Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-wpx69 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-18T09:12:09.951Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Calicioid diversity in humid inland British Columbia may increase into the 5th century after stand initiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2018

Trevor GOWARD  and
André ARSENAULT
Trevor GOWARD
Affiliation:
Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. Mailing address: Enlichened Consulting Ltd., 5369 Clearwater Valley Road, Upper Clearwater, BC, V0E 1N1, Canada
André ARSENAULT
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 960, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 6J3, Canada. Email: andre.arsenault2@canada.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Maintenance of biodiversity in managed forested landscapes requires detailed knowledge of the ecological requirements of specialist organisms linked to key microhabitats. Here we examine the relationship of 37 lichenized and unlichenized epiphytic calicioid species to stand age and substratum type in seven pairs of mid-seral (70–165 y) and old (220–470 y) forest stands in humid east-central British Columbia. Based on our inventory of eight host tree species, total calicioid diversity and mean species richness are highest in old stands, with 12 species not detected and nine additional species much less frequent in mid-seral stands. Thuja plicata supports by far the highest level of total calicioid diversity, with 31 of 37 species; mostly associated with very old trees. Owing primarily to the late recruitment of lignicolous calicioids, stand-level calicioid richness continues to increase into the 5th century after stand initiation. Our study thus has two major findings pertinent to the maintenance of forest biodiversity in managed forests: first, stand-level calicioid richness increases slightly for at least three centuries past the acquisition of old-growth status; second, remnant trees and snags carried forward into mid-seral, regenerating stands enhance overall calicioid species richness. These results suggest that very old old-growth (= ‘antique’) forests might play an important role in the long-term maintenance of calicioid species richness, further suggesting that the standard practice of lumping all forests above a set age into a single old-growth category is not ecologically tenable for all taxonomic groups.

Keywords

BiodiversitylichensMycocaliciaceaeold-growth dependencyPhysciaceaeThuja
Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 50 , Issue 5 , September 2018 , pp. 555 - 569
Copyright
© British Lichen Society, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, L. I. & Hytteborn, H. (1991) Bryophytes and decaying wood: a comparison between managed and natural forest. Holarctic Ecology 14: 121–130.Google Scholar
Arsenault, A. (2002) Coarse woody debris management in British Columbia: a cultural shift for professional foresters. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood in Western Forests, 2–4 November, 1999, Reno, Nevada, pp. 869–878.Google Scholar
Arsenault, A. (2003) A note on the ecology and management of old-growth forests in the Montane Cordillera. Forestry Chronicle 79: 441–454.Google Scholar
Arsenault, A. & Bradfield, G. E. (1995) Structural-compositional variation in three age-classes of temperate rainforests in southern coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 54–64.Google Scholar
Arsenault, A. & Goward, T. (2016) Macrolichen diversity as an indicator of stand age and ecosystem resilience along a precipitation gradient in humid forests of inland British Columbia, Canada. Ecological Indicators 69: 730–738.Google Scholar
Barkman, J. J. (1958) Phytosociology and Ecology of Cryptogamic Epiphytes. Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
Berg, A., Ehnström, B., Gustafsson, L., Hallinbäck, T., Jonsell, M. & Welien, J. (1994) Threatened plant, animal, and fungus species in Swedish forests: distribution and habitat associations. Conservation Biology 8: 718–731.Google Scholar
British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Ministry of Environment, Lands & Parks (1999) Landscape Unit Planning Guide. Victoria: British Columbia.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. & Fredeen, A. L. (2004) Lobaria pulmonaria abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior Cedar-Hemlock forests of east-central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 970–982.Google Scholar
Dawson, W., Ligon, J., Murphy, J., Myers, J., Simberloff, D. & Verner, J. (1986) Report of the scientific advisory panel on the Spotted Owl. Condor 89: 205–229.Google Scholar
De Cáceres, M. (2013) How to Use the Indicspecies Package (ver. 1.7. 1). Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Catalonia. Available at: ftp://128.61.111.11/pub/CRAN/web/packages/indicspecies/vignettes/indicspeciesTutorial.pdf.Google Scholar
De Cáceres, M., Legendre, P., Wiser, S. K. & Brotons, L. (2012) Using species combinations in indicator value analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 973–982.Google Scholar
Dufrêne, M. & Legendre, P. (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs 67: 345–366.Google Scholar
Dymytrova, L., Brändli, U.-B., Ginzler, C. & Scheidegger, C. (2018) Forest history and epiphytic lichens: testing indicators for assessing forest autochthony in Switzerland. Ecological Indicators 84: 847–857.Google Scholar
Edwards, R. Y. & Ritcey, R. W. (1960) Foods of caribou in Wells Gray Park, British Columbia. Canadian Field-Naturalist 74: 3–7.Google Scholar
Ellis, C. J. & Coppins, B. J. (2007) 19th century woodland structure controls stand-scale epiphyte diversity in present-day Scotland. Diversity and Distributions 13: 84–91.Google Scholar
Esseen, P.-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L. & Sjöberg, K. (1992) Boreal forests – the focal habitats of Fennoscandia. In Ecological Principles of Nature Conservation (L. Hansson, ed): 252–325. London: Elsevier Applied Science.Google Scholar
Fenger, M., Manning, T., Cooper, J., Stewart, G. & Bradford, P. (2006) Wildlife & Trees in British Columbia. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing.Google Scholar
Franklin, J. F., Cromak, K., Denison, W., McKee, A., Maser, C., Sedell, J., Swanson, F. & Juday, G. (1981) Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 118. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service.Google Scholar
Fritz, O. & Heilmann-Clausen, J. (2010) Rot holes create key microhabitats for epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on beech (Fagus sylvatica). Biological Conservation 143: 1008–1016.Google Scholar
Goward, T. (1994) Notes on oldgrowth-dependent epiphytic macrolichens in inland British Columbia, Canada. Acta Botanica Fennica 150: 31–38.Google Scholar
Goward, T. (1999) The Lichens of British Columbia. Illustrated Keys. Part 2 – Fruticose Species. Special Report 9. Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Forests.Google Scholar
Goward, T. & Ahti, T. (1992) Macrolichens and their zonal distribution in Wells Gray Provincial Park and its vicinity, British Columbia, Canada. Acta Botanica Fennica 147: 1–60.Google Scholar
Goward, T. & Pojar, J. (1998) Antique forests and epiphytic macrolichens in the Kispiox Valley. Forest Sciences Extension Note 33. Smithers, British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Forests.Google Scholar
Halpern, C. B. & Spies, T. A. (1995) Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 5: 913–934.Google Scholar
Harris, L. D. (1984) The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hilmo, O. & Såstad, S. M. (2001) Colonization of old-forest lichens in a young and an old boreal Picea abies forest: an experimental approach. Biological Conservation 102: 251–259.Google Scholar
Holien, H. (1996) Influence of site and stand factors on the distribution of crustose lichens of the Caliciales in a suboceanic spruce forest area in central Norway. Lichenologist 28: 315–330.Google Scholar
Hyvärinen, M., Halonen, P. & Kauppi, M. (1992) Influence of stand age and structure on the epiphytic lichen vegetation in the middle-boreal forests of Finland. Lichenologist 24: 165–180.Google Scholar
James, P. W., Hawksworth, D. L. & Rose, F. (1977) Lichen communities in the British Isles: a preliminary conspectus. In Lichen Ecology (M. R. D. Seaward, ed): 295–413. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kruys, N. & Jonsson, B. G. (1997) Insular patterns of calicioid lichens in a boreal old-growth forest-wetland mosaic. Ecography 20: 605–613.Google Scholar
Lesica, P., McCune, B., Cooper, S. V. & Hong, W. S. (1991) Differences in lichen and bryophyte communities between old-growth and managed second-growth forests in the Swan Valley, Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1745–1755.Google Scholar
Lõhmus, P. & Lõhmus, A. (2011) Old-forest species: the importance of specific substrata vs. stand continuity in the case of calicioid fungi. Silva Fennica 45: 1015–1039.Google Scholar
Lõhmus, P., Turja, K. & Lõhmus, A. (2010) Lichen communities on treefall mounds depend more on root-plate than stand characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 1754–1761.Google Scholar
McCune, B. (1993) Gradients in epiphyte biomass in three Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forests of different ages in western Oregon and Washington. Bryologist 96: 405–411.Google Scholar
McCune, B. & Mefford, M. J. (1999) PC-ORD, Version 4. Gleneden Beach, Oregon: MjM Software Design.Google Scholar
Meidinger, D. & Pojar, J. (1991) Ecosystems of British Columbia. Special Report Series 6. Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Research Branch.Google Scholar
Michel, A. K. & Winter, S. (2009) Tree microhabitat structures of biodiversity in Douglas-fir forests of different stand ages and management histories in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1453–1464.Google Scholar
Minore, D. (1983) Western red cedar: a literature review. General Technical Report PNW 150. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Nascimbene, J., Marini, L. & Nimis, P. L. (2010) Epiphytic lichen diversity in old-growth and managed Picea abies stands in Alpine spruce forests. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 603–609.Google Scholar
Neitlich, P. N. (1993) Lichen abundance and biodiversity along a chronosequence from young managed stands to ancient forests. M.Sc. thesis, University of Vermont.Google Scholar
Newmaster, S. G., Belland, R. J., Arsenault, A. & Vitt, D. H. (2003) Patterns of bryophyte diversity in the humid coastal and inland cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia. Environmental Reviews 11 (S1): S159–S185.Google Scholar
Nordén, B. & Appelqvist, T. (2001) Conceptual problems of biological continuity and its bioindicators. Biodiversity and Conservation 10: 779–791.Google Scholar
Öckinger, E., Niklasson, M. & Nilsson, S. G. (2005) Is local distribution of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria limited by dispersal capacity or habitat quality? Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 759–773.Google Scholar
Parish, R., Coupé, R. & Lloyd, D. (eds) (1996) Plants of Southern Interior British Columbia. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing.Google Scholar
Peterson, E. B. & Goward, T. (2016) Chaenothecopsis aeruginosa sp. nov., an overlooked calicioid in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Herzogia 29: 561–565.Google Scholar
Price, K. & Hochachka, G. (2001) Epiphytic lichen abundance: effects of stand age and composition in coastal British Columbia. Ecological Applications 11: 904–913.Google Scholar
Price, K., Lilles, E. B. & Banner, A. (2017) Long-term recovery of epiphytic communities in the Great Bear Rainforest of coastal British Columbia. Forest Ecology and Management 391: 296–308.Google Scholar
Prieto, M. & Wedin, M. (2017) Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae . Fungal Diversity 82: 221–238.Google Scholar
Rikkinen, J. (1995) What’s behind the pretty colours? A study on the photobiology of lichens. Bryobrothera 4: 1–239.Google Scholar
Rikkinen, J. (2003) Calicioid lichens and fungi in the forests and woodlands of western Oregon. Acta Botanica Fennica 175: 1–41.Google Scholar
Rogers, P. C. & Ryel, R. J. (2008) Lichen community change in response to succession in aspen forests of the southern Rocky Mountains. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 1760–1770.Google Scholar
Rosso, A. & Rosentreter, R. (1999) Lichen diversity and biomass in relation to management practices in forests of northern Idaho. Evansia 16: 97–104.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, L., Aubry, K. B., Carey, A. B. & Huff, M. H. (1991) Wildlife and vegetation of unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experimental Station.Google Scholar
Scheidegger, C. (1995) Early development of transplanted isidioid soredia of Lobaria pulmonaria in an endangered population. Lichenologist 27: 361–374.Google Scholar
Selva, S. B. (1994) Lichen diversity and stand continuity in the northern hardwoods and spruce-fir forests of northern New England and western New Brunswick. Bryologist 97: 424–429.Google Scholar
Selva, S. B. (2003) Using calicioid lichens and fungi to assess ecological continuity in the Acadian Forest Ecoregion of the Canadian Maritimes. Forestry Chronicle 79: 550–558.Google Scholar
Spribille, T., Thor, G., Bunnell, F. L., Goward, T. & Björk, C. R. (2008) Lichens on dead wood: species-substrate relationships in the epiphytic lichen floras of the Pacific Northwest and Fennoscandia. Ecography 31: 741–750.Google Scholar
Thompson, I. D. (1991) Could marten become the spotted owl of eastern Canada. Forestry Chronicle 67: 136–140.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1975) The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 21 (2): 1–128.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1984) A reappraisal of the taxonomy of Caliciales . Nova Hedwigia 79: 597–714.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1987) Australasian Caliciales . Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 27 (1): 1–279.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1992) Crustose lichens as indicators of forest continuity in boreal conifer forests. Nordic Journal of Botany 12: 427–450.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1994) Distribution patterns and dispersal strategies of Caliciales . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 116: 159–202.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. (1999) Calicioid lichens and fungi. Nordic Lichen Flora 1: 20–94.Google Scholar
Tibell, L. & Koffman, A. (2002) Chaenotheca nitidula, a new species of calicioid lichen from northeastern North America. Bryologist 105: 353–357.Google Scholar
Titov, A. H. (2006) Mycocalicioid Fungi (the order Mycocaliciales) of the Holarctic . Moscow: KMK Scientific Press.Google Scholar
Tuhkanen, S. (1984) A circumboreal system of climatic-phytogeographical regions. Acta Botanica Fennica 127: 1–50.Google Scholar
US Department of Agriculture & US Department of the Interior (1994) Record of decision for amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl. Attachment A: standards and guidelines for management of habitat for late successional and oldgrowth forest related species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office 1994-589-11/0001.Google Scholar
Vuidot, A., Paillet, Y., Archaux, F. & Gosselin, F. (2011) Influence of tree characteristics and forest management on tree microhabitats. Biological Conservation 144: 441–450.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L. (1997) Systat 7.0 for Windows: Statistics. Chicago: SPSS Inc.Google Scholar
Will-Wolf, S. (2002) Monitoring regional status and trends in forest health with lichen communities: the United States Forest Service approach. In Monitoring with Lichens – Monitoring Lichens (P. L. Nimis, C. Scheidegger & P. A. Wolseley, eds):353–357. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar