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Conversations along the Mbwemkuru: Foreign Itinerants and Local Agents in German East Africa
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 January 2022
Abstract
The underlying theme of this essay is how intelligence was gathered and expertise dispersed in an emerging colonial environment in Africa, and how that knowledge was captured, credited and distributed between local Africans and (largely) itinerant Europeans. It sets that discussion within a more recent debate on the mechanics of European exploration during the wider nineteenth century. The expanded population of Europeans (officials, merchants, missionaries) that arrived in the later part of that century to consolidate the colonial enterprise in German East Africa often moved with initial uncertainty through the landscape, triggering a demand for topographical knowledge to become commodified and commercialised, to become less dependent on the knowledge of individuals. This demand fuelled the production of an innovative series of standardised grid maps. At a time when slavery was still legal, when the local workforce was increasingly discussed in colonial circles in terms of unskilled plantation labour, our essay explores two case studies that demonstrate how certain African experts came to exert key technical and management influence within long-term scientific and commercial projects unfolding in the southeast corner of what is today Tanzania. The matter of water flows through this essay, and does so with deliberate intent.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Research Institute for History, Leiden University
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Bibliography
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Brumfit, Ann. “The Rise and Development of a Language Policy in German East Africa.” Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 2 (1980): 219–331.Google Scholar
Brunner, Kurt. “Karten Ostafrikas um die Jahrhunderwende. Ein Beitrag zur Kolonialkartographie.” In Kartographie und Staat, ed. Uta Lindgren, 47–53. Munich: Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, 1990.Google Scholar
Decker, Michelle. “The ‘Autobiography’ of Tippu Tip.” Interventions 17:5 (2015): 744–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. Die Entschleierung Afrikas : Deutsche Kartenbeiträge von August Petermann bis zum Kolonialkartographischen Institut. Gotha: Klett-Perthes, 2000.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Das Kolonialkartographische Institut (1899–1920).” Mitteilungen des Freundeskreises für Cartographica in der Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, 16/17 (2002/2003): 3–15.Google Scholar
Demhardt, Joseph Imre. “Die Kartographie des Kaiserlichen Schutzgebiets Deutsch-Ostafrika.” Cartographica Helvetica 30 (2004): 11–21.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix, and Jones, Lowri. Hidden Histories of Exploration: Researching the RGS-IBG. London: Royal Geographical Society, 2009.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Hidden Histories Made Visible? Reflections on a Geographical Exhibition.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38:2 (2013): 420–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driver, Felix. “Exploration as Knowledge Transfer: Exhibiting Hidden Histories.” In Mobilities of Knowledge, ed. Jöns, H., Meusberger, P., and Heffernan, M., 85–104. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esselborn, Stefan. “Environment, Memory, and the Groundnut Scheme: Britain's Largest Colonial Agricultural Development Project and Its Global Legacy.” Global Environment 6:11 (2013): 58–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsch, Kathrin. “’You Have Everything Confused and Mixed Up . . . !’ Georg Schweinfurth, Knowledge and Cartography of Africa in the 19th Century.” History in Africa 36 (2009): 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giblin, James, and Monson, Jamie. Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gissibl, Bernhardt. The Nature of German Imperialism: Conservation and the Politics of Wildlife in Colonial East Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gräben, Carsten. Die Erforschung der Kolonien: Expedition und koloniale Wissenkultur deutscher Geographen. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2015.Google Scholar
Heldring, J. W. The Killing of Dr. Albert Roscher. Peterborough: Upfront Publishing, 2003.Google Scholar
Heumann, Ina, et al. Dinosaurierfragmente: Zur Geschichte der Tendaguru-Expedition und Ihrer Objekte, 1906–2018. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2018.Google Scholar
Hölzl, Richard. “Educating Missions: Teachers and Catechists in Southern Tanganyika, 1890s and 1940s.” Itinerario 40:3 (2016): 405–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyem, George A. “Mighty Rifles of the Past.” The American Rifleman (January 1972).Google Scholar
Jones, Adam, and Voigt, Isabel. “’Just a First Sketchy Makeshift’: German Travellers and Their Cartographic Encounters in Africa, 1850–1914.” History in Africa 39 (2012): 9–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jureit, Ulrike. Das Ordnen von Räumen: Territorium und Lebensraum im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: HIS Verlag, 2012.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Dane, ed. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Konishi, Shino, Nugent, Maria, and Bryden, Tiffany Sophie, eds. Indigenous Intermediaries: New Perspectives on Exploration Archives. Canberra: Australian National University, 2015.Google Scholar
Krajewski, Patrick. Kautschuk, Quarantäne, Krieg: Dhauhandel in Ostafrika 1880–1914. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2006.Google Scholar
Lal, Priya. “Villagization and the Ambivalent Production of Rural Space in Tanzania.” In Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, ed. Fischer-Tahir, Andrea and Wagenhofer, Sophie, 119–36. Berlin: Transcript Verlag, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “The Ngindo: Exploring the Centre of the Maji Maji Rebellion.” In Maji Maji: Lifting the Fog of War, ed. Giblin, James and Monson, Jamie, 71–114. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Lorne. “Iconic Beasts, Imperial Museums and Changing Sensibilities.” In Arts, Politics and Social Movements: In the Fields and in the Streets, ed. Riot, Elen, Schnugg, Claudia, and Raviola, Elen, 211–54. Newcastle: CSP, 2019.Google Scholar
McGrath, Gerald. The Surveying and Mapping of British East Africa, 1890 to 1946. Toronto: B. V. Gutsell, 1976.Google Scholar
Mohr, Barbara. “Wives and Daughters of Early Berlin Geoscientists and Their Work Behind the Scenes.” Earth Sciences History 29 (2010): 291–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesek, Michael. “Cued Speeches: The Emergence of Shauri as Colonial Praxis in German East Africa, 1850–1903.” History in Africa 33 (2006): 395–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, Kapil. Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. “European Attitudes and African Realities: The Rise and Fall of the Matola Chiefs of South-East Tanzania.” The Journal of African History 20:1 (1979): 63-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remes, Kristian. “A Second Gondwanan Diplodocid Dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa.” Palaeontology 50:3 (2007): 653–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. Carriers of Culture: Labour on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2006.Google Scholar
Rockel, Stephen. “Decentering Exploration in East Africa.” In Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World, ed. Kennedy, Dane, 172–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Stone, Jeffrey C. “Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 13:1 (1988): 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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