Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T11:40:39.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Shifting Local, Regional, and Interregional Relations in Middle Horizon Peru: Evidence from La Real

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Justin Jennings ,
Tiffiny A. Tung ,
Willy J. Yépez Álvarez ,
Gladys Cecilia Quequezana Lucano  and
Marko Alfredo López Hurtado
Justin Jennings
Affiliation:
Department of World Cultures, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada, (collota@gmail.com)
Tiffiny A. Tung
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, 124 Garland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Willy J. Yépez Álvarez
Affiliation:
Avenida Los Proceres No 198, Arequipa, Peru
Gladys Cecilia Quequezana Lucano
Affiliation:
Ministerio de Cultura, Calle Alameda San Lázaro Nro 120, Arequipa, Peru
Marko Alfredo López Hurtado
Affiliation:
Ministerio de Cultura, Calle Alameda San Lázaro Nro 120, Arequipa, Peru
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 600-1100) was a period of great change in the Andes, with much of Perú connected through long-distance exchange and widely shared Wari styles and practices. Recent research has begun to detail the transformations that occurred within the period, leading to questions about the development of the Wari state and its shifting relationships with outlying areas over time. This article expands this research by exploring the temporal differences within a funerary assemblage at La Real, a site in the Majes Valley of southern Perú. The artifacts and human remains from La Real are used to explore Middle Horizon dynamism in relation to both the surging interregional interaction of the period and emergent social stratification in the valley. Mortuary profiles and sublethal violence remain fairly constant throughout the period, but lethal violence significantly increases in the late Middle Horizon. There are also significant changes over time in the presence of exotic goods and other items, reflecting an increase in craft specialization, the adoption of Wari-related styles and practices, and the development of a more regionally oriented economy. The role of the Wari state in these changes, although unclear, may relate to attempts by Wari leaders to manipulate the long-distance movement of a restricted group of artifacts and resources.

Resumen

Resumen

El Horizonte Medio (ca. 600-1100 d.C.)fue un periodo de gran cambio en los Andes, con la mayoría del Perú unido gracias al intercambio a larga distancia y a los estilos y précticas Wari, extensamente compartidos. Las ultimas investigaciones han empezado a detallar las transformaciones significativas que ocurrieron durante este periodo, que han llevado a preguntas con respecto al desarrollo del estado Wari y su relation cambiante con las areas de su alrededor durante el Horizonte medio, temprano y tardío. Este artículo desarrolla esta investigation explorando las diferencias temporales dentro de los ajuares funerarios en La Real, un sitio localizado en el Valle Majes, al sur del Perú. Los artefactos y los restos humanos del sitio son utilizados para explorar el dinamismo del periodo en relatión al surgimiento de la interacciόn interregional de la era y el contexto local de la estratificación social emergente del valle. Los perfiles demográficos y los traumas frecuentemente relacionados con la violencia fueron comunes a través de este periodo, aunque la violencia letal aumentó significativamente durante la segunda mitad del Horizonte Medio. También existen cambios significativos a través del tiempo en la presencia de bienes exóticos y otros artículos que reflejan un aumento en la especializaciόn de artesanias, la adoption de estilos y prácticas Wari, así como el desarrollo de una economla regionalmente orientada. El rol del estado Wari durante estos cambios, aunque poco claro,puede relacionarse con las tentativas de los lideres Wari de manipular el movimiento a larga distancia de un grupo restringido de artefactos y recursos.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , September 2015 , pp. 382 - 400
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Bedregal, Patricia, Mendoza, Pablo, Ubillús, Marco, Álvarez, Willy Yépez, Jennings, Justin, and Montoya, Eduardo 2015 Wari Influence in Southern Peru: Provenance Study of Middle Horizon Pottery from the Archaeological Site of La Real. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. DOI 10.1007/sl0967-015-4128-z.Google Scholar
Bergh, Susan E. 1999 Pattern and Paradigm in Middle Horizon Tapestry Tunics. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Art History. Columbia University, New York Google Scholar
Bergh, Susan E. 2012 Tapestry-Woven Tunics. In Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan E. Bergh, pp. 159–191. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Bergh, Susan E. (editor) 2012 Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Bergh, Susan E., and Jennings, Justin 2012 The History of Inquiry into the Wari and Their Arts. In Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan E. Bergh, pp. 5–27. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Brewster-Wray, Christine C. 1990 Moraduchayuq: an Administrative Compound at the Site of Huari, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Binghamton.Google Scholar
Buck, Caitlin E., Andres, Christen J., and James, Gary N. 1999 BCal: An On-Line Bayesian Radiocarbon Calibration Tool. Internet Archaeology 7. Electronic document, http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue7/buck/. accessed June 9, 2014.Google Scholar
Burger, Richard L., Asaro, Frank, Trawick, Paul, and Stress, Fred 1998 The Alca Obsidian Source: The Origin of Raw Material of Cusco Type Obsidian. Andean Past 5:185–202.Google Scholar
Burger, Richard L., Mohr Chavez, Karen L., and Chávez, Sergio J. 2000 Through the Glass Darkly: Prehispanic Obsidian Procurement and Exchange in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. Journal of World Prehistory 14:267–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, Anita G., and Glowacki, Mary 2003 Pots, Politics, and Power: Huari Ceramic Assemblages and Imperial Administration. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Tamara L. Bray, pp. 173–202. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Vera Cruz, Pablo 1988 Estudio arqueológico en el valle de Cabanaconde, Arequipa. Unpublished thesis presented for the license of archaeology. Universidad Católica Santa Maria, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Disselhoff, Hans D. 1969 Früh-Nazca in Süden Perus, Provincia de Camaná (Dep. Arequipa). Verhandlungen des XXXVIII Internationalen Amerikanisten Kongress 1:385–391.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy, and Jennings, Justin 2014 Remodeling the Political Economy of the Wari Empire. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:209–226.Google Scholar
Edwards, Matthew James, Parodi, Francesca Fernandini, and Ocaña, Grace Alexandrino 2009 Decorated Spindle Whorls from Pataraya. Ñawpa Pacha 29:1–14.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. Brian, and Whitehead, Neil L. 1992 The Violent Edge of Empire. In War in the Tribal Zone: Expanding States and Indigenous Warfare, edited by R. Brian Ferguson and Neil L. Whitehead, pp. 1–30. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Kathleen, Forgey, and Williams, Sloan 2005 Were Nasca Trophy Heads War Trophies or Revered Ancestors? Insights from the Kroeber Collection. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Gordon F. Rakita, Jane E. Buikstra, Lane A. Beck, and Sloan R. Williams, pp. 251–266. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
García Márquez, Manuel, and Montoro, Rosa Bustamente 1990 Arqueología del valle de Majes. Gaceta Arqueológica Andina 18/19:25–40.Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred 1998 Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Clarendon Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glascock, Michael D. 2012 Obsidiana: síntesis de movilidad giratoria. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 174–181. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Robin Coleman 2010 Negotiating Power in the Wari Empire: A Comparative Study of Local-Imperial Interactions in the Moquegua and Majes Regions during the Middle Horizon (550–1050 CE). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Robin Coleman, and Álvarez, Willy Yépez 2012 Instrumentos textiles: Ruecas. In Wari en Arequipa? Andlisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 128–144. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Haeberli, Joerg 2002 Tiempo y traditión en Arequipa, Perú, y el surgimiento de la cronología del tema de la deidad central. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:89–137.Google Scholar
Haeberli, Joerg 2006 When and Where did the Nasca Proliferous Style Emerge? In Andean Archaeology III: North and South, edited by William H. Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 410–434. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Haeberli, Joerg 2009 Tradiciones del Horizonte Temprano y del Período Intermedio Temprano en los valles de Sihuas, Vitor, y Majes, Departamento de Arequipa, Perú. In Arqueología del área centro sur Andina: Adas del simposio internacional 30 de junio–2 de julio de 2005, Arequipa, Perú, edited by Mariusz S. Ziólkowski, Justin Jennings, Luis Augusto Belen Franco, and Andrea Drusini, pp. 205–227. Centro de Estudios Pre-colombinos, University of Warsaw, Warsaw.Google Scholar
Helms, Mary 1988 Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge, and Geographical Distance. Princeton University Press, Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huamán López, Oscar 2012 Presencia – ausencia y recurrencia: la cerámica. In Wari en Arequipa? Andlisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 54–97. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Isbell, William H. 2008 Wari and Tiwanaku: International identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 731–759. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isla, Johny 2002 Wari en Palpa y Nasca: perspectivas desde el punto de vista funerario. In Huari y Tiwanaku: modelos vs. evidencias, secundo parte, edited by Peter Kaulicke and William H. Isbell, pp. 555–584. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2002 Prehistoric Imperialism and Cultural Development in the Cotahuasi Valley, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2010a Beyond Wari Walls: Regional Perspectives on Middle Horizon Peru, edited by Justin Jennings. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2010b Beyond Wari Walls. In Beyond Wari Walls: Regional Perspectives on Middle Horizon Peru, edited by Justin Jennings, pp. 1–18. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2012a La Real y el Horizonte Medio en el Perú. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 32–53. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2012b Cueros, cuentos, y otros artefactos. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 219–232. Museo Arqueólogico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin 2014 Una reevaluación del horizonte medio en Arequipa. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:165–188.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin, and Butters, Luis Jaime Castillo (editors) 2014 Los rostros de Wari: perspectivas interregionales sobre el horizonte. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 16. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin, and Álvarez, Willy Yépez 2012 Conclusiones: cómo comprender La Real? In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 260–277. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin, and Álvarez, Willy Yépez (editors) 2015 Tenahaha and the Wari State: A View of the Middle Horizonfrom the Cotahuasi Valley. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Kaulicke, Peter, and Isbell, William H. (editors) 2001 Huari y Tiwanaku: modelos vs. evidencias, primera parte. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 4. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Kaulicke, Peter, and Isbell, William H. 2002 Huari y Tiwanaku: modelos vs. evidencias, segunda parte. Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Knobloch, Patricia J. 1991 Stylistic Date of Ceramics from the Huari Centers. In Huari Administrative Structures, edited by William Isbell and Gordon McEwan, pp. 247–258. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Knobloch, Patricia J. 2000 Wari Ritual Power at Conchopata: An Interpretation of Anadenanthera colubrina Iconography. Latin American Antiquity 11(4):387–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knobloch, Patricia J. 2012 Archives in Clay: The Styles and Stories of Wari Ceramic Artists. In Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan E. Bergh, pp. 122–143. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Knudson Kelly, J., and Tung, Tiffiny A. 2011 Investigating Regional Mobility in the Southern Hinterland of the Wari Empire: Biogeochemistry at the Site of Beringa, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145(2):299–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudson, Kelly J., Williams, Sloan R., Osborn, Rebecca, Forgey, Kathleen, and Williams, Patrick Ryan 2009 The Geographic Origins of Nasca Trophy Heads Using Strontium, Oxygen, and Carbon Isotope Data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28(2):244–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koontz, Cassandra 2011 Pre-Wari and Wari Health, Trauma, and Tradition in the Majes and Siguas Valleys, Department of Arequipa, Peru. Paper presented at the Center for Latin American Studies Graduate Student Conference, Vanderbilt University, Nashville.Google Scholar
Lau, George F. 2014 Intercultural Relations in Northern Peru: the North Central Highlands Turing the Middle Horizon Boletín de Arqueología PUCP 5:23–52.Google Scholar
Llagostera, Agustín, Torres, Manuel C., and Antonietta Costa, M. 1988 El complejo psicotrópico en Solcor 3 (San Pedro de Atacama). Estudios Atacameños 9:67–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormac, F. G., Hogg, A. G., Blackwell, P. G., Buck, C. E., Higham, T. F. G., and Reimer, P. J. 2004 SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere Calibration 0 - 1000 cal BP. Radiocarbon 46: 1087–1092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEwan, Gordon F., and Williams, Patrick Ryan 2012 The Wari Built Environment: Landscape and Architecture of Empire. In Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan E. Bergh, pp. 65–81. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Menzel, Dorothy 1964 Style and Time in the Middle Horizon. Ñawpa Pacha 2:1–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, Donna 2012 The Art of Feasting: Building an Empire with Food and Drink. In Wari: Lords of the Ancient Andes, edited by Susan E. Bergh, pp. 82–101. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2007 Rural Wari Far from the Heartland: Huamanga Ceramics from Beringa, Majes Valley, Peru. Andean Past 8:287–373.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2010 Wari in the Majes-Camaná Valley: A Different Kind of Horizon. In Beyond Wari Walls: Regional Perspectives on Middle Horizon Peru, edited by Justin Jennings, pp. 57–78. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Proulx, Donald 1989 Nasca Trophy Heads: Victims of Warfare or Ritual Sacrifice? In Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Diana Claire Tkaczuk and Brian C. Vivian, pp. 73–85. University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.Google Scholar
Quequezana Lucano, Gladys Cecilia 1997 Análisis de la Tecnología Textil del Valle de Siguas, Cementerios Prehispánicos: San Juan, Cornejo, Hornillos, Santa Ana y la Chimba. Tesis para optar el título de Licenciada en Arqueología, Universidad Católica Santa María de Arequipa.Google Scholar
Quequezana Lucano, Gladys Cecilia 2009 Tecnología Textil prehispánica del valle de Siguas Arequipa. Boletín de Lima XXXI (158):79–117.Google Scholar
Quequezana Lucano, Gladys Cecilia, Hurtado, Marko López, and Álvarez, Willy Yépez 2012 Técnicas textiles: Vestidos e identidad colectiva. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 98–127. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Reiss, Wilhelm, and Stübel, Alphons 1887 Das Todtenfeld von Ancon in Peru. Ein Betrag zur Kenntnisund Industrie des Inca-Reiches, Berlin.Google Scholar
Rice, Don Stephen 1993 The Making of Latin American Horizons. In Latin American Horizons, edited by Don Stephen Rice, pp. 1–13. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Rowe, John H. 1956 Archaeological Explorations in Southern Peru, 1954–55. American Antiquity 22(2): 135–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowe, John H. 1962 Stages and Periods in Archaeological Interpretation. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 18(1):40–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos Ramírez, Rene 1980 Cerámica Temprana, Estilo la Ramada. Arqueos Perú, Número 1, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Schaedel, Richard P. 1993 Congruence of Horizon with Polity: Huari and the Middle Horizon. In Latin American Horizons, edited by Don S. Rice, pp. 225–261. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Schreiber, Katharina J. 1992 Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreiber, Katharina J. 2001 The Wari Empire of Middle Horizon Peru: The Epistemological Challenge of Documenting an Empire without Documentary Evidence. In Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History, edited by Susan E. Alcock, Terrence N. D' Altroy, Kathleen D. Morrison, and Carla M. Sinopoli, pp. 70–92. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J., and Reimer, R. W. 1993 Extended 14C Database and Revised CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tello, Julio C. 2009 [1931] A Modeled Clay Scene in Ancient Peruvian Art. In The Life and Writing of Julio C. Tello: America's First Indigenous Archaeologist, edited by Richard L. Burger, pp. 246–274. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres, Constantino M. 1986 Tabletas para alucinógenos en Sudamérica. Distributión y rutas de difusión. Boletín del Museo Chíleno de Arte Precolombino 1, Santiago.Google Scholar
Tripcevich, Nicholas 2007 Quarries, Caravans, and Routes to Complexity: Prehispanic Obsidian in the South-Central Andes. Unpublished PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2003 A Bioarchaeological Perspective on Wari Imperialism in the Andes of Peru: A View from Highland and Hinterland Skeletal Populations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2007a Trauma and Violence in the Wari Empire of the Peruvian Andes: Warfare, Raids, and Ritual Fights. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133(3):941–956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2007b The Village of Beringa at the Periphery of the Wari Empire: A Site Overview and New Radiocarbon Dates. Andean Past 8:253–286.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2007c From Corporeality to Sanctity: Transforming Bodies into Trophy Heads in the Prehispanic Andes. In The Taking and Displaying of Human Trophies by Amerindians, edited by Richard Chacon and David Dye, pp. 477–500. Springer Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2008 Dismembering Bodies for Display: A Bioarchaeological Study of Trophy Heads from the Wari Site of Conchopata, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:294–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2012a Violence, Ritual and the Wari Empire: A Social Bioarchaeology of Imperialism in the Ancient Andes. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A. 2012b Bio-antropología y condiciones de vida. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 233–259. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A., and del Castillo, Mirza 2005 Una visión de la salud comunitaria en el valle de Majes durante la época Wari. In Muerte y evidencias funerarias en los Andes Centrales: avances y perspectivas, edited by Claudio César Olaya and Marina A. Romero Bernale, pp. 148–172. Universidad Nacional de Federico Villarreal, Lima.Google Scholar
Tung, Tiffiny A., and Owen, Bruce 2006 Violence and Rural Lifeways at Two Peripheral Wari Sites in the Majes Valley of Southern Peru. In Andean Archeology III: North and South, edited by William H. Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 435–367. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugarte-Lewis, Mauricio, and Álvarez, Willy Yépez 2012 Aves: Bienes suntuarios y viajes de intercambio. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 144–173. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Verano, John 1995 Where Do They Rest? The Treatment of Human Offerings and Trophies in Ancient Peru. In Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices, edited by Tom Dillehay, pp. 189–227. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Wernke, Steven 2013 Negotiated Settlements: Andean Communities and Landscapes under Inka and Spanish Rule. University Press of Florida, Tallahassee.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Patrick Ryan 2001 Cerro Baúl: A Wari Center on the Tiwanaku frontier. Latin American Antiquity 12(1):67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Patrick Ryan, Belisle, Veronique, Cardona, Augusta, Goldstein, Robin Coleman, and Costion, Kirk 2010 Obsidian as a Commodity of Interregional Exchange in Wari Sites of Southern Peru. Paper presented at the 75th Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick Ryan, Dussubieux, Laure, and Nash, Donna J. 2012 Provenance of Peruvian Wari Obsidian: Comparing INAA, LA-ICP-MS, and Portable XRF. In Obsidian and Ancient Manufactured Glasses, edited by Ioannis Liritzis and Chris Stevenson, pp 75–96. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Wolff, Barbara Lee 2012 Potters, Power, and Prestige: Early Intermediate Period and Middle Horizon Ceramic Production at Con-chopata, Ayacucho, Peru (A.D. 400–1000). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Yépez Álvarez, Willy 2012a Recuperatión del dato empírico: descriptión del sitio y excavatión. In Wari en Arequipa? Andlisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 14–31. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Yépez Álvarez, Willy 2012b Componentes psicotrópicos y parafernalia inhalatoria en el sitio La Real. In Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real, edited by Willy Yépez Álvarez and Justin Jennings, pp. 200–214. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Yépez Álvarez, Willy, and Jennings, Justin (editors) 2012 Wari en Arequipa? Análisis de los contextos funerarios de La Real. Museo Arqueológico José Mariá Morante, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Yépez Álvarez, Willy, Jennings, Justin, and Tung, Tiffiny A. 2015 La Real: Un contexto funerario influenciando por los Wari en el sur peruano. In Nuevas perspectivas en la organizatión político Huari, edited by Milosz Giersz and Krzysztof Makowski. Andes 9, Boletín del Centre de Estudios Precolombinos de la Universidad de Varsovia, Warsaw, in press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 24.3 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Figure S1

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 72 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Figure S2

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 117.1 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Figure S3

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 54.4 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Figure S4

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 555.1 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Table S1

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 13.7 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Table S2

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 9.5 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Jennings et al. Supplementary Material

Table S3

Download Jennings et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 9.8 KB