The God Ningizzida1

E. Douglas van Buren

doi:10.2307/4241558

The God Ningizzida1

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2016

E. Douglas van Buren

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The craving for divine protection is so deeply inherent in human nature that a primitive society cannot long exist without creating for itself a god or gods, to whom are attributed the powers necessary for the preservation of mankind. Most of the great divine beings of the Babylonian pantheon were originally gods of the city-states, whose functions were multiplied according to the needs of their worshippers, until they became strongly marked personalities with very definite powers.

Secondary gods were much less clearly envisaged, and were often so nebulous that their characters sometimes changed completely in the course of ages, so that they became totally different from what they were primarily conceived to be. A god who was originally a mere phantom might, for political or other special reasons, acquire a position of some prominence, only to sink back again into the ranks when the particular circumstances which had called him forth ceased to exist.

Type: Research Article
Information: IRAQ , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , April 1934 , pp. 60 - 89

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4241558 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1934

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Footnotes

List of Abbreviations other than those in general use in this journal.

A.A.S.O.R. = Anneds of the American Schooh of Oriental Research.

A.O.T. A.T. = Altorientalische Texte zum Alten Testament; hrsg. von H. Gressmann. 2. Aufl. 1926.

A.O.T.U. = Altorientalische Texte und Untersuchungen; hrsg. von Bruno Meissner.

A. Sus. = Maurice Pézard, Antiquités de la Susiane. (2me éd. 1926.)

B.u.A. = Bruno Meissner, Babylonien und Assyrien. 2 vols. (1920.)

C.A.H. = Cambridge Ancient History. (1924–.)

C.C.O. = Louis Delaporte, Catalogue des Cylindres Orientaux: cachets et pierres gravées du Musée du Louvre. (1920.)

C.O.B.N. = Louis Delaporte, Catalogue des Cylindres Orientaux … de la Bibliothèque Nationale. (1910.)

E.B.H. = Hugo Radau, Early Babylonian History. (1910.)

G.D.D. = Nikolaus Schneider, Geschäftsurkunden aus Drehern und Djoḫa in dem Staatlichen Museen (VAT.) zu Berlin. (Orientalia, XLVII-XLIX (1930).)

H.A.O.G. = Alfred Jeremias, Handbuch der altorientalischen Geisteskultur. (2. Aufl. 1929.)

I.T.T. = Inventaire des Tablettes de Tello conservées au Musée Impérial Ottoman. (Mission française en Chaldée.)

K.D.D. = Nikolaus Schneider, Keilschrifttexte aus Drehern und Djoḫa. (Orientalia, XVIII (1925).)

K.G.B. = Kunstgeschichte in Bildern: I. Das Altertum. 2. Heft: Babylonisch-assyrische Kunst; hrsg. von Karl Frank.

M.D.P. = Délégation en Perse: Mémoires publiées sous la direction de Jacques de Morgan.

N.F.T. - Gaston Cros, Nouvelles Fouilles de Tello. (1910.)

O.O.A. = Léon Heuzey, Les Origines Orientales de l'Art. (1891–1915.)

R.B.A. = Morris Jastrow, Die Religion der Babyloniens und Assyriens.

R.L.V. = Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte; hrsg. von Max Ebert.

R.T.C. = François Thureau-Dangin, Recueil des Tablettes chaldéennes.

S.C. = William Hayes Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia.

S.M.S.R. = Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religione. (1925–.)

S.S. = Eduard Meyer, Sumerier und Semiten in Babylonien. (A.P.A.W., 1906.)

T.E.O. = Henri de Genouillac, Tablettes économiques d'Oumma.

T.U.T. = George Reisner, Tempelurkunden aus Telloh. K. Museen zu Berlin. Mitteilungen aus den orientalischen Sammlungen. Heft XVI (1901).

W.V.D.O.G. = Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft.

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^{page 73 note 3} Ashmolean Museum, Kish, 1931. 199; Inv. No. K. 957; V.A. 3303.

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^{page 83 note 3} V.A.T. 2213; Reisner, T.U.T., pl. 14, No. 9, obv. 6.

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^{page 84 note 3} V.A.T. 2435; Reisner, T.U.T., pl. 144, No. 263, obv. 2-3.

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