period. The paramedics more frequently were involved in ambulance collisions, suffered from stress, and were less likely to injure their back. There were minor interstate differences. Disability due to back injury affected 2.5% of those surveyed, four EMTs lost duty time secondary to an assault, and 0.5% of the EMTs were out of work due to stress.

This survey begins to characterize the occupational risks of EMTs. The prevalence of back injuries, assault, stress, and extremity injuries seems to be too high. Educational programs and preventive interventions should be designed to minimize back injuries, stress, and assault. There is a need for more research nationwide in order to better characterize these injuries.

Objectives of this study were to determine the number of prehospital emergency patients who were given advanced life support (ALS) drugs and to compare utilization rates for ALS drugs in urban and rural environments. Certified ALS emergency medical technicians (Arizona) have 29 therapeutic agents authorized for prehospital administration. These agents may be administered only under direction of a medical control authority or by following standing orders.

A retrospective review was made of prehospital emergency encounter records. They were acquired by the Arizona Office of Emergency Medical Services (OEMS) from rural EMS providers who used optically scannable forms and from a metropolitan fire department's medical emergency response records.

In 1989 and 1990, 273,611 emergency patient encounter records were entered into the EMS database; 197,260 were urban responses and 76,351 were rural responses. Drugs (ALS) were administered to 16,730 (8.5%) urban emergency patients and to 5,359 (7%) rural emergency patients at the incident site or during transport to a medical care facility. Nitrostat, 0.4 mg sublingual tablet, was the drug most frequently administered to emergency patients in the prehospital setting. Utilization rates found in the urban and the rural data sets were consistent for the indivdual agents. Variations in use frequency between urban and rural setting were noted for some drugs. Of the 29 approved ALS drugs, seven (24%) were administered to 10% or more urban patients who received drugs. In the rural areas, eight (27.6%) were administered to 10% or more patients who received drugs. There were nine (31%) agents administered to less than 1% of all patients who received drugs. A majority of the approved drugs, 17 (59%) were administered at a rate below 5% of all patients receiving medications.

Severity of illness or injury prompted administration of ALS drugs to 8.1% of patients receiving prehospital emergency care. The most frequently utilized medication in the urban/rural areas was for treatment of cardiac symptoms. Variations between urban/rural drug utilization reflected the drugs of choice which are compatible with long transport times to a medical facility.

To examine the level of interest in paramedic upgrade education among a sample of intermediate-level emergency medical technicians, referred to as cardiac rescue technicians (CRT), to obtain education to upgrade to the paramedic level.

The design of this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study utilizing a mailed survey instrument.

Most of the CRTs reported interest in advancement to the paramedic level with the most active CRTs significantly more interested in upgrading than were those with lower grade of activity. Preference was for the upgrade training to be offered as a single course, two nights per week. Respondents also indicated an interest in receiving college credits for the course.

Active volunteer, intermediate-level emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in Maryland are interested in participating in the education necessary to advance them to the paramedic level.