He would like to acknowledge the Smithsonian Institution, the Harvard Business School, and Rutgers University for support while working on research for this article.Google Scholar

¹ Quoted in Broderick, John, Willis R. Whitney (Albany, 1945), p. 188.Google Scholar For background on the establishment of industrial research in the United States, see Reich, Leonard, The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876–1926 (New York, 1985).Google Scholar

² Quoted in Josephson, Matthew, Edison: A Biography (New York, 1959), pp. 133–34.Google Scholar

³ Information on these and many other inventions can be gleaned from materials in the archives of the Edison National Site, West Orange, New Jersey. Forthcoming volumes of The Thomas A. Edison Papers (Johns Hopkins University Press) will contain selected documents and references.Google Scholar

⁴ Hughes, Thomas P., “Edison's Method,” American Patent Law Association Bulletin (July–August 1977), p. 440.Google Scholar

⁵ Friedel, Robert and Israel, Paul, Edison's Electric Light, Biography of an Invention (New Brunswick, 1986), esp. pp. 224–32.Google Scholar

⁶ From the Boston Herald of 28 January 1883, quoted in Josephson, Edison, p. 263.Google Scholar

⁷ Smith, Cyril Stanley, Metallurgy as a Human Experience (New York, 1977), pp. 3, 30–31;Google Scholar General Electric Co. v. Independent Lamp and Wire Co., District Court of the U.S., District of New Jersey, October Term 1920, In Equity 648, Defendant's Record of Testimony, pp. 71–72; Ibid., Brief for Plaintiff on Final Hearing, pp. 9–42.

⁸ Howell, John and Schroeder, Henry, History of the Incandescent Lamp (Schenectady, 1927), p. 116.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., pp. 111–12; wise, George, Whitney, Willis, General Electric, and the Origins of U.S. Industrial Research (New York, 1985) p. 134.Google Scholar

¹⁰ “The Drawn Tungsten Filament for Incandescent Lamps,” (n.d.; about 1925), File, John H. Hammond, General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY, Document No. L250–L252; Howell and Schroeder, History of the Incandescent Lamp, pp. 112–13.Google Scholar

¹¹ See, for example, Coolidge, , “Ductile Tungsten,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 29 (1910), pp. 961–65;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFink, Colin, “Ductile Tungsten and Molybdenum,” Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society, 17 (1910), pp. 229–34.Google Scholar Coolidge's work on ductile tungsten aroused considerable interest among chemists and metallurgists, a few years later bringing him the prestigious Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. It is of interest to note that in defending the validity of Coolidge's valuable ductile-tungsten filament patents, GE attorneys cited this award to emphasize the original nature of his work. See General Electric Co. v. Independent Lamp and Wire Co., Brief for Plaintiff on Final Hearing, p. 43.

¹² Quoted in Tate, Alfred O., Edison's Open Door (New York, 1938), p. 126.Google Scholar

¹³ On this concept, see Wise, George, “A New Role for Professional Scientists in Industry: Industrial Research at General Electric, 1900–1916,” Technology and Culture, 21 (1980), pp. 408–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹⁶ Quoted in Rosenfeld, Albert, The Quintessence of Irving Langmuir (New York, 1966), p. 119.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Suits, C. G. and Martin, M. J., “Irving Langinuir,” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, 45 (1974), p. 223;Google ScholarKingdon, Kenneth, “From Submarines to A-Bombs,” G.E. Research Laboratory Bulletin (1959), p. 12.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Suitd and Martin, “Irving Langmuir,” p. 222.Google Scholar