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The Class Relations of Compulsory School Attendance: The Birmingham Jewellery Quarter, 1851–86

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Christine Heward
Christine Heward*
Affiliation:
Department of Education, University of Warwick, Coventry, England
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Extract

One of the most vigorous debates in the history of education in recent years has been about the relation of education to industrialization, in particular how since the early nineteenth century, industrialization has influenced the development of state-supported systems of education requiring universal, compulsory school attendance. Interest in these issues has not been confined solely to historians of education. Sociologists and political scientists have also joined the fray in attempts to advance understandings of the roots of mass education systems. The result is a wealth of studies on the development of many important aspects of state education systems on three continents, with North American work being by far the most prominent.

Type
Articles
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 29 , Issue 2 , Summer 1989 , pp. 215 - 235
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 by the History of Education Society 

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References

1 For an early indication of the diversity of views, see Tyack, David B., “Ways of Seeing: An Essay on the History of Compulsory Schooling,“ Harvard Educational Review 46 (Aug. 1976): 355–89. For an indication of intercontinental breadth and differences of approach, see Goodenow, Ronald K. and Marsden, William, eds., Urban Educational History in Four Nations: The U.S., U.K., Australia, and Canada (forthcoming Holmes and Meier, New York). For a review of recent American studies, see Silver, Harold, “Zeal as a Historical Process: The American View from the 1980s,” History of Education 15 (Winter 1986): 291–309.Google Scholar

2 Davidoff, Leonore and Hall, Catherine, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London, 1987).Google Scholar

3 Holley, John C., “The Two Family Economies of Industrialism: Factory Workers in Victorian Scotland,“ Journal of Family History 6 (Spring 1981): 57–69; Heward, Christine, Making a Man of Him: Parents and Their Sons’ Education at an English Public School, 1929–1950 (London, 1988).Google Scholar

4 Gill, Conrad and Briggs, Asa, A History of Birmingham 2 vols. (London, 1952); Hennock, E. P., Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth Century Urban Government (London, 1973); Smith, Dennis, Conflict and Compromise: Class Formation in English Society, 1830–1914: A Comparative Study of Birmingham and Sheffield (London, 1982); Davidoff and Hall, Family Fortunes. Google Scholar

5 “Reports of the Commissioners on the Employment of Children and Young Persons in Trades and Manufacturers Not Already Regulated by the Law,” Parliamentary Papers (Commons) with appendices: First 1863 (3170) 18, Second 1864 (3414) 22, Third 1864 (3414) 29, Fourth 1865 (3548) 20, Fifth 1866 (3678) 24, Sixth 1867 (3796) 18.Google Scholar

6 Children's Employment Commission, Third Report, Parliamentary Papers (1864) 29: 149–53.Google Scholar

7 Dayus, Kathleen, Her People (London, 1982).Google Scholar

8 Heward, Christine M., “Home, School, and Work: Changes in Growing Up in the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter, 1851–81“ (M.A. diss. Warwick University, 1985).Google Scholar

9 Children's Employment Commission, Third Report (1864) 29: 95, 312–13.Google Scholar

10 Second Annual Report, 1869, Birmingham Education Society, Reference Library, Birmingham.Google Scholar

11 Children's Employment Commission, Third Report (1864) 29: 119, 551.Google Scholar

12 Children's Employment Commission, First Report (1863) 18: 110.Google Scholar

13 Ibid.Google Scholar

14 Gardner, Philip, The Lost Elementary Schools of Victorian England: The People's Education (London, 1984).Google Scholar

15 Farm Street Boys’ School Admissions Register, 1873–85, Reference Library, Birmingham School Board, Birmingham.Google Scholar

16 Children's Employment Commission, Third Report (1864) 29: 590.Google Scholar

17 Dayus, , Her People.Google Scholar

18 “Third Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Working of the Elementary Education Acts,” Parliamentary Papers (Commons), 1887 (Cd 5158) 30: 550–51.Google Scholar

19 Reports of the work accomplished by the School Board, Annual 1871–1903, Reference Library, Birmingham.Google Scholar

20 Birmingham, Reference Library, St. Paul's Church of England Girls’ School, Camden Drive, Log Book, 19 Oct. 1869, ibid.Google Scholar

21 Report of a Debate on Free Education, Birmingham School Board, 18 June 1875, 5, ibid.Google Scholar

22 Sutherland, Gillian, Policy Making in Elementary Education, 1870–1895 (London, 1973).Google Scholar

23 Ibid., 160.Google Scholar

24 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 18 Nov. 1873.Google Scholar

25 Heward, Christine M., “Home, School, and Work,“ 148–49.Google Scholar

26 Farm Streets Boys’ School log book, 3 May 1873, 27 Feb. 1873, Birmingham School Board, Reference Library, Birmingham.Google Scholar