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The attachment strategies of Cambrian kutorginate brachiopods: the curious case of two pedicle openings and their phylogenetic significance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 October 2017

Lars E. Holmer ,
Zhifei Zhang ,
Timothy P. Topper ,
Leonid Popov  and
Thomas M. Claybourn
Lars E. Holmer
Affiliation:
Early Life Institute and Department of Geology, State Key Laboratory for Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China 〈elizf@nwu.edu.cn〉 Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villav 16, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden 〈lars.holmer@pal.uu.se〉, 〈thomas.claybourn@geo.uu.se〉
Zhifei Zhang
Affiliation:
Early Life Institute and Department of Geology, State Key Laboratory for Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China 〈elizf@nwu.edu.cn〉
Timothy P. Topper
Affiliation:
Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom 〈timothy.topper@durham.ac.uk〉
Leonid Popov
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP, Wales, United Kingdom 〈leonid.popov@museumwales.ac.uk〉
Thomas M. Claybourn
Affiliation:
Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Villav 16, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden 〈lars.holmer@pal.uu.se〉, 〈thomas.claybourn@geo.uu.se〉
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Abstract

The kutorginates are commonly the most abundant rhynchonelliform brachiopod found in the early Cambrian; they are also some of the oldest known rhynchonelliforms, first appearing in the Unnamed Series 2 (Atdabanian equivalent) and becoming extinct sometime in Cambrian Series 3 (Amgaian equivalent). Moreover, kutorginates are the first known member of the rhynchonelliforms for which we have a detailed knowledge of their soft-part anatomy, including the lophophore, digestive tract, and pedicle—all exceptionally preserved in Kutorgina chengjiangensis Zhang et al., 2007 from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte of southern China. The stout and annulated pedicle in the original report was described as protruding between the valves; however, newly collected better-preserved material now clearly shows that the pedicle actually protrudes from the apical perforation of Kutorgina chengjiangensis. This type of apical pedicle has also been described from other early Cambrian rhynchonelliforms, including the problematic chileate Longtancunella chengjiangensis (Zhang et al., 2011a). Exceptionally preserved similar pedicles are also known to emerge apically from the Silurian chileate dictyonellid Eichwaldia subtrigonalis Billings, 1858, as well as from the recently described Silurian chileate Trifissura rigida Holmer, Popov, and Bassett, 2014. However, it is clear that the only other exceptionally preserved kutorginate—a silicified Nisusia—was provided with an adult pedicle emerging between the valves from a posterior gap; thus, Nisusia has two pedicle openings. However, the apical foramen may represent the earliest attachment of the larvae, which subsequently became nonfunctional through ontogeny. It is suggested that both types of attachment strategies may have appeared early in the stem lineage of the Rhynchonelliformea.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 92 , Special Issue 1: Cambrian Explosion , January 2018 , pp. 33 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © 2017, The Paleontological Society 

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