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⁶ Rundale tenure in Ireland was similar to Scottish runrig. A complex system of customary land rights, rundale involved common grazing by village co-tenants, usufruct rights to arable, intermittent reallocation of arable plot assignments, and scattering of strips. Although the distribution of land in rundale villages was by no means egalitarian, all villagers had some claim to land and turbary usage. For a recent bibliography, see Baker, Alan R. H. and Butlin, Robin A., Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973).Google Scholar

⁷ , Connell, Population, p. 250.Google Scholar

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⁹ Aggregate statistics are subject to the fallacy of “ecological” correlation. See Goodman, Leo A., “Ecological Regressions and Behavior of Individuals,” American Sociological Review, 18 (Dec. 1953), 663–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Banks, Joseph A., “Historical Sociology and the Study of Population,” Daedalus, 97 (Spring 1968), 400Google Scholar.

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¹² Bourke writes: “An uncritical acceptance of the 1841 Census data for farm size is apt to lead to untenable conclusions. This is of less importance when the figures are used to show the proportion of farms of different size in different parts of the country in 1841, although the probability, for instance, that returns in part of Ulster were expressed in Cunningham acres involves a risk of some distortion of the true distribution picture. Much more serious is the interpretation of direct comparisons of the 1841 Census figures with the 1847 and with the 1851 Census returns of farm size as an accurate reflection of the effect of the famine on agricultural economy, when in fact what is being presented is predominantly the difference between the Irish and statute acre.” , Bourke, “Potato Crop,” pp. 25–26.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ 1841 Census, County Occupation Tables.

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¹⁷ 1841 Census, County Tables of Marriage.

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ 1841 Census, County Tables of Ages.

²⁰ 1841 Census, p. xvi.

²¹ Journals of the House of Commons of Ireland, vol. XV, pt. 1 (1791), Appendix pp. cxcii-ccii.

²² 1841 Census, p. xiii.

²³ Poor Inquiry (Ireland) (Brit. Parl Papers, 1836, vols. XXX-XXXIII), Appendix H, pt. 1, p. 11.

²⁴ P.R.O.I., Valuations Office Letterbooks, 1832, vol. 2, p. 220.

²⁵ , Bourke, “Agricultural Statistics,” p. 391.Google Scholar

²⁶ 1841 Census, p. xiii; The Census of Ireland for the Year 1851, Pt. VI, General Report (Brit. Parl. Papers, 1856, vol. XXXI), p. xii.

²⁷ 1841 Census, p. xiii.

²⁸ 1847 Agricultural Returns (Brit. Parl. Papers, 1847–48, vol. LVII), General County Table, p. xix; 1851 Agricultural Returns (Brit. Parl. Papers, 1852-53, vol. XCIII), Summary Table, p. xxvii.

²⁹ 1851 Census, p. X. These data are for the year 1851. The variance would probably be the same for 1841 if statistics were available.

³⁰ 1841 Census, Tables of Rural Economy, pp. 454–55.

³¹ Reportfrom Her Majesty's Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of the Law arid Practice in Re spect to the Occupation of Land in Ireland (Devon Commission) (Brit. Parl. Papers, 1845, vols XIX-XXII), Appendix 94. A conscientious effort has been made to place poor law unions into the proper county. Notes in the commission report were consulted in the reaggregation process.

³² , Wrigley, Population and History, p. 26.Google Scholar

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³⁴ See Drake, Michael, Population in Industrialization (London, 1969)Google Scholar. For two recent works that do not rely on census data, see Carney, Francis J., “Pre-Famine Irish Population: The Evidence from the Trinity College Estates,” Irish Economic and Social History, 2 (1975), 35–45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed, and Morgan, Valerie, “A Case Study of Population Change over Two Centuries: Blaris, Lisburn 1661-1848,” Irish Economic and Social History, 3 (1976), 5–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁷ In many regression applications, the units of measurement of the independent variables differ. A direct assessment of the relative effect of the variables is therefore difficult. Standardized regression coefficients, also known as beta weights or path coefficients, allow a direct comparison of the relative contribution of the independent variables, because they are interpreted with reference to standard deviations. A standardized regression coefficient is equal to (Bxy) (Sx/Sy) were Bxy is the ordinary regression coefficient, Sx is the standard deviation of the independent variable, and Sy the standard deviation of the dependent variable. See Blalock, Hubert M., Social Statistics (New York, 1972), p. 453.Google Scholar

³⁸ For a discussion of peasant economic rationality, see Ortiz, Sutti R., Uncertainties in Peasant Farming: A Columbian Case (London, 1973).Google Scholar

³⁹ O'Grada, Cormac, “Seasonal Migration and Post-Famine Adjustment in the West of Ireland,” Studia Hibernica, 13 (1973), 48–76Google Scholar; Johnson, James H., “Harvest Migration from Nineteenth-Century Ireland,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Reprint 41Google Scholar; Kerr, Barbara, “Irish Seasonal Migration to Great Britain, 1800–1838,” Irish Historical Studies, 3 (March 1942–1943), 365–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ 1841 Census, p. xxvii.

⁴¹ Both hypothesized factors, land subdivision and male nuptiality, relate to Habakkuk's thesis concerning inheritance and migratory patterns in pre-industrial Europe. Habakkuk, Hrothger J., “Family Structure and Economic Change in Nineteenth-Century Europe,” this Journal, 15, 1 (1955), 7–8.Google Scholar

⁴² See Freeman's, Thomas W.Pre-Famine Ireland (Manchester, 1957)Google Scholar for another discussion of economic regionality in this period.