Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:12:40.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Religious Differences among Congressional Districts and the Success of Women Candidates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2016

Mark Setzler*
Affiliation:
High Point University

Abstract

Scholars exploring the female representation gap in the U.S. Congress have pointed to district-level differences to explain why some districts regularly field women candidates and elect congresswomen while others almost never do. Specifically, demographic, economic, and political characteristics strongly influence a district's female candidacy, nomination, and election rates. This article asks whether also knowing about a district's religious environment helps us better predict the presence and success of women candidates. My central finding is that religiosity, in general, and the strength of some denominations within a district are strong predictors of where women will run and how well they will compete.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adkins, Todd, Layman, Geoffrey C., Campbell, David E., and Green, John C.. 2013. “Religious Group Cues and Citizen Policy Attitudes in the United States.” Politics and Religion 6 (2): 235–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, E. Scott. 2002. Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Mary R., Lewis, Christopher J., and Baird, Chardie L.. 2011. “Punishment or Reward? An Experiment on the Effects of Sex and Gender Issues on Candidate Choice.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 32 (2): 136–57.Google Scholar
Brint, Steven, and Schroedel, Jean Reith, eds. 2011. Evangelicals and Democracy in America. 2 vols. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Calfano, Brian R., and Djupe, Paul A.. 2011. “Not in His Image: The Moderating Effect of Gender on Religious Appeals.” Politics and Religion 4 (2): 338–54.Google Scholar
Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE). 2007. “U.S. Denominations and Their Stances on Women in Leadership.” E-Quality 6 (2). http://www2.cbeinternational.org/new/E-Journal/2007/07spring/denominations%20first%20installment--FINAL.pdf (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Clarkson, Frederick. 2013. “Christian Right Seeks Renewal in Deepening Catholic-Protestant Alliance.” Political Research Associates, July 23. http://www.politicalresearch.org/2013/07/23/christian-right-seeks-renewal-in-deepening-catholic-protestant-alliance/#sthash.yIlEc2gE.dpbs (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Davis, Shannon N., and Greenstein, Theodore N.. 2009. “Gender Ideology: Components, Predictors, and Consequences.” Annual Review of Sociology 35: 87105.Google Scholar
Deckman, Melissa. 2010. “Women as Leaders in Protestant Denominations.” In Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, ed. O'Connor, Karen. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 544–54.Google Scholar
Dionne, E. J., Galston, William A., Davis, Korin, and Tilchin, Ross. 2014. Faith in Equality: Economic Justice and the Future of Religious Progressives. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2009. The Political Influence of Churches. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 1998. “Voting for Women in the Year of the Woman.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (1): 272–93.Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 2010. “The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidates.” Political Behavior 32 (1): 6988.Google Scholar
Dolan, Kathleen. 2014. “Gender Stereotypes, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting for Women Candidates: What Really Matters?Political Research Quarterly 67 (1): 96107.Google Scholar
Dominguez, Casey. 2011. “Does the Party Matter? Endorsements in Congressional Primaries.” Political Research Quarterly 64 (3): 534–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domke, David, and Coe, Kevin. 2008. The God Strategy: How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driskell, Robyn, Embry, Elizabeth, and Lyon, Larry. 2008. “Faith and Politics: The Influence of Religious Beliefs on Political Participation.” Social Science Quarterly 89 (2): 294314.Google Scholar
Edgell, Penny, and Tranby, Eric. 2007. “Religious Influences on Understandings of Racial Inequality in the United States.” Social Problems 54 (2): 263–88.Google Scholar
Edsall, Thomas B. 2012. “The Renegade Republicans.” The New York Times, March 26. http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/the-renegade-republicans/?_r=1 (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Fulton, Sarah A. 2014. “When Gender Matters: Macro-Dynamics and Micro-Mechanisms.” Political Behavior 36 (3): 605–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodstein, Laurie. 2012. “Christian Right Failed to Sway Voters on Issues.” The New York Times, November 9.Google Scholar
Grammich, Clifford, Hadaway, Kirk, Houseal, Richard, Jones, Dale E., Krindatch, Alexei, Stanley, Richie, and Taylor, Richard H.. 2012. 2010 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations and Membership Study. Lenexa, KS: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies.Google Scholar
Hayes, Danny. 2011. “When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in Candidate Trait Attribution.” Politics & Gender 7 (2): 133–65.Google Scholar
Hunt, Mary E. 2010. “Women as Leaders in Catholicism.” In Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook, ed. O'Connor, Karen, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 490–95.Google Scholar
Jelen, Ted G. 1993. “The Political Consequences of Religious Group Attitudes.” Journal of Politics 55 (1): 178–90.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Karen M. 2002. “Culture Wars, Secular Realignment, and the Gender Gap in Party Identification.” Political Behavior 24 (3): 283307.Google Scholar
Kellstedt, Lyman A. 1993. “Religion, the Neglected Variable: An Agenda for Future Research on Religion and Political Behavior.” In Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics, eds. Leege, David C. and Kellstedt, Lyman A.. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 273303.Google Scholar
Koch, Jeffrey W. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Citizens’ Impressions of House Candidates’ Ideological Orientations.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (2): 453–62.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L. 2004. “Women, War, and Winning Elections: Gender Stereotyping in the Post-September 11th Era.” Political Research Quarterly 57 (3): 479–90.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Fox, Richard L.. 2010. It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Don't Run for Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Pearson, Kathryn. 2008. “The Primary Reason for Women's Underrepresentation? Reevaluating the Conventional Wisdom.” Journal of Politics 70 (1): 6782.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C. 1997. “Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact of Beliefs, Affiliations, and Commitment from 1980 to 1994.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (2): 288316.Google Scholar
Lim, Chaeyoon. 2013. “Counting the Faithful: Measuring Local Religious Contexts in the United States.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (2): 386400.Google Scholar
McDaniel, Eric Leon, Nooruddin, Irfan, and Shortle, Allyson Faith. 2011. “Divine Boundaries: How Religion Shapes Citizens’ Attitudes toward Immigrants.” American Politics Research 39 (1): 205–33.Google Scholar
McDermott, Monika L. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 270–83.Google Scholar
McKenzie, Brian D., and Rouse, Stella M.. 2013. “Shades of Faith: Religious Foundations of Political Attitudes among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (1): 218–35.Google Scholar
Merolla, Jennifer, Schroedel, Jean Reith, and Holman, Mirya Rose. 2007. “The Paradox of Protestantism and Women in Elected Office in the United States.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 29 (1): 77100.Google Scholar
Merolla, Jennifer, Schroedel, Jean Reith, and Waller, Scott. 2009. “Evangelical Strength and the Political Representation of Women and Gays.” In Evangelicals and Democracy in America, eds. Brint, Steven and Schroedel, Jean Reith. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 159–86.Google Scholar
Ondercin, Heather L., and Welch, Susan. 2009. “Comparing Predictors of Women's Congressional Election Success Candidates, Primaries, and the General Election.” American Politics Research 37 (4): 593613.Google Scholar
Palmer, Barbara, and Simon, Dennis M.. 2006. Breaking the Political Glass Ceiling: Women and Congressional Elections. New York: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Palmer, Barbara, and Simon, Dennis M.. 2012. Women and Congressional Elections: A Century of Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2008. “A Paradox in Public Attitudes: Men or Women: Who's the Better Leader?” http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/08/25/men-or-women-whos-the-better-leader/ (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., and Campbell, David E.. 2010. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice.” American Journal of Political Science 46 (1): 2034.Google Scholar
Sanbonmatsu, Kira, and Dolan, Kathleen. 2009. “Do Gender Stereotypes Transcend Party?Political Research Quarterly 62 (3): 485–94.Google Scholar
Setzler, Mark H., and Yanus, Alixandra B.. 2015. “The Impact of Religion on Voting for Female Congressional Candidates.” Politics and Religion 8 (4): 679–98.Google Scholar
Setzler, Mark H., and Yanus, Alixandra B.. N.d.Evangelical Protestantism and Bias against Female Political Leaders.” Social Science Quarterly. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Guth, James L.. 2009. “The Role of Religion in American Politics: Explanatory Theories and Associated Analytical and Measurement Issues.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics, eds. Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Guth, James L.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 342.Google Scholar
Smith, Gregory Allen. 2010. Politics in the Parish: The Political Influence of Catholic Priests. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Lauren E., and Walker, Lee Demetrius. 2013. “Belonging, Believing, and Group Behavior: Religiosity and Voting in American Presidential Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (2): 399413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steensland, Brian, Robinson, Lynn D., Wilcox, W. Bradford, Park, Jerry Z., Regnerus, Mark D., and Woodberry, Robert D.. 2000. “The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art.” Social Forces 79 (1): 291318.Google Scholar
Tausanovitch, Chris, and Warshaw, Christopher. 2013. “Measuring Constituent Policy Preferences in Congress, State Legislatures, and Cities.” Journal of Politics 75 (2): 330–42.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. 2012. “Methodology for the Intercensual Population and Housing Estimates: 2000 to 2010.” http://www.census.gov/popest/methodology/2000-2010_Intercensal_Estimates_Methodology.pdf (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Vandenbosch, Sue. 1996. “A Negative Relationship between Religion and the Percentage of Women State Legislators in the United States.” Journal of Legislative Studies 2 (4): 322–38.Google Scholar
Vogel, Kenneth P. 2014. “Social Conservatives’ Money Plans.” Politico, January 2. http://www.politico.com/story/2014/01/social-conservatives-fundraising-101666 (accessed April 14, 2016).Google Scholar
Wald, Kenneth D., and Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 2014. Religion and Politics in the United States. 7th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Wald, Kenneth D., Owen, Dennis E., and Hill, Samuel S.. 1988. “Churches as Political Communities.American Political Science Review 82 (2): 531–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L. 2012. “Gender Ideology and Religion: Does a Masculine Image of God Matter?Review of Religious Research 54 (2): 139–56.Google Scholar
Whitehead, Andrew L. 2013. “Gendered Organizations and Inequality Regimes: Gender, Homosexuality, and Inequality within Religious Congregations.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (3): 476–93.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Clyde, and Robinson, Carin. 2010. Onward Christian Soldiers: The Religious Right in American Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Wilcox, W. Bradford, Chaves, Mark, and Franz, David. 2004. “Focused on the Family? Religious Traditions, Family Discourse, and Pastoral Practice.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43 (4): 491504.Google Scholar
Winter, Nicholas J. 2010. “Masculine Republicans and Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans’ Explicit and Implicit Images of the Political Parties.” Political Behavior 32 (4): 587618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Setzler supplementary material

Online Abstract

Download Setzler supplementary material(File)
File 13.8 KB