¹ Claude Welch, ‘The problem of a history of nineteenth-century theology’, Journal of Religion lii (1972), 14.

² Ralph S. Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism: the radical legacy of Edward Irving’, this Journal lviii (2007), 675–704.

³ Grayson Carter, Anglican Evangelicals: Protestant secessions from the via media, c. 1800–1850, Oxford 2001, 152.

⁴ Ibid. 155.

⁵ David W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s, London 1989, 63–5.

⁶ T. R. Birks recalled that he had been ‘a moderate Calvinist, by early training and association’ and subsequently never ‘ceased to be, like most of the Evangelical clergy, moderately Calvinistic, or, to speak more correctly, temperately Augustinian’ in his ‘views of theology’: The atonement and the judgement, London 1870, 11.

⁷ Only six clergymen left the Church of England to join the Catholic Apostolic Church: Carter, Anglican Evangelicals, 191.

⁸ Drummond ‘was dismissed by most Evangelicals as a wealthy extremist with bizarre political and social views, and a dubious doctrinal past linking him to the odd heterodoxy of the Western Schism’: ibid. 192.

⁹ Markku Ruotsila, ‘The Catholic Apostolic Church in British politics’, this Journal lvi (2005), 75–81.

¹⁰ Crawford Gribben and Timothy C. F. Stunt, ‘Introduction’, to Prisoners of hope? Aspects of Evangelical millennialism in Britain and Ireland, 1800–1880, Bletchley 2004, 4.

¹¹ Bishops Robert Bickersteth (Ripon), H. M. Villiers (Carlisle) and J. C. Ryle (Liverpool) were premillennialists who had participated in the annual series of advent lectures organised by the Prophecy Investigation Society.

¹² Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 683.

¹³ William Paley, A view of the evidences of Christianity with introduction, notes, and supplement, by T. R. Birks, London 1848, and Horae Paulinae: or, the truth of the scripture history of St Paul evinced, by a comparison of the epistles which bear his name with the Acts of the Apostles, and with one another/with notes and a supplementary treatise entitled Horae apostolicae by the Rev. T. R. Birks, London 1850.

¹⁴ Thomas R. Birks, Supernatural revelation, or, First principles of moral theology, London 1879, p. vi.

¹⁵ Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, 143.

¹⁶ Ibid.

¹⁷ Thomas R. Birks, ‘The unbelief of pretended science in the last days’, in Thomas R. Birks (ed.), Present times and future prospects, London 1854, 63.

¹⁸ Idem, Supernatural revelation, 98.

¹⁹ Frank M. Turner, ‘Rainfall, plagues, and the prince of Wales: a chapter in the conflict of religion and science’, Journal of British Studies xiii (1974), 46–65.

²⁰ Thomas R. Birks, Thoughts on the sacraments and on the relations of prayer and science, London 1872, 63.

²¹ Ibid. 64.

²² Ibid. 66.

²³ Ibid. 74.

²⁴ Cf. A. J. Boyd Hilton, The age of atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on social and economic thought, 1785–1865, Oxford 1988, 147–53.

²⁵ Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, 88–9.

²⁶ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 685.

²⁷ Edward Bickersteth, although anxious about the progress of the Gospel and the political future, did not ‘entirely abandon his sense of spiritual optimism or his long-standing interest in foreign missions. In this way, he was representative of most Evangelical pre-millennialists’: Carter, Anglican Evangelicals, 184.

²⁸ Brian Stanley, ‘British Evangelicals and overseas concerns, 1833–1970’, in John R. Wolffe (ed.), Evangelical faith and public zeal: Evangelicals and society, 1780–1980, London 1995, 91.

²⁹ Andrew N. Porter, ‘Late nineteenth-century Anglican missionary expansion: a consideration of some non-Anglican sources of inspiration’, in Derek Baker (ed.), The materials, sources and methods of ecclesiastical history (Studies in Church History i, 1975), 357.

³⁰ Thomas R. Birks, ‘The First Resurrection’, in Edward Bickersteth (ed.), The second coming, the judgement, and kingdom of Christ, London 1843, 252.

³¹ Ibid.

³² Ibid. 258.

³³ Ruotsila, ‘Catholic Apostolic Church’, 76–7.

³⁴ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 687–9.

³⁵ Hilton, Age of atonement, 213.

³⁶ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 688.

³⁷ Ibid. 686.

³⁸ This is quoted in Crawford Gribben, ‘Andrew Bonar and the Scottish Presbyterian millennium’, in Gribben and Stunt, Prisoners of hope, 201–2.

³⁹ Quarterly Journal of Prophecy iii (1851), 416. Similar claims were also made in Quarterly Journal of Prophecy iii (1872), 244–52.

⁴⁰ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 686.

⁴¹ Edward Bickersteth to his family, 24 Feb. 1836, in Thomas R. Birks, Memoir of the Rev. Edward Bickersteth, New York 1851, ii. 79.

⁴² Thomas Chalmers to Bickersteth, 17 Feb. 1836, ibid. ii. 80. A reviewer of Birks's memoir of Bickersteth, in the Quarterly Journal of Prophecy (iii [1851], 408–14), quoted Chalmers's letter to show that ‘substantially he is at one with Bickersteth’, highlighting in italics the assertion that ‘the next coming … will be a coming, not to the final judgement, but to precede and usher in the Millennium’.

⁴³ Bickersteth to Lord Shaftesbury, 11 Aug. 1847, in Birks, Memoir of Bickersteth, 331.

⁴⁴ Donald M. Lewis, Lighten their darkness: the evangelical mission to working-class London, 1828–1860, London–New York, 1986, 152.

⁴⁵ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 687.

⁴⁶ Lewis, Lighten their darkness, 154–5.

⁴⁷ David F. Roberts The social conscience of the early Victorians, Stanford 2002, 256.

⁴⁸ Bebbington, Evangelicalism in modern Britain, 135.

⁴⁹ Thomas Chalmers, ‘The political economy of the Bible’, quoted in Hilton, Age of atonement, 85.

⁵⁰ Hilton, Age of atonement, 17.

⁵¹ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 690–2.

⁵² Henry Hunter (ed.), Problems of poverty: selections from the economic and social writings of Thomas Chalmers, London 1912, 169.

⁵³ Roberts, Social conscience, 257.

⁵⁴ Anon., ‘Infant labour’, Quarterly Review lxvii (Dec. 1840), 98. This article is attributed to Ashley Cooper in Geoffrey B. A. M. Finlayson, The seventh earl of Shaftesbury, 1801–1885, London 1981, 126.

⁵⁵ Denis G. Paz, Popular anti-Catholicism in mid-Victorian England, Stanford 1992, 143.

⁵⁶ Roberts, Social conscience, 144.

⁵⁷ This is quoted in J. Douglas Holladay, ‘19th century Evangelical activism: from private charity to state intervention, 1830–1850’, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church li (1982), 53–79 at p. 65.

⁵⁸ Ibid. 66.

⁵⁹ Lord Shaftesbury, ‘The mischief of state aid’, The Nineteenth Century xiv (1883).

⁶⁰ Lewis, Lighten their darkness, 167–9.

⁶¹ Hilton, Age of atonement, 297.

⁶² Cf. ibid. 276–97.

⁶³ Jane Garnett, ‘Evangelicalism and business in mid-Victorian Britain’, in Wolffe, Evangelical faith, 78.

⁶⁴ Hilton, Age of atonement, 273.

⁶⁵ Brown, ‘Victorian Anglican Evangelicalism’, 702–3.

⁶⁶ Hilton, Age of atonement, 366.

⁶⁷ Ibid. 365.