Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T08:48:16.506Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A killing in Tripoli (1843): principle and contingency and personal diplomacy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2015

C. R. Pennell
C. R. Pennell*
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the trial in 1843 and 1844 of Giovanni Battista Caruana, a Maltese, for the murder of a Jew in Tripoli. He was found guilty but was not executed because the victim's impoverished wife agreed to accept compensation. The case took place against the background of the British government's increasing impatience with what they saw as uncontrolled Maltese and Ionian communities, leading to the enactment of the Foreign Jurisdiction Act of 1844. It also demonstrated the importance of the individual authority of the Consul, Hanmer Warrington, and the extent to which consuls' personal objectives and opinions weighed on the development of British policy, and the extent to which Warrington's concern to uphold the law coincided with that of the Pasha of Tripoli, so that the case led to a close identification between the local government and the British consular representative.

Type
Articles
Information
Libyan Studies , Volume 36 , 2005 , pp. 59 - 77
Copyright
Copyright © Society for Libyan Studies 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Blondy, A. 1994. Malte: des occupations Française et Britannique a l'indépendance. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 71, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L. C. 1974. The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837-1855. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, M. E. 2004. Canning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786-1880). In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4558. Accessed 21 March 2005.Google Scholar
Gallant, T. W. 2002. Experiencing Dominion: Culture, Identity, and Power in the British Aiediterranean. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glover, B. n.d. History of the Atlantic Cable and Submarine Telegraphy: Cable Timeline 1850–1900. http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Cables/CableTimeLine/indexl850.htm. Accessed 26 December 2004.Google Scholar
Goldberg, H. E. 1990. Jewish Life in Muslim Libya: Rdvah and Relatives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Great Britain. Law Commission. 2003. Partial Defences to Murder. Law Commission, London.Google Scholar
Great Britain. Parliament 1831–1891. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates. 3rd series (1830–1891). Printed by T. C. Hansard for Baldwin & Cradock (et al.), London.Google Scholar
Hirschberg, H. Z. 1974. A History of the Jews in North Africa. Brill, Leiden.Google Scholar
Ireland: The Law Reform Commission / An Coimisiún Urn Athchóiriú An Dli. 2001. Consultation Paper on Homicide: the Mental Element in Murder. The Law Reform Commission, Dublin.Google Scholar
Ireland: The Law Reform Commission / An Coimisiún Urn Athchóiriú An Dli. 2003. Consultation Paper on Homicide: The Plea of Provocation. The Law Reform Commission, Dublin.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, C. 1785. A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce, Between Great-Britain and Other Powers from the Treaty Signed At Munster in 1648, to the Treaties Signed at Paris in 1783. Printed for J. Debrett, London.Google Scholar
Joffe, E. G. H. 1985. Trade and migration between Malta and the Barbary states during the second Ottoman occupation of Libya (1835–1911). In. Buru, M. M., Ghanem, S. M. and McLachlan, K. S. (eds), Planning and Development in Modern Libya. Middle East and North African Studies Press, Outwell: 1–32.Google Scholar
Joffe, E. G. H. 1986. British Malta and the Karamanli dynasty (1800–1835). In Temimi, Abdeljelil (ed.), La ıie économique des provinces Arabes et leurs sources documentaires a l'époque Ottomane (Partie Française et Anglaise). Tome III. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Provinces Arabes a l'Epoque Ottomane, Zaghouan: 1986, 23–40.Google Scholar
Malta State Archives. 1837. CSG08/1, 326 Hankey to Reade, Malta, 2 01 1837.Google Scholar
Malta State Archives. 1844. CSG 03/392 Canning to Stewart, Constantinople, 17 06 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843a. FO101/9 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Bidwell. Malta, 19 11 1843.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843b. FO78/523 Article XLII of the Imperial Capitulation between Great Britian and the Ottoman Empire. Enclosure in Statford Canning to Aberdeen. Buyukdery, 27 12 1843 no 270.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843c. FO78/523 Warrington to [de Chasteau]. Tripoli, 3 12 1843. Enclosed in Statford Canning to Aberdeen. Buyukdery, 27 December 1843 no 270.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843d. FO78/551 FO to Treasury, Draft. 21 11 1843.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843e. Stratford Canning to Warrington. Buyukdery, 27 12 1843. Enclosure 1 in FO101/10 Tripoli letters, Warrington to Bidwell. Tripoli 16 January 1844 [copy m FO78/ 523 Statford Canning to Aberdeen. Buyukdery, 27 December 1843 no 270, encl 3].Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843f. Report of Divan court. Tripoli, 4 12 1843. Enclosure 2 in Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 5 December 1843[copy in encl 7 F078/ 523 Statford Canning to Aberdeen. Buyukdery, 27 December 1843 no 270].Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843g. Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 5 12 1843 [copy in F078/523 Statford Canning to Aberdeen. Buyukdery, 27 December 1843 no 270, encl 1].Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1843h. FO 195/212 Casalaina to Warrington. Tripoli, 3 12 1843 (enclosure 1 in Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 5 December 1843).Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844a. ADM 57/3721 Logbook of Her Majesty's Steam A-fessel “Geyser”. 8 04 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844b. F101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 22 01 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844c. F101/10 Tripoli letter book, Canning (FO) to Warrington (Draft). 6 01 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844d. FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Certificate of conversation between Warrington and Pasha. 20 01 1840. Enclosure 2 in Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 22 01 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844e. Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 14 01 1844. Enclosure 2 in FO101/10 Tripoli letters, Warrington to Bidwell. Tripoli, 16 01 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844f. Warrington to Mahomet Pasha. Tripoli, 14 01 1844. Enclosure 3 in FO101/10 Tripoli letters, Warrington to Bidwell. Tripoli, 16 January 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844g. Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 15 01 1844. Enclosure 4 in FO101/10 Tripoli letters, Warrington to Bidwell. Tripoli, 16 January 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844h. Warrington to Mehmet Pasha. 20 01 1840. Enclosure 1 in FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 22 January 1844. National Archives (PRO). 1844i. Certificate of conversation between Warrington and Pasha. 20 January 1840. Enclosure 2 in FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Stratford Canning. Tripoli, 22 January 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844j. FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington's pronouncement to Battis ta. Enclosure 1 in Warrington to Lord Canning, 30 01 1844. Tripoli, 27 January 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844k. FO101/10 Tripoli letter book. Warrington to Lord Canning. Tripoli, 30 01 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844l. FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Aberdeen. Tripoli, 2 08 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844m. FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Register of legal cases 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844n. Warrington to Mehmet Pasha. Enclosure 2 in FO101/10 Tripoli letter book, Warrington to Lord Canning, 30 01 1844. Tripoli, 28 January 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844o. FO160/62 Tripoli General Correspondence, Stratford Canning to Warrington. Constantinople, 18 03 1844.Google Scholar
National Archives (PRO). 1844p. F0161/13 Tripoli Acts, 1171 Last Will and Testament of Hanmer Warrington. Tripoli, 14 11 1843.Google Scholar
Parry, C. 1969. The Consolidated Treaty Series. Oceana Publications, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.Google Scholar
Pennell, C. R. 1989. Piracy and Diplomacy in Seventeenth Century North Africa: the Journals of Thomas Baker, English Consul in Tripoli, 1677-1685. Associated University Presses, London.Google Scholar
Pennell, C. R. 1991. In Bendaoud, A. and Maniar, M. (eds.), Tanger 1800–1956, Contribution à l'histoire récente du Maroc. Editions Arabo-Africaines, Rabat: 107–134.Google Scholar
Subasi, T. 2002. The Apostasy Question in the Context of Anglo-Ottoman Relations, 1843–44. Middle Eastern Studies 38: 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiener, M.J. 1999. Judges v. Jurors: Courtroom Tensions in Murder Trials and the Law of Criminal Responsibility in Nineteenth-Century England. Law and History Review 17: 467–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J. 1997. Diplomacy and Tribalism: Consul Warrington and the Awlad Slaiman. Maghreb Review 22: 96–106.Google Scholar
Wright, J. 2004. Consul Warrington's English Garden. Libyan Studies 35: 131–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar