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Neuropsychological Test Norms in Cognitively Intact Oldest-Old

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2019

Zarui A. Melikyan Open the ORCID record for Zarui A. Melikyan [Opens in a new window] ,
Maria M. Corrada ,
Malcolm B. Dick ,
Christina Whittle ,
Annlia Paganini-Hill  and
Claudia H. Kawas
Zarui A. Melikyan*
Affiliation:
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
Maria M. Corrada
Affiliation:
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California
Malcolm B. Dick
Affiliation:
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
Christina Whittle
Affiliation:
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California
Annlia Paganini-Hill
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California
Claudia H. Kawas
Affiliation:
Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
*
Correspondence and reprint requests to: Zarui A. Melikyan, 1511 Hewitt Hall, 843 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697. E-mail: zmelikya@uci.edu
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Abstract

Objectives: Individuals aged 90 or older (oldest-old), the fastest growing segment of the population, are at increased risk of developing cognitive impairment compared with younger old. Neuropsychological evaluation of the oldest-old is important yet challenging in part because of the scarcity of test norms for this group. We provide neuropsychological test norms for cognitively intact oldest-old. Methods: Test norms were derived from 403 cognitively intact participants of The 90+ Study, an ongoing study of aging and dementia in the oldest-old. Cognitive status of intact oldest-old was determined at baseline using cross-sectional approach. Individuals with cognitive impairment no dementia or dementia (according to DSM-IV criteria) were excluded. Participants ranged in age from 90 to 102 years (mean=94). The neuropsychological battery included 11 tests (Mini-Mental Status Examination, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, Boston Naming Test – Short Form, Letter Fluency Test, Animal Fluency Test, California Verbal Learning Test-II Short Form, Trail Making Tests A/B/C, Digit Span Forward and Backwards Test, Clock Drawing Test, CERAD Construction Subtests), and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: Data show significantly lower scores with increasing age on most tests. Education level, sex, and symptoms of depression were associated with performance on several tests after accounting for age. Conclusions: Provided test norms will help to distinguish cognitively intact oldest-old from those with cognitive impairment. (JINS, 2019, 25, 530–545)

Keywords

Aged80 and overCognitionNeuropsychologyReference valuesGeriatric assessment
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 25 , Issue 5 , May 2019 , pp. 530 - 545
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2019 

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