Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-dtkg6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-18T09:50:54.959Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effects of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites on Ruminant Nutrition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

James J. Parkins
Affiliation:
Glasgow University Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
Peter H. Holmes
Affiliation:
Glasgow University Veterinary School, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1989

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, E. M. (1982). Dietary influences on the pathophysiology of ovine haemonchosis. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Abbott, E. M., Parkins, J. J. & Holmes, P. H. (1985 a). Influence of dietary protein on parasite establishment and pathogenesis in Finn Dorset and Blackface lambs given a single moderate infection of Haemonchus contortus. Research in Veterinary Science 38, 613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, E. M., Parkins, J. J. & Holmes, P. H. (1985 b). Influence of dietary protein on the pathophysiology of ovine haemonchosis in Finn Dorset and Scottish Blackface lambs given a single moderate infection. Research in Veterinary Science 38, 5460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, E. M., Parkins, J. J. & Holmes, P. H. (1986). The effect of dietary protein on the pathogenesis of acute ovine haemonchosis. Veterinary Parasitology 20, 291306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albers, G. A. A. (1981). Genetic resistance to experimental Cooperia oncophora infections in calves. PhD Thesis, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Alexander, H. D. & Kiesel, G. K. (1965). The effect of blood loss on weight gain, haemoglobin and haematocrit in lambs fed different levels of protein. Auburn Veterinarian 12, 114129.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. (1973). Trichostrongylid infections of sheep in a winter rainfall region. II. Epizootiological studies in the western district of Victoria, 1967–68. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 599611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armour, J., Bairden, K., Duncan, J. L., Jennings, F. W. & Parkins, J. J. (1979). Observations on ostertagiasis in young cattle over two grazing seasons with specific reference to plasma pepsinogen levels. Veterinary Record 105, 500503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armour, J., Bairden, K., Duncan, J. L., Jones, R. M. & Bliss, D. H. (1981). Studies on the control of bovine ostertagiasis using a morantel sustained release bolus. Veterinary Record 108, 532535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armour, J., Bairden, K., Holmes, P. H., Parkins, J. J., Ploeger, H., Salman, S. K. & McWilliam, P. N. (1987). Pathophysiological and parasitological studies on Cooperia oncophora infections in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 42, 373381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H. & Jennings, F. W. (1966). Experimental Ostertagia circumcincta infections in sheep: development and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 12671278.Google Scholar
Armour, J., Jennings, F. W., Murray, M. & Selman, I. (1973). Bovine ostertagiasis. In Helminth Diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Horses in Europe. [Urquhart, G. M. and Armour, J., editors]. Glasgow: Robert Maclehose & Co.Google Scholar
Armour, J. & Ogbourne, C. P. (1982). Bovine ostertagiasis: A Review and Annotated Bibliography; Commonwealth Institute of Parasitology Miscellaneous Publication no. 7. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.Google Scholar
Arundel, J. H. (1985). In Resistance in Nematodes to Anthelmintic Drugs, vol. 4, pp. 4555 [Anderson, N. and Waller, P. J., editors]. Parkeville, Victoria: CSIRO Division of Animal Health, and Australian Wool Corporation.Google Scholar
Baker, N. F. (1979). Economic impact and control of parasitism in dairy cattle. Bovine Practitioner 14, 4249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barger, I. A. & Southcott, W. H. (1975). Trichostrongylosis and wool growth. The wool growth response of resistant grazing sheep to larval challenge. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 167172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, I. K. & Titchen, D. A. (1982). Gastric dysfunction in sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a nematode inhabiting the small intestine. International Journal for Parasitology 12, 345356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behm, C. A. & Bryant, C. (1985). In Resistance in Nematodes to Anthelmintic Drugs, vol. 5, pp. 5767 [Anderson, N. and Waller, P. J., editors]. Parkeville, Victoria: CSIRO Division of Animal Health, and Australian Wool Corporation.Google Scholar
Bell, F. R. & Grivel, M. L. (1975). The effect of duodenal infusion on the electromyogram of gastric muscle during activation and inhibition of gastric emptying. Journal of Physiology 248, 377391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, C. J. & Dargie, J. D. (1976). The role of host nutrition in the pathogenesis of ovine fascioliasis. Veterinary Parasitology 2, 317332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bliss, D. H., Jones, R. M. & Conder, D. R. (1982). Epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating, grazing adult dairy cows using a morantel sustained release bolus. Veterinary Record 110, 141144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliss, D. H. & Todd, A. C. (1973). Milk production by Wisconsin dairy cattle after deworming with Baymix. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician 68, 10341038.Google ScholarPubMed
Bliss, D. H. & Todd, A. C. (1976). Milk production by Vermont dairy cattle after deworming. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician 71, 12511254.Google ScholarPubMed
Borgsteede, F. H. M., Kloosterman, A., Oostendorp, d. & van Tarrij, H. (1985). Effects of the use of a morantel sustained release bolus in first and second year grazing cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 18, 3949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bown, M. D., Poppi, D. P. & Sykes, A. R. (1984). The effect of a mixed infection on the site of plasma protein absorption in the small intestine. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 64, (Suppl.) 197198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremner, K. C. (1969). Pathogenetic factors in experimental bovine oesophagostomosis. III. Demonstration of protein-losing enteropathy with 51Cr-albumin. Experimental Parasitology 24, 364374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremner, K. C. (1982). The pathophysiology of parasitic gastroenteritis of cattle. In Biology and Control of Endoparasites, Proceedings of the McMaster Animal Health Laboratory 50th Annual Symposium in Parasitology, pp. 277289. [Symons, L. E. A., Donald, A. D. and Dineen, J. K., editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bueno, L., Dakkak, A. & Fioramonti, J. (1982). Gastro-duodenal motor and transit disturbances associated with Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. Parasitology 84, 367374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L. (1982). The impact of subclinical parasitism in ruminants. In Parasites – Their World and Ours, pp. 439450. [Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S., editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Coop, R. L. & Angus, K. W. (1975). The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration. Parasitology 70, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L. & Field, A. C. (1983). Effect of phosphorus intake on growth rate, food intake and quality of the skeleton of growing lambs infected with the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus vitrinus. Research in Veterinary Science 35, 175181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L., Field, A. C., Graham, R. B., Angus, K. W. & Jackson, F. (1986). Effect of concurrent infection with Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus vitrinus on the performance of lambs. Research in Veterinary Science 41, 241245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coop, R. L., Jackson, F., Graham, R. B. & Angus, K. W. (1988). Influence of two levels of concurrent infection with Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus vitrinus on the growth performance of lambs. Research in Veterinary Science 45, 275280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coop, R. L., Sykes, A. R. & Angus, K. W. (1982). The effects of three levels of intake of Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on growth rate, food intake and body composition of growing lambs. Journal of Agricultural Science 98, 247255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dargie, J. D. (1975). Applications of radioisotope techniques to the study of red cell and plasma metabolism in helminth diseases of sheep. In Pathogenic Processes in Parasitic Infections, pp. 126 [Taylor, A. E. R. and Muller, R., editors]. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Dargie, J. D. (1980). The pathophysiological effects of gastromtestinal and liver parasites in sheep. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants, pp. 349371 [Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P., editors]. Lancaster: MTP Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donald, A. D. (1979). Effects of parasites and disease on wool growth. In Physiological and Environmental Limitations to Wool Growth, pp. 99114 [Black, J. L. and Reis, P. J., editors]. Armidale, NSW: The University of New England Publishing Unit.Google Scholar
Downey, N. E., O'Shea, J. & Spillane, T. A. (1974). Preliminary observations on the use of low-level medication in calves' drinking water as a means of endoparasite control. Irish Veterinary Journal 28, 221222.Google Scholar
Egerton, J. R., Suhayda, D. & Eary, C. H. (1986). Prophylaxis of nematode infections in cattle with an indwelling rumino-reticular ivermectin sustained release bolus. Veterinary Parasitology 22, 6775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Entrocasso, C. M. (1984). Production and metabolism studies of bovine trichostrongylosis. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Entrocasso, C., Parkins, J. J., Armour, J., Bairden, K. & McWilliam, P. N. (1986 a). Metabolism and growth studies in housed calves given a morantel sustained release bolus and exposed to natural trichostrongyle infection. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 6575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entrocasso, C., Parkins, J. J., Armour, J., Bairden, K. & McWilliam, P. N. (1986 b). Production, parasitological and carcase evaluation studies in steers exposed to trichostrongyle infection and treated with a morantel bolus or fenbendazole in two consecutive grazing seasons. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 7685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fellenius, E., Berglindh, T., Sachs, G., Olbe, L., Elander, B., Sjöstrand, S. & Wallmark, B. (1981). Substituted benzimidazoles inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking (H++K+)ATPase. Nature 290, 159161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, M. T., Gerrelli, D., Pitt, S. R., Jacobs, D. E., Gill, E. M. & Gale, D. L. (1989 a). Pathophysiology of Ostertagia ostertagi infection in the calf: effects of a trickle challenge on appetite, digestibility, rate of passage of digesta and liveweight gain. Research in Veterinary Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, M. T., Gerrelli, D., Pitt, S. R., Jacobs, D. E., Hart, I. C. & Simmonds, A. D. (1987). Endocrine effects of a single infection of Ostertagia ostertagi in the calf. International Journal for Parasitology 17, 11811185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, M. T., Gerrelli, D., Schivalkar, P. & Jacobs, D.E. (1989 b). Effect of omeprazole treatment on feed intake and blood gastrin and pepsinogen levels in the calf. Research in Veterinary Science 46, 280282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garriz, C. A., Gallinger, M. M., Touraille, C., Steffan, P. E., Fiel, C. A., Ambrustola, R. R., Biondani, C. A., Zamorano, M. & Bulman, G. M. (1987). Gastrointestinal parasitism: its effects on muscle, fat and bone composition of the carcase and organoleptic characteristics of meat. In The Economic Impact of Parasitism in Cattle. Proceedings XXIII World Veterinary Congress MSD AGVET Symposium, [Leaning, M. D., Gueuero, J. and Hipple, R. C., editors].Google Scholar
Gregory, P. C. (1985). Parasitic infection and stomach motility: relation to intestinal motility and food intake. In The Ruminant Stomach, Veterinary Research Communications, vol. 1. [Ooms, L. A. A., Degryse, A. D. and Marsboom, R., editors]. Marlow, Bucks: Janssen Research Foundation.Google Scholar
Gregory, P. C., Wenham, G., Poppi, D., Coop, R. L., Macrae, J. C. & Miller, S. J. (1985). The influence of a chronic subclinical infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis on gastrointestinal motility and digesta flow in sheep. Parasitology 91, 381396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grovum, W. L. (1979). Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 2. The role of distension and tactile input from compartments of the stomach. British Journal of Nutrition 42, 425436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grovum, W. L. (1981). Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 3. The effect of intravenous infusions of gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin on motility of the reticulo-rumen and intake. British Journal of Nutrition 45, 183201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grovum, W. L. & Phillips, G. D. (1978). Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 1. The role of distension, flow-rate of digesta and propulsive motility in the intestines. British Journal of Nutrition 40, 323336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgson, J. C. & Jessop, N. S. (1987). Effect of mode of anthelmintic treatment on rumen short-chain fatty acid concentrations in sheep. Veterinary Record 120, 553554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, P. H. (1985). Pathogenesis of trichostrongylosis. Veterinary Parasitology 18, 89101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, P. H. (1986). Pathophysiology of nematode infections. In Proceedings of The Sixth International Congress of Parasitology, [Howell, M. J., editor]. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Holmes, P. H., Abbott, E. M. & Parkins, J. J. (1986). Use of nuclear techniques to investigate the influence of host nutrition on the pathogenesis of ovine haemonchosis. In Nuclear Techniques Aimed at Improving Meat, Milk and Wool Production from Ruminant Animals, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.Google Scholar
Holmes, P. H. & Bremner, K. C. (1971). The pathophysiology of ovine ostertagiasis. Water balance and turnover studies. Research in Veterinary Science 12, 381383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, P. H., Dargie, J. D., Maclean, J. M. & Mulligan, W. (1968). The anaemia in fascioliasis: experiments with 51Cr-labelled red cells. Journal of Comparative Pathology 78, 415420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, P. H. & Maclean, J. M. (1971). The pathophysiology of ovine ostertagiasis: A study of the changes in plasma protein metabolism following single infections. Research in Veterinary Science 12, 265271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, D. E., Pilkington, J. G., Foster, J., Fox, M. T. & Oakley, G. A. (1987). ‘Front loaded’ oxfenbendazole pulse release bolus for the suppression of parasitism in grazing calves: a field study. Veterinary Record 121, 403404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jara, W., Sumano, H. & Ocampo, L. (1984). Effects of three benzimidazole anthelmintics on the ruminal fermentation ability of sheep. Veterinary Record 115, 565566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffcoate, I. A., Holmes, P. H., Fishwick, G., Boyd, J., Bairden, K. & Armour, J. (1988). Effects of trichostrongyle larval challenge on the reproductive performance of immune ewes. Research in Veterinary Science 45, 234239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R. M. (1981). A new method of control of gastrointestinal parasites in grazing calves. In Epidemiology and Control of Nematodiasis in Cattle, pp. 349363 [Nansen, P., Jørgensen, R. J. and Soulsby, E. J. L., editors]. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. M., Pott, J. N. & Cornwell, R. L. (1978). Low level feed administration of morantel tartrate in the prophylaxis of experimental nematode infections in lambs and calves. British Veterinary Journal 134, 166170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, W. O. & Symons, L. E. A. (1982). Protein synthesis in the whole body, liver, skeletal muscle and kidney cortex of lambs infected by the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 12, 295301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, H. E., Cole, N. A., McCroskey, J. E. & Ewing, S. A. (1977). Influence of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia infections on the energetic efficiency of steers fed a concentrate ration. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38, 11571160.Google ScholarPubMed
Kimambo, A. E., MacRae, J. C., Walker, A., Watt, C. F. & Coop, R. L. (1988). Effect of prolonged subclinical infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the performance and nitrogen metabolism of growing lambs. Veterinary Parasitology 28, 191203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kloosterman, A. (1971). Observation of the epidemiology of trichostrongylosis of calves. PhD Thesis. Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Kloosterman, A. & Henken, A. M. (1987). Effect of gastrointestinal nematodes on metabolism in calves. In Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals, pp. 352371 [Verstegen, M. W. A. and Henken, A. M., editors]. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruse, G. O. W. (1986). Aspekte in der Anwendung des Paratect Bolus bei Rindern zur Verhinderung der parasitaren Gastroenteritis. (Aspects of the application of Paratect bolus for the prevention of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle.) Praktische Tierarzt 67, 228252.Google Scholar
Leng, R. A. (1981). Nutrition and metabolism of parasitized and non-parasitized ruminants: some approaches for studying the mode of action of parasites. In Isotopes and Radiation in Parasitology IV, 191206. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.Google Scholar
Leyva, V., Henderson, A. E. & Sykes, A. R. (1982). Effect of daily infection with Ostertagia circumcincta larvae on food intake, milk production and wool growth. Journal of Agricultural Science 99, 249259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBeath, D. G., Dean, S. P. & Preston, N. K. (1979). The effect of a preparturient fenbendazole treatment on lactation yield in dairy cows. Veterinary Record 105, 507509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, T. T. & Ferguson, A. (1978). Small intestinal epithelial cell kinetics and protozoal infection in mice. Gastroenterology 74, 496500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKellar, Q., Duncan, J. L., Armour, J. & McWilliam, P. N. (1986). Response to transplanted adult Ostertagia Ostertagi in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 40, 367371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacRae, J. C., Smith, J. S., Sharman, G. A. M., Corrigall, W. & Coop, R. L. (1982). Energy metabolism of lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, European Association of Animal Production Publication no. 29, pp. 112115 [Ekern, A. and Sundstøl, F., editors]. Aas, Norway: The Agricultural University of Norway.Google Scholar
Marriner, S. (1986). Anthelmintic drugs. Veterinary Record 118, 181184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michel, J. F., Richards, N., Altman, J. F. B., Mulholland, J. R., Gould, C. M. & Armour, J. (1982). Effect of anthelmintic treatment on the milk yield of dairy cows in England, Scotland and Wales. Veterinary Record III, 546550.Google Scholar
Mitchell, G. B. B. (1987). Assessment of an oxfenbendazole pulsed release bolus for control of parasitic gastroenteritis in calves in a rotational grazing system. Veterinary Record 121, 377378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, D. W. T. & Rowlands, D. (1986). Proceedings of the XIVth World Congress on Diseases of CattleDublin, p. 136.Google Scholar
Parkins, J. J., Bairden, K. & Armour, J. (1982 a). Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: a growth, nitrogen balance and digestibility study conducted during winter feeding following thiabendazole anthelmintic therapy. Journal of Comparative Pathology 92, 219227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkins, J. J., Bairden, K. & Armour, J. (1982 b). Ostertagia ostertagi in calves: a growth, nitrogen balance and digestibility studies conducted during winter feeding following different fenbendazole therapy programmes. Research in Veterinary Science 321, 7478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkins, J. J., Holmes, P. H. & Bremner, K. (1973). The pathophysiology of ovine ostertagiasis: some nitrogen balance and digestibility studies. Research in Veterinary Science 14, 2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkins, J. J., Taylor, L. M., Holmes, P. H., Armour, J., Bairden, K. & Salman, S. (1990). Pathophysiological and parasitological studies on a concurrent infection of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Research in Veterinary Science (In the Press.)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkins, J. J., Taylor, L. M., Reid, J., Bairden, K., Aitchison, T. C. & McWilliam, P. N. (1988). Activity of intraruminally administered levamisole against Ostertagia circumcincta in lambs. Veterinary Record 122, 513514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, D. G., Wilkinson, P. K., Egerton, J. R. & Conroy, J. (1985). Oral controlled-release delivery of ivermectin in cattle via an osmotic pump. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74, 11081110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppi, D. P., Macrae, J. C., Brewer, A. & Coop, R. L. (1986). Nitrogen transactions in the digestive tract of lambs exposed to the intestinal parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis. British Journal of Nutrition 55, 593602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poppi, D. P., Macrae, J. C., Brewer, A. C., Dewey, P. J. S. & Walker, A. (1985). Calcium and phosphorus absorption in lambs exposed to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 95, 453464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppi, D. P., MacRae, J. C. & Corrigall, W. (1981). Nitrogen digestion in sheep infected with intestinal parasites. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 40, 1164.Google Scholar
Randall, R. W. & Gibbs, H. C. (1981). Effect of clinical and sub-clinical gastrointestinal helminthiasis on digestion and energy metabolism in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42, 17301734.Google Scholar
Reveron, A. E., Topps, J. H. & Selman, A. L. (1974). Mineral metabolism and skeletal development of lambs affected by Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Research in Veterinary Science 16, 310319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritchie, J. D. S., Anderson, N., Armour, J., Jarrett, W. F. H., Jennings, F. W. & Urquhart, G. M. (1966). Experimental Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves: parasitology and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 659667.Google ScholarPubMed
Roseby, F. B. (1977). Effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda) on the nutrition and metabolism of sheep. III. Digesta flow and fermentation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 28, 155164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roseby, F. B. & Leng, R. A. (1974). Effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda) on the nutrition and metabolism of sheep. II. Metabolism of urea. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 363367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, J. B., Abbott, E. M., Dargie, J. D. & Holmes, P. H. (1982). The effect of haemonchosis and blood loss into the abomasum on nitrogen digestion in sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 41, 74A.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. B., Nolan, J. V., de Chaneet, G., Teleni, E. & Holmes, P. H. (1988). The effect of haemonchosis and blood loss into the abomasum on digestion in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 59, 125139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruckebusch, Y. (1971). The effects of pentagastrin on the motility of the ruminant stomach. Experientia 27, 11851186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soll, M. D., Carmichael, I. H. & Harvey, R. G. (1988). Prophylactic efficacy of sustained-release ivermectin against induced nematode infestations in cattle. Journal of South African Veterinary Association 59, 911.Google ScholarPubMed
Steel, J. W. (1972). Effects of the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis on ruminal acetate metabolism in young sheep. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 9, 402407.Google Scholar
Steel, J. W. (1974). Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections in the ruminant. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 139147.Google Scholar
Steel, J. W. (1978). Inter-relationships between gastrointestinal helminth infection, nutrition and impaired productivity in the ruminant. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 98109. [Farrell, D. J., editor]. Armidale, NSW: University of New England Printing Unit.Google Scholar
Steel, J. W., Jones, W. O. & Symons, L. E. A. (1982). Effects of a concurrent infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the productivity and physiology and metabolic responses of lambs infected with Ostertagia circumcincta. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 131140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, J. W. & Symons, L. E. A. (1982). Nitrogen metabolism in nematodiasis of sheep in relation to productivity. In Biology and Control of Endoparasites, Proceedings of the McMaster Animal Health Laboratory 50th Annual Symposium in Parasitology, pp. 235256 [Symons, L. E. A., Donald, A. D. and Dineen, J. K., editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Steel, J. W., Symons, L. E. A. & Jones, W. O. (1980). Effects of level of larval intake on the productivity and physiology and metabolic responses of lambs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 821828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, A. G. (1989). Some effects of trichostrongylidosis on metabolism and production of sheep. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R. (1982). Nutritional and physiological aspects of helminthiasis in sheep. In Biology and Control of Endoparasites, Proceedings of the McMaster Animal Health Laboratory 50th Anniversary Symposium in Parasitology pp. 217230 [Symons, L. E. A., Donald, A. D. and Dineen, J. K., editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R. (1983). Effects of parasitism on metabolism in the sheep. In Sheep Production (Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science no. 35), pp. 317334 [Haresign, W., editor]. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Sykes, A. R. & Coop, R. L. (1976). Intake and utilisation of food by growing lambs with parasite damage in the small intestine caused by daily dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. Journal of Agricultural Science 86, 507515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. R. & Coop, R. L. (1977). Intake and utilisation of food by growing sheep with abomasal damage caused by daily dosing with Ostertagia circumcincta larvae. Journal of Agricultural Science 88, 671677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykes, A. R., Coop, R. L. & Angus, K. W. (1977). The influence of chronic Ostertagia circumcincta infection on the skeleton of growing sheep. Journal of Comparative Pathology 87, 521529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, A. R., Coop, R. L. & Angus, K. W. (1979). Chronic infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus in sheep: some effects on food utilisation, skeletal growth and certain serum constituents. Research in Veterinary Science 26, 372377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symons, L. E. A. (1985). Anorexia: occurrence, pathophysiology and possible causes in parasitic infections. Advances in Parasitology 24, 103133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symons, L. E. A. & Jones, W. O. (1970). Nematospiroides dubius, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichostrongylus colubriformis: Protein digestion in infected animals. Experimental Parasitology 27, 496506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, L. E. A. & Jones, W. O. (1975). Skeletal muscle, liver and wool protein synthesis by sheep infected by the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 26, 10631072.Google Scholar
Symons, L. E. A. & Jones, W. O. (1983). Intestinal protein synthesis in guinea pigs infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: protein digestion in infected animals. Experimental Parasitology 27, 496506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, L. E. A., Steel, J. W. & Jones, W. O. (1981 a). Effects of level of larval intake on the productivity and physiology and metabolic responses of lambs infected with Ostertagia circumcincta. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 32, 139148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, L. E. A., Steel, J. W. & Jones, W. O. (1981 b). Tissue protein metabolism in parasitised animals. In lsotopes and Radiation in Parasitology 4, 171178. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. M. (1988). Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in ruminants in health and disease. PhD. Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Taylor, L. M., Parkins, J. J., Armour, J., Bairden, K., Holmes, P. H. & McWilliam, P. N. (1989). Pathophysiological and parasitological studies on Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 46, 218225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S., Mallon, T. R. & Kenny, J. (1985). Comparison of early season suppressive anthelmintic prophylactic methods for parasitic gastroenteritis and bronchitis in calves. Veterinary Record 117, 521524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, R. J. & Ali, D. A. (1983). The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection on the pregnant and lactating ewe. International Journal for Parasitology 13, 393398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titchen, D. A. (1982). The role of hormones in the reactions of the host to enteric parasites. In Parasites – Their World and Ours, pp. 245247 [Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S., editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Van Adrichem, P. W. M., Los, M. J. N., Vogt, J. E. & Wetzlar, Y. (1987). The effect of a subclinical haemonchus infection on the metabolism of sheep. In Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, [Verstegen, M. W. A. and Henken, A. M., editors]. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A., van der Hel, W., Albers, G. A. A. & Kloosterman, A. (1989). Effect of trichostrongylid infection on feed intake, metabolic rate and protein gain of calves. Journal of Physiology and Animal Nutrition (In press).Google Scholar
Wilson, W. D. & Field, A. C. (1983). Absorption and secretion of calcium and phosphorus in the alimentary tract of lambs infected with daily doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta larvae. Journal of Comparative Pathology 93, 6171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yakoob, A. Y., Holmes, P. H., Parkins, J. J. & Armour, J. (1983). Plasma protein loss associated with gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 34, 5863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zemmelink, G (1980). Effect of selective consumption on voluntary intake and digestibility of tropical forages. Agricultural Research Reports no. 896. Wageningen:PUDOC.Google Scholar