Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T15:35:52.280Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Anatomy of a Credit Supply Shock: Evidence from an Internal Credit Market

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2018

Abstract

We investigate how financial contracting interacts with lending-channel effects by tracing the anatomy of a credit supply shock using micro-level data from a multinational bank. Borrowers with stronger lending relationships, higher nonlending revenues, and those that pledge collateral, especially outside assets and real estate, experience less credit rationing. Consistent with a tightening of financing constraints post shock, borrower composition shifts toward larger and less risky firms, and loans exhibit higher collateralization rates. Our analysis highlights the value of relationships and suggests that relationship banking is a channel through which borrowers can mitigate lending-channel effects.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

We thank Emilia Garcia, Jarrad Harford (the editor), Vladimir Komotin, Mauricio Larrain, Andrea Presbitero, Amiyatosh Purnanandam, Nicolas Serrano-Velarde, Amit Seru, David Thesmar, Gregory Udell (the referee), and seminar participants at the 2013 Utah Winter Finance Conference, the 2013 Financial Management Association Meetings, the 2013 Midwest Finance Association Meetings, the 2013 Winter Conference on Financial Intermediation, the 2012 Center for Economic Policy Research–European Central Bank Conference on Small Business Lending, the 2014 Money & Finance Research (MoFiR) Workshop on Banking, Georgetown University, Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management, Tilburg University, and University of Warwick Business School for helpful discussions.

References

Aghion, P., and Bolton, P.. “A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development.” Review of Economic Studies, 64 (1997), 151172.Google Scholar
Aghion, P., and Tirole, J.. “Formal and Real Authority in Organizations.” Journal of Political Economy, 105 (1997), 129.Google Scholar
Angrist, J. D., and Pischke, J.-S.. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (2009).Google Scholar
Bae, K.-H; Kang, J.-K.; and Lim, C.-W.. “The Value of Durable Bank Relationships: Evidence from Korean Banking Shocks.” Journal of Financial Economics, 64 (2002), 181214.Google Scholar
Bakker, M.-R.; Klapper, L.; and Udell, G.. Financing Small and Medium-Size Enterprises with Factoring: Global Growth in Factoring and Its Potential in Eastern Europe. Warsaw: World Bank (2005).Google Scholar
Beck, T.; Degryse, H.; De Haas, R.; and van Horen, N.. “When Arm’s Length Is Too Far: Relationship Banking over the Credit Cycle.” Journal of Financial Economics, 127 (2018), 174196.Google Scholar
Benmelech, E., and Bergman, N.. “Collateral Pricing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 91 (2009), 339360.Google Scholar
Benmelech, E.; Garmaise, M.; and Moskowitz, T.. “Do Liquidation Values Affect Financial Contracts? Evidence from Commercial Loan Contracts and Zoning Regulation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120 (2005), 11211154.Google Scholar
Berger, A. N.; Frame, W. S.; and Ioannidou, V.. “Tests of Ex Ante versus Ex Post Theories of Collateral Using Private and Public Information.” Journal of Financial Economics, 1000 (2011), 8597.Google Scholar
Berger, A. N., and Udell, G. F.. “Some Evidence on the Empirical Significance of Credit Rationing.” Journal of Political Economy, 100 (1992), 10471077.Google Scholar
Berger, A. N., and Udell, G. F.. “Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small Firm Finance.” Journal of Business, 68 (1995), 351381.Google Scholar
Berger, A. N., and Udell, G. F.. “The Economics of Small Business Finance: The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 22 (1998), 613673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, M., and Mester, L. J.. “Deposits and Relationship Lending.” Review of Financial Studies, 12 (1999), 579607.Google Scholar
Bernanke, B., and Blinder, A. S.. “The Federal Funds Rate and the Channels of Monetary Transmission.” American Economic Review, 82 (1992), 901921.Google Scholar
Bernanke, B., and Gertler, M.. “Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9 (1995), 2748.Google Scholar
Bernanke, B.; Gertler, M.; and Gilchrist, S.. “The Financial Accelerator and the Flight to Quality.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (1996), 115.Google Scholar
Besanko, D., and Thakor, A. V.. “Collateral and Rationing: Sorting Equilibria in Monopolistic and Competitive Credit Markets.” American Economic Review, 28 (1987), 671689.Google Scholar
Bester, H.Screening vs. Rationing in Credit Markets with Imperfect Information.” American Economic Review, 75 (1985), 850855.Google Scholar
Bharath, S.; Dahiya, S.; Saunders, A.; and Srinivasan, A.. “So What Do I Get? The Bank’s View of Lending Relationships.” Journal of Financial Economics, 85 (2007), 368419.Google Scholar
Bolton, P.; Freixas, X.; Gambacorta, L.; and Mistrulli, P. E.. “Relationship and Transaction Lending in a Crisis.” Working Paper, National Bureau of Economic Research (2013).Google Scholar
Bolton, P., and Scharfstein, D. S.. “A Theory of Predation Based on Agency Problems in Financial Contracting.” American Economic Review, 80 (1996), 93106.Google Scholar
Boot, A., and Thakor, A.. “Moral Hazard and Secured Lending in an Infinitely Repeated Credit Market Game.” International Economic Review, 35 (1994), 899920.Google Scholar
Boot, A., and Thakor, A.. “Can Relationship Banking Survive Competition?Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 679713.Google Scholar
Boot, A.; Thakor, A. V.; and Udell, G. F.. “Secured Lending and Default Risk: Equilibrium Analysis, Policy Implications and Empirical Results.” Economic Journal, 101 (1991), 458472.Google Scholar
Calomiris, C. W.; Larrain, M.; Liberti, J. M.; and Sturgess, J.. “How Collateral Laws Shape Lending and Sectoral Activity.” Journal of Financial Economics, 123 (2017), 163188.Google Scholar
Cetorelli, N., and Goldberg, L.. “Banking Globalization and Monetary Transmission.” Journal of Finance, 67 (2012), 18111843.Google Scholar
Chan, Y.-S., and Kanatas, G.. “Asymmetric Valuations and the Role of Collateral in Loan Agreements.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 17 (1985), 8595.Google Scholar
Chan, Y.-S., and Thakor, A. V.. “Collateral and Competitive Equilibria with Moral Hazard and Private Information.” Journal of Finance, 42 (1987), 345363.Google Scholar
Chaney, T.; Sraer, D.; and Thesmar, D.. “The Collateral Channel: How Real Estate Shocks Affect Corporate Investment.” American Economic Review, 102 (2012), 23812409.Google Scholar
De Haas, R., and van Horen, N.. “Running for the Exit? International Bank Lending during a Financial Crisis.” Review of Financial Studies, 26 (2013), 244285.Google Scholar
Degryse, H.; Ioannidou, V.; Liberti, J. M.; and Sturgess, J.. “When Do Laws and Institutions Affect Recovery Rates on Collateral?” Working Paper, DePaul University (2017).Google Scholar
Degryse, H.; Kim, M.; and Ongena, S.. Microeconometrics of Banking. Oxford University Press (2009).Google Scholar
Diamond, D.Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring.” Review of Economic Studies, 51 (1984), 393414.Google Scholar
Djankov, S.; Hart, O.; McLiesh, C.; and Shleifer, A.. “Debt Enforcement around the World.” Journal of Political Economy, 116 (2008), 11051149.Google Scholar
Djankov, S.; McLiesh, C.; and Shleifer, A.. “Private Credit in 129 Countries.” Journal of Financial Economics, 84 (2007), 299329.Google Scholar
Drucker, S., and Puri, M.. “On the Benefits of Concurrent Lending and Underwriting.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 27632800.Google Scholar
Giannetti, M., and Laeven, L.. “The Flight Home Effect: Evidence from the Syndicated Loan Market during Financial Crises.” Journal of Financial Economics, 104 (2012), 2343.Google Scholar
Hart, O., and Moore, J.. “A Theory of Debt Based on the Inalienability of Human Capital.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (1994), 841879.Google Scholar
Hart, O., and Moore, J.. “Default and Renegotiation: A Dynamic Model of Debt.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113 (1998), 142.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., and Tirole, J.. “Financial Intermediation, Loanable Funds, and the Real Sector.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 62 (1997), 663691.Google Scholar
Jiménez, G.; Ongena, S.; Peydró, J.-L.; and Saurina, J.. “Credit Supply and Monetary Policy: Identifying the Bank Balance-Sheet Channel with Loan Applications.” American Economic Review, 102 (2012), 23012326.Google Scholar
Jiménez, G.; Ongena, S.; Peydró, J. L.; and Saurina, J.. “Hazardous Times for Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty-Three Million Bank Loans Say About the Effects of Monetary Policy on Credit Risk-Taking?Econometrica, 82 (2014), 463505.Google Scholar
Jiménez, G.; Salas, V.; and Saurina, J.. “Determinants of Collateral.” Journal of Financial Economics, 81 (2006), 255281.Google Scholar
Johnson, H., and Stulz, R. M.. “An Analysis of Secured Debt.” Journal of Financial Economics, 14 (1985), 501521.Google Scholar
Kashyap, A. K., and Stein, J.. “What Do a Million Observations of Banks Say About the Transmission of Monetary Policy?American Economic Review, 90 (2000), 407428.Google Scholar
Khwaja, A. I., and Mian, A.. “Tracing the Impact of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market.” American Economic Review, 98 (2008), 14131442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klapper, L.The Role of Factoring for Financing of Small and Medium Enterprises.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 30 (2007), 31113130.Google Scholar
Kysucky, V., and Norden, L.. “The Benefits of Relationship Lending in a Cross-Country Context: A Meta-Analysis.” Management Science, 62 (2015), 90110.Google Scholar
Liberti, J. M.“Initiative, Incentives and Soft Information.” Management Science, forthcoming (2018).Google Scholar
Liberti, J. M., and Mian, A.. “Collateral Spread and Financial Development.” Journal of Finance, 65 (2010), 147177.Google Scholar
Liberti, J. M., and Sturgess, J.. “Uncovering Collateral Constraints.” Working Paper, DePaul University (2015).Google Scholar
Mester, L.; Nakamura, L. I.; and Renault, M.. “Transactions Accounts and Loan Monitoring.” Review of Financial Studies, 20 (2007), 529556.Google Scholar
Murfin, J., and Petersen, M.. “Loans on Sale: Credit Market Seasonality, Borrower Need, and Lender Rents.” Journal of Financial Economics, (2016).Google Scholar
Ongena, S.; Peydró, J. L.; and van Horen, N.. “Shocks Abroad, Pain at Home? Bank-Firm Level Evidence on the International Transmission of Financial Shocks.” MF Economic Review, 63 (2015), 698750.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. A., and Rajan, R. G.. “The Benefits of Lender Relationships: Evidence from Small Business Data.” Journal of Finance, 49 (1994), 337.Google Scholar
Popov, A., and Udell, G.. “Cross-Border Banking, Credit Access, and the Financial Crisis.” Journal of International Economics, 87 (2012), 147161.Google Scholar
Qian, J., and Strahan, P. E.. “How Laws and Institutions Shape Financial Contracts: The Case of Bank Loans.” Journal of Finance, 62 (2007), 28032834.Google Scholar
Rajan, R. G.Insiders and Outsiders: The Choice between Informed and Arm’s-Length Debt.” Journal of Finance, 47 (1992), 13671400.Google Scholar
Santikian, L.The Ties That Bind: Bank Relationships and Small Business Lending.” Journal of Financial Intermediation, 23 (2014), 157278.Google Scholar
Sharpe, S. A.Asymmetric Information, Bank Lending, and Implicit Contracts: A Stylized Model of Customer Relationships.” Journal of Finance, 45 (1990), 10691087.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R.. “Liquidation Values and Debt Capacity: A Market Equilibrium Approach.” Journal of Finance, 47 (1992), 13431366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, J. C.Information Production and Capital Allocation: Decentralized versus Hierarchical Firms.” Journal of Finance, 57 (2002), 18911921.Google Scholar
Von Thadden, E.-L.Long-Term Contracts, Short-Term Investment and Monitoring.” Journal of Finance, 62 (1995), 557575.Google Scholar
Udell, G. F. Asset Based Finance (Proven Disciplines for Prudent Lending). Commercial Finance Association (2004).Google Scholar
Udell, G. F.“SME Access to Intermediated Credit: What Do We Know and What Don’t We Know, in Small Business Conditions and Finance.” Reserve Bank of Australia (2015).Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E.The Logic of Economic Organization.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 4 (1988), 6593.Google Scholar